Public Hospital In India Research Articles

Health Care Strategy and its Impact on Quality of Health Services in India

The health care industry operates in a very dynamic environment, particularly in the modern era. The introduction of technology has led to a significant advancement in the medical area. The entire environment in which the medical industry today functions has changed as a result of this infusion. Modern medical technology used to treat patients improves the reputation of the hospital. Technology is employed in the hospital's management as well as in its treatment. Hospital operations can be managed more effectively and successfully with the use of automation solutions. Modern technology is available at private hospitals, and it has been seamlessly incorporated into the medical industry. The private sector has always been at the forefront of implementing cutting-edge medical technologies and providing patients with top-notch care. This survey revealed a similar trend, with the private sector coming in first, then trust-run hospitals, and finally private clinics. Public hospitals in India have taken note of this aspect as well and are actively putting plans into place to introduce the necessary technology for hospital management and treatment.

The effect of a behavioural intervention package on quality of life of pregnant women experiencing domestic violence: a randomised controlled trial

BackgroundDomestic violence during pregnancy is especially concerning due to its significant detrimental impact on a woman’s health and that of her unborn child. The study aims to evaluate the effects of a behavioural intervention package (BIP) delivered during pregnancy on the quality of life (QOL), domestic violence (DV), and reproductive and child health (RCH) of women experiencing DV.MethodsA randomised controlled trial was conducted on 211 pregnant women recruited between 18 and 20 weeks of pregnancy and randomly assigned to one of two groups: intervention (n = 105) or control (n = 106). The intervention group received BIP and standard care, while the control group received only standard care for 28 weeks. Study tools included socio-demographic variables, a short-form health survey, an abuse assessment screening tool, and an RCH checklist. The tools were completed once before the intervention and again at 6 weeks postnatal. The tools and their subscales were compared pre- and post-intervention using a paired t-test, or Wilcoxon signed test as appropriate to estimate the effect size at baseline and post-intervention.ResultsPost-intervention, the QOL scores were found to be significant, with a positive effect favouring the intervention as compared to the control group. The BIP intervention, which was found to be significantly effective (P ≤ 0.001) in reducing DV for pregnant women experiencing DV, was higher in the intervention group than in the control group.ConclusionThe BIP may be an appropriate method for treating pregnant women experiencing DV from low socioeconomic strata who attend public hospitals in India to improve their QOL. The approach may offer an intervention that healthcare institutions or other organizations in contact with women at risk of violence can implement.Trial registrationIndian Registry of Clinical Trials CTRI/2019/01/017009. Registered on 09/01/2019.

Transforming Hospital Housekeeping: The Kayakalp Journey.

The Kayakalp guidelines for public healthcare facilities under the Swachh Bharat Abhiyan (Clean India Mission) focus on improving sanitation, cleanliness, and infection control at public hospitals in India. This study was conducted in a 960-bed tertiary-level teaching hospital in eastern India. Housekeeping has been a challenge in public institutions, with factors like overcrowding and resource constraints. Tobacco and betel nut chewing, spitting, poor sanitation practices, and open urination are major challenges in ensuring sanitation at the hospital. The research objective was to study the implementation of the Kayakalp guidelines for quality improvement in housekeeping services at the institution. A pre- and post-interventional study was conducted using the Plan-Do-Check-Act (PDCA) quality tool. Plan phases included the gap assessment using the Kayakalp checklist with numerical scoring. Necessary interventions were done under three headings: structure, processes, and outcomes in the "Do" phase. The "Check" phase included monitoring of the activities followed by the "Act" phase, which included a review of the action plan. External experts nominated by the government conducted the final assessments and recommended it as one of the cleanest hospitals. A 360-degree improvement was observed in hospital services, with assessment score improvement from 73.68% to 95.0%. The institution received the first prize in 2020 and 2021 and runners-up Kayakalp National Award under category "B" (Institute of National Importance) Hospitals in 2019. The implementation of Kayakalp guidelines of the Government of India proved to be efficient in the improvement of housekeeping and infection control practices in the institution.

Does the conflict between work and family hinder thriving? Role of depersonalization and intrinsic motivation

PurposeElucidating on the concrete outline of conservation of resource theory, this study aims to explore the links between work-family conflict and workplace thriving. In particular, this study has integrated depersonalization as a mediator and tested the moderated mediation effects of intrinsic motivation in work-family conflict and depersonalization relationships.Design/methodology/approachData were collected using a sample of 357 doctors working across various public hospitals in India over two waves (T1 and T2) and was tested using AMOS and Process Macros.FindingsExploration reveals that work-family conflict is negatively associated with workplace thriving. The mediating role of depersonalization in between work-family conflict and workplace thriving was established. Moreover, the moderating role of intrinsic motivation in work-family conflict and workplace thriving via depersonalization was also established.Originality/valueThe present study makes a theoretical addition to the literature by investigating nuances through which work-family conflict relationships and thriving at the workplace can be affected. To date, such a relationship has not been established. The study also extends the role of depersonalization as an underlying mechanism between work-family conflict and workplace thriving, making an imperative contribution. This study also tested the moderating role of intrinsic motivation. Overall, these relationships are novel and have been seldom reported.

Quantification of Chemotherapy Drug Wastage and Incurred Financial Loss in Paediatric Cancer Care: A Cross-Sectional Study at a Tertiary Care Public Hospital in India.

The evolving chemotherapy landscape continually introduces effective agents, but escalating costs call for an evaluation of drug wastage and financial consequences to enhance resource utilization. This study seeks to estimate chemotherapy drug wastage and its economic loss in paediatric cancer care. In this cross-sectional study of paediatric cancer patients receiving parenteral chemotherapy, we evaluated both the drug used and wasted during each administration. The monetary value of drug loss was calculated using the formula: Cost = Proportion of drug wasted X Cost of drug vial. A total of 100 paediatric cancer patients who received 140 parenteral drug administrations of 22 chemotherapy drugs were studied. The total amount of drug procured was 25,515 mg, out of which 5,004.9 mg were wasted. Wastage amounted to 19.61% of the procured drugs in varying proportions. The total estimated cost of chemotherapy stood at 110,143.1 INR (1,328.7 USD), with cost wastage accounting for 31,929.95 INR (385.19 USD), equivalent to 28.98% of the total expenditure. Notably, doxorubicin 112.2 mg (37.4%) exhibited the highest drug wastage, followed by cytarabine 280 mg (35%) and l-asparaginase 83,400 IU (26.9%), primarily prescribed for acute lymphocytic leukaemia. Cytarabine resulted in the highest financial loss. Dose rounding occurred in 22 cases (15.71%), while vial sharing was observed in only five cases (3.57%) during drug administrations. Methotrexate, doxorubicin, and cytarabine doses never matched the available vial sizes. In resource-limited healthcare settings, implementing centre-specific measures, such as vial sharing and drug categorization, can reduce drug wastage and financial losses. Evaluating the viability of optimizing vial sizes and producing multidose vials is essential.

Role of procalcitonin, interleukin-6 and interleukin-10 as a predictive marker for the use of perioperative steroid in maxillofacial trauma patients

Maxillofacial trauma often brings significant challenges for surgeons in terms of preoperative oedema. Steroids offer oedema reduction, yet potentially increase the risks of postoperative infection. This study explores procalcitonin (PCT), as a marker for bacterial infection risk, and interleukins IL-6 and IL-10, which respectively signify pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory responses, as potential indicators of infection and inflammation in these trauma cases and thereby aid in refining perioperative guidelines for the use of steroids. A prospective study was conducted at a tertiary public hospital in India from 2019 to 2022 on patients >18 years with facial trauma. After specific exclusions, patients were randomised into steroid (Group A) and non-steroid (Group B) groups. Various parameters including oedema, PCT, IL-6, and IL-10 levels were measured and analysed using SPSS software. Out of 80 patients, 44 were in Group A and 36 in Group B. Post-24 hours, Group A showed significant oedema reduction, with 25 patients displaying a decline to mild oedema, versus 10 patients in Group B (p = 0.034). However, Group A witnessed a higher infection risk, with 20 patients showing positive wound cultures versus three in Group B. Subgroup analysis revealed a link between higher PCT levels and infections (p = 0.039). Additionally, Group A showed less intraoperative bleeding and reduced operating time. While perioperative steroids mitigate swelling, they might increase postoperative infection risk. Elevated PCT levels indicate potential wound infections, suggesting those patients should avoid perioperative steroids. IL-6 and IL-10 trends during perioperative phases can predict pronounced oedema outcomes.

PP64 Cost-Effectiveness Of Fractional Flow Reserve As Diagnostic Tool In Coronary Artery Disease Versus Angiogram Alone In Indian context

IntroductionFractional Flow Reserve (FFR) is a diagnostic tool that aids decision-making in the treatment of coronary artery disease (CAD). FFR provides an objective measurement and is used as an adjunct to an angiogram. The clinical and cost-benefit of using FFR have been well established across published literature. This research was aimed at evaluating the economic impact of using FFR as an adjunct to angiogram versus an angiogram alone, in the Indian healthcare context.MethodsA study from a tertiary care public hospital in India estimated the impact of using FFR as an adjunct to angiogram in management of CAD. This study was used to create a mathematical simulation model to estimate cost-effectiveness and economic impact of using FFR over seven years’ time horizon, from the Indian health systems perspective. A targeted literature review was performed to collect the clinical inputs for the model, and the national public health insurance program data was referenced to obtain the cost inputs.ResultsA hypothetical cohort of 100,000 patients in the model reported 30 percent reduction in unnecessary stenting. Moreover, 14,025 deaths were averted with the adoption of FFR. In addition, there was a cost-saving of INR46,986 (574USD) per death averted and INR5,169 (63USD) per patient treated over a seven-year time horizon. The analysis demonstrated that FFR inclusion in the current clinical practice saves INR2,651 (32USD) per patient in overall upfront cost and INR2,518 (31USD) per patient in overall follow-up cost over a seven year follow-up period owing to improved diagnosis and prognosis.ConclusionsIn conclusion, FFR prevents unnecessary stenting, reduces overall mortality, and proves to be a cost-saving intervention in the long-term when used as a decision-making criterion in CAD patients in the Indian context.

Quantifying Drug Wastage and Economic Loss of Chemotherapy Drugs at an Adult Oncology Care of a Tertiary Care Public Hospital in India.

Background and objective New drugs have revolutionized cancer care, but their high cost requires cost-effectiveness studies. However, these studies only consider optimal use, neglecting real-world wastage. We aim to assess chemotherapy drug wastage and financial loss in our adult oncology care. Methods A total of 100 adult patients attending daycare oncology were prospectively evaluated. The total dose of parenteral anticancer drug, the amount administered, and the amount of drug wasted were recorded for each patient. The economic loss estimation was done considering the unit cost for the drug. Results Our study evaluated 157 parenteral drug administrations of 10 different anticancer drugs in 100 enrolled patients. The most common diagnosis was breast cancer (39/100; 39%), and the most commonly prescribed drugs were paclitaxel (36/157; 23%) and cyclophosphamide (21/157; 13%). However, the wastage percentage varied from 6% to 35.06%, and the overall wastage estimated was 16,298 mg (20.06%) of the total drug procured. Notably, the highest proportion of drug wastage was observed for carboplatin (2,525/7200 mg; 35.06%), whereas oxaliplatin, gemcitabine, 5-FU, and cisplatin wastage were more than 20% of the ordered drug. The total cost of the chemotherapy drug procured was 7,26,005 INR (8,738.78 USD), and drug wastage amounted to 17.14% of the total drug cost, resulting in an economic loss of 1,24,485 INR (1,498.40 USD). Gemcitabine (542.86 USD), oxaliplatin (452.66 USD), and paclitaxel (286.15 USD) were responsible for the maximum cost of wastage. Conclusion Drug wastage and financial loss are significant for carboplatin, oxaliplatin, and gemcitabine, with small proportions of paclitaxel also contributing to economic loss. Possible solutions include planning pharmacy inventory for multiple vial sizes and drug-wise batching strategies to facilitate vial sharing. However, these approaches may present challenges. The pharmaceutical industry can consider initiatives such as providing varying packaging sizes to minimize drug wastage.

Impact of 'Never Use' Abbreviations (Error-Prone Abbreviations-EPA's) List on the Incidence of EPAs in Inpatient Medical Prescriptions in Apex Tertiary Care Public Hospital in India.

The aim of the study was to assess the impact of never-use list and standardized abbreviations on error prone abbreviations. Abbreviations are commonly used in medical records to save time and space but use in prescriptions, which can lead to communication failures and preventable harm. Prescriptions need to be clear for correct interpretation. Hospitals should implement uniform use of approved abbreviations, such as an approved list or never-use list of abbreviations and symbols. In the hospital under study, there was no system of avoiding error prone abbreviations while prescribing any medication. Hence, an interventional study was performed to quantify and reduce the incidence of error prone abbreviations. The main objectives were to determine the incidence of error prone abbreviations, development and implementation of 'Never-use' list and standardized abbreviations and finally determine its effectiveness in reducing the error prone abbreviations in the prescriptions. The study design was pre-post interventional / quasi-experimental design. The settings were inpatient wards of broad specialties of a tertiary care hospital. 'Never-use' list and standardized abbreviations were developed by review of relevant literature, existing lists by Institute for Safe Medication Practices and Australian Commission on Safety and Quality in Health Care compared against findings of the pilot study of prescriptions for error prone abbreviations and experts' input. Poster copies of the lists were affixed in inpatient wards, doctors were educated, and poster pamphlets were distributed. Pre-intervention data was collected by a retrospective closed in-patient medical record review. Post-interventional incidence of error prone abbreviations was determined, and the effectiveness of the same was assessed by using statistical analysis. The incidence of error abbreviations in inpatient prescriptions was 47.5%, and the 'Never Use' list of abbreviations led to a statistically significant reduction of error prone abbreviations by 8.2% from 47.5% to 43.6% (P\0.006). 'Never Use' lists are effective in reducing the incidence of common error-prone abbreviations, and discipline-wise variation is observed.

Efficacy of a Multi-Level Pilot Intervention (“Harmony”) to Reduce Discrimination Faced by Men Who Have Sex with Men and Transgender Women in Public Hospitals in India: Findings from a Pre- and Post-Test Quasi-Experimental Trial among Healthcare Workers

Reducing the stigma and discrimination faced by men who have sex with men (MSM) and transgender women (TGW) in healthcare settings is key to improving health outcomes. Using a one-group pre- and post-test design, we tested the efficacy of a theory-informed, multi-level pilot intervention (“Harmony”) among 98 healthcare workers (HCWs) to reduce sexual orientation and gender identity (SOGI)-related stigma and discrimination faced by MSM and TGW in two public hospitals. The intervention contained group-level (a half-day workshop) and individual-level (four videos) components. Using multi-level modelling, we compared knowledge, attitudes, and comfort level among HCWs across three timepoints: pre-intervention, post-intervention, and follow-up (2 months after the intervention). Client surveys were conducted among 400 MSM/TGW (two independent samples of 200 MSM/TGW) attending the intervention hospitals, before the intervention among HCWs and three months after the intervention. Generalised estimating equations assessed service users’ satisfaction with hospital services, discrimination experiences, and positive interactions with HCWs. Significant changes were observed in primary outcomes: 30% increase in positive attitude scores (incidence rate ratio (IRR) = 1.30, 95% CI 1.13–1.49) and 23% increase in the proportion of HCWs reporting being comfortable in providing care to MSM/TGW (IRR = 1.23, 95% CI 0.03–1.68). Similarly, there was a significant improvement in secondary outcomes (scores): support for non-discriminatory hospital policies (IRR = 1.08, 95% CI 1.004–1.15), the importance of asking SOGI questions in clinical history (IRR = 1.17, 95% CI 1.06–1.29), and perceived self-efficacy in providing clinical care (IRR = 1.13, 95% CI 1.01–1.27). Service users’ data provided corroborative evidence for intervention efficacy: e.g., 14% increase in the proportion of MSM reporting overall satisfaction with hospital services and 6% and 15% increase in the scores of positive interactions with HCWs in the combined sample of MSM/TGW and TGW, respectively. The Harmony intervention showed preliminary evidence for improving positive attitudes, comfort level, and understanding of the healthcare issues of MSM/TGW among HCWs, warranting large-scale implementation research.

Comparison of Neurodevelopmental Status in Early Infancy of Infants of Women With and Without Gestational Diabetes Mellitus.

To study the neurodevelopmental status of offsprings of mothers with gestational diabetes (OGDM) aged 3½ mo. This cross-sectional study was conducted at a tertiary hospital, New Delhi which included infants aged 3½ mo (+1 wk) who were either offsprings of women with gestational diabetes (cases) or infants of mothers without gestational diabetes mellitus presenting to tertiary care public hospital in India from January, 2018 through March, 2019, with enrollment of infants done between 10 April, 2018 and 30 March, 2019. The development quotient (DQ) using Developmental Assessment Scales for Indian Infants (DASII) was calculated as Motor DQ, Mental DQ and a composite DQ. The mean motor DQ of the enrolled infants was 101.7 (12.02); it was significantly lower for OGDM than controls [101 (1.41) vs. 109.5 (10.6); P <0.001]. The mean mental DQ of the enrolled infants was 88.9 (12.0); it was significantly lower for OGDM than the control group [84 (9.89 vs. 88 (8.48); P = 0.03]. The total development quotient for the enrolled infants was 95.3 (11.3). The total development quotient for study group was significantly lower than the control group [92.5 (5.65) vs. 98.75 (9.54); P = 0.001]. The mean motor, mental total DQ of offsprings of mothers with GDM were significantly lower than those born to mothers without GDM. Hence follow up, early intervention should be considered for this high risk group.

Statistical characterization of managerial risk factors: a case of state-run hospitals in India

Public healthcare institutions are the crucial component in the social and economic development of a nation, particularly India. However, public hospitals in India confront multiple operational risk factors that compromise patient satisfaction. Although all the risk factors are essentially critical, the impact potential of any risk factor is ultimately determined by its ability to induce other risk factors. The current research derives motivation from these scenarios and investigates the characteristics of crucial operational risk factors experienced in the public healthcare sector in a South Indian state. Extensive questionnaire-based surveys were conducted among civilians and healthcare professionals in two phases, i.e., prior to the COVID-19 crisis and during the COVID-19 crisis, for identifying significant risk factors. The collected data is analysed using statistical techniques like exploratory factor analysis (EFA) and partial least squares based structural equation modelling (PLS-SEM) to characterise the inter-relationships between risk factors. The research discloses the translational effect of administrative/infrastructure constraints in public hospitals in compromising the operational performance indirectly through human-related issues rather than having a direct influence. More precisely, the presented model indicates that risk factors like the physical infrastructure limitations and shortage of staff will overburden the existing employees, resulting in human-related issues, including attitudinal issues of employees and community mistrusts and misbelieves. The results reveal seemingly resolvable budget allocation issues, but at the same time alarms the authorities to execute immediate countermeasures. Ultimately, this research seeks to empower public hospital administrators with interesting insights and managerial implications drawn from the statistical models.

Implementing the WHO Labour Care Guide to reduce the use of Caesarean section in four hospitals in India: protocol and statistical analysis plan for a pragmatic, stepped-wedge, cluster-randomized pilot trial

abstractBackgroundThe World Health Organization (WHO) Labour Care Guide (LCG) is a paper-based labour monitoring tool designed to facilitate the implementation of WHO’s latest guidelines for effective, respectful care during labour and childbirth. Implementing the LCG into routine intrapartum care requires a strategy that improves healthcare provider practices during labour and childbirth. Such a strategy might optimize the use of Caesarean section (CS), along with potential benefits on the use of other obstetric interventions, maternal and perinatal health outcomes, and women’s experience of care. However, the effects of a strategy to implement the LCG have not been evaluated in a randomised trial. This study aims to: (1) develop and optimise a strategy for implementing the LCG (formative phase); and (2) To evaluate the implementation of the LCG strategy compared with usual care (trial phase).MethodsIn the formative phase, we will co-design the LCG strategy with key stakeholders informed by facility assessments and provider surveys, which will be field tested in one hospital. The LCG strategy includes a LCG training program, ongoing supportive supervision from senior clinical staff, and audit and feedback using the Robson Classification. We will then conduct a stepped-wedge, cluster-randomized pilot trial in four public hospitals in India, to evaluate the effect of the LCG strategy intervention compared to usual care (simplified WHO partograph). The primary outcome is the CS rate in nulliparous women with singleton, term, cephalic pregnancies in spontaneous labour (Robson Group 1). Secondary outcomes include clinical and process of care outcomes, as well as women’s experience of care outcomes. We will also conduct a process evaluation during the trial, using standardized facility assessments, in-depth interviews and surveys with providers, audits of completed LCGs, labour ward observations and document reviews. An economic evaluation will consider implementation costs and cost-effectiveness.DiscussionFindings of this trial will guide clinicians, administrators and policymakers on how to effectively implement the LCG, and what (if any) effects the LCG strategy has on process of care, health and experience outcomes. The trial findings will inform the rollout of LCG internationally.Trial registration: CTRI/2021/01/030695 (Protocol version 1.4, 25 April 2022).

An economic model to assess the value of triclosan-coated sutures in reducing the risk of surgical site infection in a mastectomy in India.

The comparison of triclosan-coated sutures (TCS) was made with conventional nonantimicrobial-coated sutures (NCS) to reduce surgical site infection (SSI). This study demonstrates the efficacy and economic outcome of TCS versus NCS for SSIs in mastectomy in India. In this retrospective analysis, 100 patients were included for both conditions-TCS and NCS-from a private and public hospital in India. A systematic literature search of available evidence for both SSI incidences and TCS efficacy data in India were gathered. We collected cost data from a private and public hospital, respectively, for mastectomy in India. The cost-effectiveness of TCS in comparison with the conventional NCS was calculated using a decision-tree deterministic model. We performed a one-way sensitivity analysis to compare TCS with NCS. Cost savings with the use of TCS increased with an increase in SSI incidence and an increase in efficacy for mastectomies in both public and private hospitals. We found a base cost saving of Indian rupees (INR) 27,299 at a private hospital and INR 2,958 at a public hospital for mastectomies. The incremental cost of TCS suture was 0.01% in a private hospital whereas 0.17% in a public hospital. The use of TCS resulted in reduced SSI incidence and cost savings for mastectomy in India.

The relationship between cognitive functioning, age and employment in people with severe mental illnesses in an urban area in India: A longitudinal study

Although there is substantial evidence of the association between cognitive impairment and work in people with severe mental illnesses (SMI) in developed countries, less is known about this relationship in developing countries such as India. Studies showing higher rates of employment in people with SMI in developing countries than developed ones raise the question of whether cognitive functioning is related to work status and characteristics of work (e.g., wages earned). We conducted a one-year follow-up study to investigate the relationship between employment and cognitive functioning, assessed with the Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA), in 150 participants with SMI (92% schizophrenia) living in an urban area and receiving psychiatric outpatient treatment at a public hospital in India. The MoCA had good internal reliability and test-retest reliability over the one-year period. Better cognitive functioning was associated with younger age, shorter duration of illness, higher education, and male gender. Both younger and older participants with higher cognitive functioning at baseline were more likely to be employed at baseline and one year later. Work status at baseline and one year follow-up was consistently related to executive functions among younger participants, and to attention among older participants, suggesting changes over the course of illness in the importance of specific cognitive domains for achieving satisfactory work performance. The findings suggest that cognitive functioning is associated with employment in people with SMI in India. Attention to impaired cognitive functioning may be critical to improving employment outcomes in this population.

Implementation of Big Imaging Data Pipeline Adhering to FAIR Principles for Federated Machine Learning in Oncology

Cancer is a fatal disease and one of the leading causes of death worldwide. The cure rate in cancer treatment remains low; hence cancer treatment is gradually shifting towards personalized treatment. AI and radiomics have been recognized as one of the potential areas of research in personalized medicine in oncology. Several researchers have identified the capabilities of AI and radiomics to characterize phenotype and there by predict the outcome of treatment in oncology. Although AI and radiomics have shown promising initial results in diagnosis and treatment in oncology, these technologies are also facing challenges of standardization and scalability. In the last few years, researchers have been trying to develop research infrastructure for federated machine learning that increases usability of Big Data for clinical research. These research infrastructures are based on the Findable, Accessible, Interoperable and Reusable (i.e., FAIR) data principles. The India-Dutch “Big Imaging data approach for Oncology in a Netherlands India Collaboration” (BIONIC) is a jointly funded initiative by the Dutch Research Council (NWO) and the Indian Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology (MeitY), aiming to introduce radiomic-based research into clinical environments using federated machine learning on geographically dispersed collections of FAIR data. This paper described a prototype end-to-end research infrastructure implemented through the BIONIC partnership into a leading cancer care public hospital in India.

Using artificial intelligence-based models to predict the risk of mucormycosis among COVID-19 survivors: An experience from a public hospital in India

IntroductionIndia reported a severe public health challenge not only due to the COVID-19 outbreak but also the increasing number of associated mucormycosis cases since 2021.This study aimed at developing artificial intelligence based models to predict the risk of mucormycosis among the patients at the time of discharge from hospital.MethodsThe dataset included of 1229 COVID-19 positive patients, and additional 214 inpatients, COVID-19 positive as well as infected with mucormycosis. We used logistic regression, decision tree and random forest and the extreme gradient boosting algorithm. All our models were evaluated with 5-fold validation to derive a reliable estimate of the model error.ResultsThe logistic regression, XGBoost and random forest performed equally well with AUROC 95.0, 94.0, and 94.0 respectively. The best accuracy and precision (PPV) were 0.91 ± 0.026 and 0.67 ± 0.0526, respectively achieved by XGBoost, followed by logistic regression. This study also determined top five variables namely obesity, anosmia, de novo diabetes, myalgia, and nasal discharge, which showed positive impact towards the risk of mucormycosis.ConclusionThe developed model has the potential to predict the patients at high risk and thus, consequently initiating preventive care or aiding in early detection of mucormycosis infection. Thus, this study, holds potential for early treatment and better management of patients suffering from COVID-19 associated mucormycosis.

How Much Does It Cost for a Surgical ICU Bed in a Public Hospital in India.

IntroductionActivity-based costing (ABC) is a costing technique that identifies the activities in an organization and assigns the cost to the activities based on the actual resources consumed for each activity. The method was used to ascertain the cost of surgical intensive care unit (SICU) bed in an institute of national importance, such as All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS), Bhubaneswar, from June 2019 to February 2021.ObjectiveThe present study aimed to ascertain the cost of SICU beds per day by the ABC technique. The different elements of cost were analyzed. The cost for selected patients in the SICU unit was calculated by preparing a cost sheet based on the elements of cost and studying the existing charging system.MethodsA total of 38 cases were selected from the departments of General Surgery, Urology, Orthopedics, and Plastic surgery. Based on the ABC technique, the activity map was developed for SICU (cost center), and the time consumed together with resources for each activity was calculated with respect to human resources, consumables, medicines, and overheads. Thus, the total cost incurred by the hospital for SICU beds per day was estimated using the cost sheet analysis.ResultsThe cost was calculated to be Rs. 11,241/- per day (155 USD) against the hospital charge of Rs. 35/- (<0.5 USD) for general patients and Rs. 1000/- for private ward patients. Exchange Conversion Rate used is 1 USD = 72.60 INR (2020–21).ConclusionThe public sector hospitals in India provide health-care services for free and at a subsidized rate; hence, ascertaining the cost incurred by the hospital is necessary for policy decisions.

Presence of birth companion-a deterrent to disrespectful behaviours towards women during delivery: an exploratory mixed-method study in 18 public hospitals of India.

Birthing women require support, particularly emotional support, during the process of labour and delivery. Traditionally, across cultures, this support was made available by the continuous presence of a companion during labour, childbirth and the immediate post-partum period. However, this practice is not universal, especially in health facilities in low- and middle-income countries. This cross-sectional study was conducted in 18 tertiary health care facilities of India using a mixed-method approach. The quantitative data were collected to document the number of birthing women, birth companions and healthcare providers in the labour rooms, and the typology of disrespect and abuse (D&A) faced by women. This was followed by in-depth interviews with 55 providers to understand their perspective on the various dimensions of D&A and the challenges they face to provide respectful care. This article explores the status of birth companionship in India and its plausible associations with D&A faced by birthing women in public facilities. Our study reveals that birth companionship is still not a common practice in Indian public hospitals. Birth companions were present during less than half of the observational period, also less than half of the birthing women were accompanied by a birth companion. Lack of hospital policy, space constraints, overcrowding and privacy concerns for other patients were cited as reasons for not allowing birth companions in the labour rooms, whose supportive roles, both for women and providers, were otherwise widely acknowledged during the qualitative interviews. Also, the presence of birth companions was found to be critically negatively associated with occurrences of D&A of birthing women. We contend that owing to the high pressure on the public hospitals in India, birth companions can be a low-cost intervention model for promoting respectful maternity care. However, adequate infrastructure is a critical aspect to be taken care of.

Outcomes of Renal Trauma in Indian Urban Tertiary Healthcare Centres: A Multicentre Cohort Study

BackgroundRenal trauma is present in 0.5–5% of patients admitted for trauma. Advancements in radiologic imaging and minimal-invasive techniques have led to decreased need for surgical intervention. We used a large trauma cohort to characterise renal trauma patients, their management and outcomes.MethodsWe analysed “Towards Improved Trauma Care Outcomes in India” cohort from four urban tertiary public hospitals in India between 1st September 2013 and 31st December 2015. The data of patients with renal trauma were extracted using International Classification of Diseases 10 codes and analysed for demographic and clinical details.ResultsA total of 16,047 trauma patients were included in this cohort. Abdominal trauma comprised 1119 (7%) cases, of which 144 (13%) had renal trauma. Renal trauma was present in 1% of all the patients admitted for trauma. The mean age was 28 years (SD-14.7). A total of 119 (83%) patients were male. Majority (93%) were due to blunt injuries. Road traffic injuries were the most common mechanism (53%) followed by falls (29%). Most renal injuries (89%) were associated with other organ injuries. Seven of the 144 (5%) patients required nephrectomy. Three patients had grade V trauma; all underwent nephrectomy. The 30-day in-hospital mortality, in patients with renal trauma, was 17% (24/144).ConclusionMost renal trauma patients were managed nonoperatively. 89% of patients with renal trauma had concomitant injuries. The renal trauma profile from this large cohort may be generalisable to urban contexts in India and other low- and middle-income countries.