Public Insecurity Research Articles

Sociodemographic factors associated with the level of citizen insecurity in the Peruvian population

Introduction: Citizen insecurity is a complex, multidimensional and multi-causal social problem, defined as the spaces where people feel insecure mainly due to organized crime in all nations that suffer from it. Objective: To analyzes the sociodemographic factors associated with public insecurity in a Peruvian population. Methodology: The research employed a non-experimental, quantitative design with a descriptive and cross-sectional approach. A total of 11,116, citizens participated, ranging from 18 to 85 years old (young adults, adults, and the elderly), of both sexes, and with any occupation, education level, and marital status. The study employed purposive non-probability sampling to select the participants. Results: More than 50% of the population feels unsafe, in public and private spaces. All analyzed sociodemographic variables (p < 0.05), showing distinctions in the perception of citizen insecurity based on age, gender, marital status, occupation, area of residence, and education level. It was determined that young, single students, who had not experienced a criminal event and reside in urban areas, regardless of gender, perceive a greater sense of insecurity. Contribution: The study is relevant due to the generality of the results in a significant sample, demonstrating that the study contributes to understanding how various elements of the socioeconomic and demographic context can influence the way in which individuals perceive insecurity in their communities, likewise, the perception of citizen insecurity directly affects the general well-being and quality of life of residents, influencing their behaviors and attitudes towards coexistence and public policies; which will help implement more effective actions in the sector to reduce crime rates.

A Theory on the Nonlinear Relationship of Sexual Behavior and Aggression

Objective: Claims have been made that more sexual liberalism in society than what generally existed in human history is necessary to promote societal tranquility and reduce violence. This research was conducted to investigate the real relationship between sexual behavior and aggression based on scientific data especially from the perspective of physiological psychology. Method: This study was a narrative review and utilized evidence-based findings from neuropsychology, psychophysiology, laboratory research, and field studies. Databases were explored for related terms until sufficiency was reached. The findings were categorized and analyzed descriptively and interpretively to establish connections between the findings. Ultimately, a comprehensive conceptualization was developed to conclude a theory on the relationship between sexual behavior, sexual satiety, and aggression. Results: The study indicated that unrestrained sexual behavior leads to an escalation of the behavior, rather than satiation, and aggression rather than calmness. This may be due to positive feedback in the nervous and hormonal systems, specifically mediated by the medial preoptic area (MPA) and testosterone, leading to aggressive behavior. However, since sexual deprivation can potentially lead to aggression, it is advisable to view the relationship between sexual activity and violence as a non-linear one. Conclusion: This paper establishes that the intensification of sexual behaviors leads to increased violence and aggression in society, ultimately elevating levels of public insecurity. Therefore, limiting sexual behavior within the framework of the relationship of married couples may serve as a moderating factor for this phenomenon.

Fear and Public Safety From the Baumanian Perspective

Objective: The aim is to analyze, in view of baumanian ideas, the fear and public insecurity that affect the Brazilian population in the post-modern era, particularly in recent decades, a phenomenon present in the fluid society, which propagates uncertainty and determines the way of thinking, acting and feelings of individuals. Theoretical Framework: Zygmunt Bauman developed research into the complex web that involves individuals' personal and social ties, in which he produced studies on fear and (in)security, as well as coining the generic expression liquid life, characterized by a precarious routine, with uncertainty, devoid of of a defined and stable model, resembling a liquid. Method: A theoretical, critical and dialectical methodological research, of a bibliographic nature, is carried out, based on a qualitative study, in which a deductive model is used, in light of the contributions of the polish professor. Results and Discussion: It is hoped to provoke a level of discussion that leads to understanding and solutions regarding certain conflicts that exist in the social fabric, such as fear and insecurity that affect citizens. Research Implications: El tema investigado está lleno de interés público, porque involucra y afecta al Estado y a todos los segmentos de la sociedad; por lo tanto, no se pueden ignorar sus causas, efectos y consecuencias. Originality/Value: The approach used in the research is authentic and original, because there is no specific production on fear and Brazilian net public security, categories that impact the lives of citizens, which justifies the study of matters that affect cultural, political and social development from the country.

‘Ambrosio’ Taylor Coleridge: Investigating Three Issues in Banning The Monk

This paper investigates the banning in 1897 of Matthew Lewis's novel The Monk, taking special interest in the dismissal of the text by Samuel Taylor Coleridge. Sources reveal how British decency laws and the French Revolution together create a public repression which the Gothic novel both threatens and relieves in the 1890s. By highlighting journalistic reliance on Gothic terminology, the paper argues that banning art to protect citizenry is often a result of public insecurity rather than immoral content.

The multidimensionality of social wellbeing: interactions from the individual to the collective level in large cities.

This paper responds to two questions-What dimensions and indicators are relevant to the construction of social wellbeing? How are the levels of wellbeing distributed in the municipalities of Mexico City? To answer these questions, we use data from the Wellbeing Survey (N = 2,871) that is representative of Mexico City and its municipalities. We employed two methods, DM-R distances, and Mamdani's Fuzzy Inference Method. The results show that all the proposed dimensions and indicators contributed to the building of multidimensional social wellbeing; in the case of some indicators (social security, built environment, and public insecurity) they contributed less. This suggests government interventions should be designed in order to improve the gaps in those areas. The evidence also indicates that community wellbeing is a relevant dimension when measuring social wellbeing in large cities, in addition to identifying areas of intervention for the development of more efficient and inclusive public policies.

Risk Assessment and Adaptation to Climate Change Impacts in Mexico for Indigenous and Women

The present article<strong> </strong>studies the policy, numbers, and costs of disaster risk management (DRM) in Mexico, a country highly exposed to climate change, due to two oceans warming up. The PEISOR methodology facilitates interrelating complex interactions and pressures between the natural and the societal system (P), where dangerous effects (E) occur in extreme events, such as floods, landslides, and drought. The impacts (I) of global warming, the pressure of historical poverty, and vulnerable regions were affected by the COVID-19 pandemic. These societal outcomes (SO) are aggravated by gender and ethnic discrimination. The governmental response (R) has built up an alternative health system with access to medical attention. About DRM against climate catastrophes, loss and damage (L&D) policies prioritized cash transfers to affected people. This policy increased the dependency of poor people but produced electoral benefits for the leading party. Nevertheless, this DRM limits adaptation and resilience-building among social groups living in exposed regions mainly in the South, where indigenous groups suffer from low human development index and extreme poverty. The article also compares the quantitative costs of disasters in Mexico during the last five decades. Growing L&D invoices for the government and affected people occurred predominantly during the last decade. Worsening climate conditions, combined with the COVID-19 pandemic, public insecurity, and extreme poverty, represent survival threats for exposed people, where only a local bottom-up resilience-building may create an integrated DRM. In conclusion, the reactive policy of L&D has raised the electoral support of needed people but limited adaption to deal with extremer climate impacts. The official DRM policy impacts allocated 96% of the disaster budget for reconstruction and emergency management and only 4% for prevention. Especially affected are women, girls, and indigenous people with the highest death toll. Empowering these vulnerable groups would create greater resilience, where training in care economy, and environmental restoration could reduce the risks. The lack of adaptation also created a dependency on foreign countries for climate advice, hurricane tracking, early warnings, and disaster recovery, where affected people are trapped in poverty and often forced to migrate.

The Abortion Privilege: What Power Looks Like in the Aftermath of A Landmark Abortion Case Overturned

On June 24, 2022, one of the most controversial Supreme Court cases, Roe v. Wade, landed in a ruling to overturn individual protections for abortion after five decades of legality. The decision, symbolizing not only reproductive freedom, reshaped America’s social, cultural, and economic landscapes. While scholars long studied variables influencing abortion attitudes in public polling data, few paid attention to rooting people’s attitudes in associated risks and imagined consequences of abortion overturned. The study used quantitative data from a demographic, attitudinal survey, and qualitative data from in-depth interviews to unpack the dense aftermath of the overturning of abortion rights on four levels: the individual, relational, societal, and cultural levels. Whereas gendered childcare, bodily autonomy, and the disenfranchisement of economic and symbolic power drove the discussions at the individual and relational levels, apprehension in the feminist agenda, political polarization, and socioeconomic status reflected public insecurities on the societal and cultural levels. This work conceptualized the profound social ramifications of abortion overturned by understanding people’s perceived social risks on different levels of impact, pointing out new productions of inequalities in this process.

Terrorism, insurgency economy, and human security in Borno state, Nigeria

Terrorism is designed is to create sense of public insecurity, showcase State’s inability to arrest violence, and it is severally oiled by an insurgency economy that benefits all stakeholders except the masses as seen in Borno State in the northeast of Nigeria. Terrorism could be seen jeopardizing human security extensively and pushing children outside the literacy nets, into vulnerability of recruitment and radicalization and same goes for the farming communities whose produce are extensively endangered by terror cell groups’ heinous campaign in Borno State. It was against this background that this study engaged criminal deterrence theory to examine terrorism and its implication for security of Borno State. This study decompose insecurity into food security and education security. This study employs exploratory research design with reliance on publicly available archive documents. The study relies solely on secondary data. The research is conducted by examining literature concerning terrorism and human security. Literature from non-serial publications, official reports, and conferences has been included particularly if they have been cited by other references in connection with terrorism, food security, education security and terror cell groups. Findings from this study showed that activities of terror cell groups negatively affect education security and food security. This study concluded that there is the need for governments across board to identify and dislodge the insurgency economy profiting and prolonging the insurgency. This study therefore recommends that Borno state government in conjunction with intergovernmental bodies should consolidate further the Safe School Initiatives to further ensure safety of “at risk schools”. This study also recommends that the government across board should conscientiously stem the farming and market vulnerability of the farming community and prevent looming food insecurity.

Application of a sustainable destination framework to model Mexican heritage destination resilience in times of crisis

The article discusses World Heritage Site Guanajuato, Mexico, a mature destination which suffers sustainability issues concerning water provision, traffic congestion, and refuse collection, the result of chaotic urban growth. Stagnating visitor numbers indicates ageing social infrastructure, dated tourism products, and reputational damage of public insecurity. The research objective is to improve municipal planning by using a resilience framework from the tourism ecology literature to encourage sustainable development. It integrates the results of a 2021 survey of local tourism business opinion and finds Guanajuato’s multi-business owners are innovative in crisis, reacting to covid-19 with changes to their products and services. Federal and State government hardly responded. It should widen membership of the municipal Tourist Board and incorporate project evaluators within the local Planning Office to apply a resilience model to address environmental, infrastructural, and tourism challenges.

Tourism and public insecurity: what are its roots?

PurposeStudies examining public insecurity and tourism tend to develop their research from the tourist's perspective, thereby focusing on its consequences, which insufficiently and poorly contribute to the development process. With that in mind, the purpose of this study is to discuss the root causes of public insecurity and the urban development process surrounding tourism dynamics in Brazil's northeast region.Design/methodology/approachThe complexity method was used to collect both documentary and normative data to understand the reality beyond the data on accommodations and vertical real estate developments over time. These data were organized in ArcGIS (version 10.5) and are discussed within the context of urban development, public insecurity and tourism theories.FindingsThe results of this study demonstrate that the relationship between tourism and public insecurity is rooted in discussions surrounding the urban development process, remodeled by the physical and symbolic dimensions surrounding the production of space. Nevertheless, the symbolism of tourism is not a constant when it comes to socio-spatial changes but rather acts as a physical and secondary dynamic throughout the entire reconfiguration process.Originality/valueThe findings of this study indicate that this study can be used for the elaboration of security policies in tourist destinations in Latin America that present high levels of violence, considering the discourses at implementing urban legislation.

Social Factors behind Academic Dishonesty as Perceived by the Postgraduate Students

This study was conducted to explore the social factors behind the academic dishonesty and consequences faced by the post-graduate students at University of Agriculture Faisalabad. Total 105 students were selected using random sampling technique from the Faculty of Social Sciences. The data were collected through reliable and validated questionnaire and collected data were analyzed using Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS). Results indicated that sense of competition, social rejection, social justice, illiterate background of the students, social insecurity, inferiority complex, societal pressure, low self-worth were the prominent social factors causing academic dishonesty among students. Loss of opportunity, loss of future, facing discrimination, low self-esteem, loss of respect and public insecurity were the prominent consequences being faced by the students committing academic dishonesties. Apart from the disciplinary action, there is also a need of awareness and counselling campaigns among students to refrain from the academic dishonesty.

Knives and Sleeping Monks : Benedict’s Rule and Self-Defence in Sixth-Century Italy

According to Benedict’s Rule, a few monks used to sleep while wearing knives, a dangerous habit which the Saint condemns. Sixth century sources, both Latin and Greek, mention knives quite often, which are called either cultelli or machairai and are mostly considered as weapons. Since there was widespread public insecurity in the Italian countryside during Benedict’s times because of bandits and marauding soldiers, it is likely that many farmers were used to carrying a knife with them even in bed. Quite a few monks had difficulties in letting go of this precaution after entering Montecassino.

Ser y vivir fútbol en Juárez-México. Estampas culturales en un contexto de violencia y esperanza

Ciudad Juárez-Mexico, like many other cities, concentrates its identity constitution processes in scenarios and spaces of disagreement between what is experienced, what is thought, and daily expectations. Bordering northern Mexico, the city has endured periods of public insecurity and violence in recent decades, such as femicides and the "war" against organized crime. However, at the same time, during the final two decades of the twentieth century to date, a socio-cultural manifestation emerged concerning professional football (soccer): the citizens identification with the highest national circuit’s teams. Juárez has been historically characterized as a region fond of baseball, basketball and athletics, with a certain rejection of soccer, especially due to its distance from the center and south of the country, where soccer is more firmly stablished. The article aims to describe some socio-cultural prints, as representations of soccer and the city. They are inscribed in an identity conformation of violence, but also of hope and exaltation, involving processes that articulate migration, duality, the centralism-regionalism dyad, national and international influences and meanings.

PSYCHOLOGICAL FACTORS OF EMOTIONAL INSTABILITY IN ADOLESCENTS

The article presents an overview of the problem of the affective sphere of adolescents on both theoretical and empirical levels. Its relevance and, at the same time, the prospect for further research is justified. It was revealed that the emotional life of persons of pubertal period is differently disclosed in the scientific heritage of foreign scientists, but insufficiently covered in the domestic. Correlations between the emotional experiences of adolescents and their relationships with parents, peers; gender identity; eating disorders, etc., were established. Against the background of emphasizing the influence of various external psychological factors in the life of an adolescent, the topic of the intrapersonal, psychological potential of persons of this age remains open. Taking into account the topicality of the problem of emotional instability of teenagers, we aimed to find out in detail, from an empirical point of view, the internal psychological reasons of this phenomenon. For this purpose, the ascertaining experiment was carried out which involved 300 pupils of 6-7 and 8-9 forms of the general secondary educational institutions of the Ternopil region (Berezhanska Secondary School № 1 and Berezhanska Secondary School № 2). Respondents were offered specific, according to the formulated scientific problem, a package of psychodiagnostic techniques, directed to the research of features of the level of manifestation as well as categories of hypothetical factors of emotional stability of adolescents. The next stage of the study involved processing the data by factor analysis using the capabilities of Microsoft Excel and SPSS 21 software. As a result, 10 psychological factors that cause emotional instability in adolescents were identified. Among them: imbalance of self-esteem and personal abilities, personal insecurity compensated by self-control, low resistance to stress, impulsiveness against insecurity, dissonance in the assessment of one's own self, motivational polarity, emotional uncertainty, public insecurity, uncertainty in own abilities, confident behavior. The prospect of our study is the development and practical implementation of social psychological training as a means of correcting dysregulation of the affective sphere of personality and the development of their emotional stability.

Modelling the perception of security in the Covid-19 era

The objective of this work was to provide empirical validity to the Security Perception Scale. A cross-sectional, correlational and psychometric study was conducted with a selection of 100 students. He suspects his participation in local crime prevention programs. Seven dimensions were established: territorial, national, public (government), human, public (self-protection), private and international, although the research design limited the results to the sample surveyed, suggesting the extension of work to other aspects of public insecurity .

Public Insecurity: exception as routine, exceptionality as the norm in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.

This article is an essay on the production of public insecurity, the yield that it brings as part of a regime of fear, and its effects of normalization of the practices of exception in the rule of law. The article focuses on the ethnographic work with the youth from the slums, together with state and local police from the State of Rio de Janeiro, as well as on a survey of documentary and journalistic sources on the internet, from 2017 to 2020. The reflections are guided by the discussion of the production of insecurity as a project of power. The logic of "protection" takes the place of security. The results point to the manufacture of diffuse and immediate threats as a resource for the imposition of a political economy of control and social regulation. The health crisis has aggravated the security crisis, keeping people on alert, with a feeling of urgency, living the immediate. Collective insecurity is not necessarily an unwanted outcome. It has been an expected and effective result, a strategic means through which to produce and sustain a project of exclusive and unequal power, for the few.

Reconfiguring Habits and Behaviors in Urban Centers: A Qualitative Study on the Impact of Perceptions on Public Insecurity

ABSTRACT After more than ten years of the United States (U.S.)-Mexico’s War on Drugs, Mexico continues to experience a crisis of public insecurity. This crisis has contributed to several Mexican cities being described as some of the most dangerous in the world. Drawing on qualitative research methods, this study investigates the effect of increasing perceptions of public insecurity on individuals’ habits and behaviors in 46 municipalities in the states of Mexico City, Estado de Mexico, Tamaulipas, and Oaxaca. Data is collected through in-depth interviews in urban areas (N = 184). The results provide public policy insights that could address the crisis of insecurity. An assertion is made that to reform the communities investigated, social violence must be tackled, and we attempt to provide a blueprint for such an initiative in this study.

Beyond multidimensional poverty: challenges of measurement and its link with social policy in Mexico

PurposeComprehensive poverty measures are increasingly gaining importance since people's deprivations and needs cover aspects beyond income. For this reason, the goal of this article is to propose a methodology to measure poverty that includes objective social deprivation, income deprivation and subjective social deprivation, using Mexico City and its municipalities as the study context. In order to show areas of intervention of public policies, the authors discuss the dimensions and indicators used in the multidimensional measurement.Design/methodology/approachUsing the Social Welfare Survey (N = 2,871), the authors measure poverty with the Alkire-Foster methodology. The applied concept of poverty includes objective and subjective deprivations, and income.FindingsThe interaction between objective and subjective deprivations shows that income, social cohesion, built environment and public insecurity are important areas for the redesigning of public policies.Originality/valueThe employed method to measure poverty emphasizes the relevance of including subjective deprivations in interaction with objective deprivations and income. It evidences the need for the implementation or strengthening of public policies.

Climate Change, Public Insecurity and Law: Conflicts Over Water Resources in the Brazilian Context

The article examines to what extent the adverse effects of climate change can be considered triggering factors of public insecurity. Against this background, it explores the growing environmental conflicts involving water resources in Brazil, including the Amazon region. In addition to the introduction and conclusion, the paper is structured around three topics. The first one outlines how the concept of public security has evolved to the present state, in which climate change is taken into account. Next, climate change is discussed as a factor that magnifies vulnerabilities, an argument supported by a discussion of historical events. The third topic highlights the main threats, vulnerabilities and conflicts involving water resources in Brazil, taking a scientific view of systemic risks and precaution. Finally, we propose rethinking the concept of public security in Brazil from a perspective of parameters involving regulations, principles and state initiative. The article suggests that the immediate and future effects of climate change do have a profound impact on social systems and on the environment, and may be a triggering factor of public insecurity. If institutions and governments do not address existing effects, and invest in adaptations to meet future scientific forecasts on climate change, social stability and the development of a culture of peace will be less likely in Brazil. A fundamental step in this process is the reformulation of the conventional concept of public security in the Brazilian legislation, in order to expressly incorporate the variable of climate security among its stated objectives. In addition, we point out a set of actions and principles with the potentital to promote not only adaptation and resilience, but also contribute to building peace. In terms of methodology, the study is descriptive, exploratory, legislative, bibliographical and documentary.

Expressions of authoritarianism in Facebook before the salience of news about crime in Peru

Under a context of public insecurity, the present study aims to analyse comments expressed in news about criminal acts published on the web pages of the main national newspapers during 2015. Comments were subject to content analysis and two analytical axes identified: (a) The expression of authoritarian beliefs and the implications of these beliefs for perceptions of offenders, and (b) a lack of trust in the public institutions of justice and its link with authoritarian response to criminality. The analysis of comments reveals a strong tendency towards endorsements of violent actions in dealing with crime supported by an authoritarian ideology. It was also found that distrust in the public institutions of justice is linked to support for extreme measures in order to eliminate the perceived threat. Limitations and suggestions for further research are discussed.