Public Parking Research Articles

An Analysis of User Perceptions Towards Public Parking Management in Kampala City

The parking problems in Kampala City have become more pronounced due to the increasing vehicle numbers resulting from a growth in population and income levels. Understanding public perceptions and the various stakeholders’ parking needs and preferences is fundamental for identification of priority areas for improvement. This paper assessed the user perceptions of public parking management and the parking needs and preferences for various stakeholders in Kampala City. The study was evaluative and employed a cross sectional research design with a range of data diverse triangulation quantitative and qualitative techniques. From 328 questionnaires, participants were asked to assess fifteen (15) public parking management attributes from a point of view of their satisfaction. Also, a public parking stakeholder analysis was done and the level of influence by each stakeholder category in regards to parking management in the city and their parking needs and preferences were established. The study results revealed- that the customer satisfaction Index (CSI) of parkers was 52.4% indicating a relatively lower satisfaction level of the parking management in Kampala. From the fifteen public parking management attributes, four (4) of them to include affordability of parking, availability of parking spaces, accessibility to parking spaces and as well Safety and security were accorded the greatest importance. While thirteen (13) public parking stakeholders in Kampala City that included Ministry of Works and Transport (MoWT), Kampala Capital City Authority (KCCA), Multiplex Limited, Private Parking suppliers, public transport operators, Business Community, Commuters, Private Car Drivers, Logistics Vehicles, Traffic Police, Residents, shoppers and tourists and the academia were identified. The study recommends prioritization of those factors that parkers deem very important by the relevant authorities, stakeholder involvement in parking planning and management, establishment of an efficient enforcement and control mechanism, having a public parking vision with clear goals and objectives and as well the use of technology to enhance efficiency for both parkers and parking suppliers.

When a Stranger Approaches at Night: The Impact of Adaptive Street Lighting on Safety Perception

ABSTRACT Advancements in sensor technology have paved the way for street lighting to evolve into an “intelligent” system, capable of detecting pedestrians’ behaviors and dynamically adjusting its features. Such an adaptive lighting system provides a valuable framework for examining the interplay between lighting attributes and social interactions among pedestrians, a topic that remains less explored. This study examines two critical factors known to influence fear in the dark: encountering an uncivil stranger and street lighting. Utilizing virtual reality (VR), we simulated a scenario in which participants experienced a potential threat from a stranger under eight different lighting conditions in a public parking lot (dynamic vs. static, white vs. yellow, bright vs. dim). We also examined how participants navigated the parking lot after encountering an uncivil stranger, seeking the safest space. The findings of the study suggest that both brighter light and white-colored light led to enhanced safety perception during social encounters with an uncivil pedestrian. However, adaptive lighting that only illuminated the surrounding environment did not have a significant impact on safety perception, as compared to the conventional light that uniformly lit the environment. After encountering the potential threats, the majority of participants (38%) chose to move closer to the building entrance, citing the “well-lit area,” “possible presence of other people,” and “possibility to ask for help” as the main reasons. These findings emphasize the crucial role of both social cues from others and lighting attributes in shaping safety perception.

Enabling role of policies to make public charging infrastructure development viable in an Indian city: A modelling-based analysis

The present paper is concerned with shedding light on the financial viability of setting up public charging infrastructure in a range of implementation situations in an Indian city and the possible role of policies and regulations to make charging business attractive. The nascency of the electric mobility sector and its fast-evolving technological landscape along with possibility of different charging use-cases make it difficult to templatize the financial evaluation of charging business. With the help of a publicly available peer-reviewed financial tool which has been specifically developed to analyze the possible financial outcome of an investment in public charging infrastructure for electric vehicles (EVs) in Indian context, the study examines the business attractiveness of setting up a public charging station in four unique use-cases such as charging at public parking, destination charging, on-the-go charging, and shared workplace charging. The study employs Project Internal Rate of Return as the primary financial yardstick that is being benchmarked with a hurdle rate or target rate of return to make the evaluation as objective as possible. The financial modelling aptly captures the dynamics of India’s EV charging market by considering the possible variations in charging infrastructure configuration, electricity tariffs and regulations, provision for land rental, charging fees and other such factors. It further demystifies the potential impact of key variables on a project’s business case. This research would help design policies, regulations, support mechanisms and terms of reference for public charging infrastructure projects in the country. Policymakers, implementing authorities, regulators, potential investors, and financial institutions are expected to benefit from the analyses.

Analysis of the current situation and a proposal to solve the parking problem in the center of the city of Banja Luka by introducing new street parking spaces

In the course of 2023, due to the expansion of the infrastructure, the center of the city of Banja Luka was left without four off-street to one street parking lots, which resulted in the loss of a total of 442 public parking spaces. Given that there is less and less free space on which new off-street parking lots could be built, the goal of the work is to find new locations suitable for the introduction of street parking spaces in the narrow and wider city center. As one of the solutions, Kralja Petra I Karađorđevića street and Vidovdanska street proved to be the best. In part of these streets, one-way traffic takes place on a road with three traffic lanes, and in terms of dimensions, it is possible to introduce street parking lots without causing traffic congestion. In this way, 2.2 kilometers of road would be obtained on which 220 new street parking spaces could be built, which fully correspond to the location, and provide safety and easy access to the parking space.

Electrical Vehicle Smart Charging Using the Open Charge Point Interface (OCPI) Protocol

This paper proposes a new approach to the design of smart charging systems. It aims to separate the role of the Smart Charging Service Provider (SCSP) from the role of the Charge Point Operator (CPO) to provide real flexibility and efficiency of mass deployment. As interoperability is required for this purpose, the challenge is to use standard equipment and protocols in the design of the smart charging Energy Management System (EMS). The use of an Open Charge Point Interface (OCPI) is crucial for an interface between the EMS and the Charge Point Operator. The smart charging EMS developed has been implemented and successfully tested with two CPOs, with different use cases: (1) EV charging infrastructure at office buildings, and (2) EV charging infrastructure installed at a public car park facility.

Disputes and Solutions During the Installation of Charging Piles in Residential Communities in Tianjin, China

With the rapid popularization of new energy vehicles, the demand for supporting charging infrastructure continues to increase. However, given the constraints of specific conditions, some private vehicle owners fail to equip their vehicles with charging facilities, leading to a series of disputes over the installation of charging piles in residential neighborhoods. The purpose of this paper is to summarize the basic situations such as the tension of public parking spaces and the difficulty of renovation, the refusal of property companies to install, the failure of public power resources in the district to meet the voltage demand of charging piles, and the disagreement of the relevant interested parties in the district on the matter of installation, and to explore in depth the legal basis for the resolution of these disputes from the perspective of balancing the interests of the relevant parties, and to further explore the perfect resolution mechanism in order to promote the development of new energy vehicles.

Modern Web Development using CSS & HTML

This research article explains several important coding languages and software technologies used in the web development process. This research article explores the important role of CSS and HTML integration in modern web development to improve user experience. This study examines the principles, techniques, and best practices associated with these technologies to provide a comprehensive understanding of their impact on web design and functionality. The main goal of this job is to create existing websites with your own design using HTML, CSS, and JS. The new HTML system clearly separates website content into modules. Styling is only possible through the Cascading Fashion Sheets (CSS) language. The new CSS standard, known as CSS3, includes structural elements in which special modules define style types. The development cycle of male or female mode does not affect support and functionality in many browsers. Now most of the work is done in the browser. Candidates can arrange a meeting to get these applications approved at the earliest. The latter includes multimedia support, dynamic rendering, public parking, etc.

Classification and architectural planning components of riverine areas in the city structure

The study is devoted to the interaction of riverine areas with the urban structure. The purpose of the study is to provide substantiation for the classification of riverine territories in the city structure and to establish the architectural and planning components of riverine areas. The authors analyze global experience in the organization of riverine territories as part of urban development in the context of modern sustainable development programs. The results suggest that amid the increasing density of cities, changes in production interests, and climate change, there are trends in the regeneration of riverine areas. The study highlights the following trends in urban development: the creation of a system of recreational zones along the banks; creation of a network of city parks with different themes; incorporation of a spatial carcass into the structure; creation of public recreation centers, leisure complexes, and parking ensembles at the intersection of the urban and natural frames; rehabilitation and improvement of industrial areas; relocation of industrial plants situated among residential buildings to industrial areas; optimization of traffic and rational positioning of storage and maintenance facilities; development and organization of water protection zones and coastal protection strips. The conducted analysis of world experience confirms the need to find techniques to rehabilitate territories that are no longer effective while prioritizing the formation of a comfortable urban environment as a factor in raising their environmental and social efficiency.

A Review on Design and Fabrication of Mechanically Operated Gate System

Entryways have become increasingly common in private settings, serving as entrances to enclosed spaces or gaps in fences to regulate passage. Nowadays, many entry gates are operated by automated systems, boasting various advanced features. The demand for automated or mechanically operated doors has been steadily rising. The described automatic gate system is designed to automate entrances to parking lots of residential properties, businesses, and public car parks. It utilizes a mechanically controlled mechanism comprising a base plate connected to an L-shaped rod, which is in turn attached to a pulley fixed on the gate's main body. This setup enables the gate to be raised by spinning the pulley, and it gradually descends with the assistance of a car boot shock absorber when the vehicle's load is removed. This system ensures continuous gate opening and closing without the need for an external power source. While operating the gate manually reduces the burden on individuals, it is designed to function automatically through mechanical movements without requiring external control. Keywords: Mechanical Operated Gate, Pulley, Base plate, Boot shock

Automated pavement marking integrity assessment using a UAV platform – a test case of public parking

ABSTRACT Intact pavement markings organize the utilization of the pavement surface area, increase the road capacity, and improve traffic safety. However, deterioration occurring over the service life will lead to traffic safety hazards. A detailed inspection is regarded as the central tenet of pavement marking management. Conventional manual assessment approaches are time-consuming, qualitative, and argued to be subjective. Thus, cost reduction, quantitative analysis, and automatization have been the focus of research. Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) platform has been studied wildly in civil tasks due to its low cost and high maneuverability. A UAV-based platform was developed in this research to address the inefficiency, access limitations, and image processing of existing road marking inspection systems. In this research, the resolution of the image is 5472 × 3080 pixels and is captured with a fixed focal length of 8.8 mm. Given intensity differences between pixels of paintings and asphalt backgrounds, the pixels belonging to painting regions are classified using the K-mean clustering algorithm. After detecting all parking lines from images, the Otsu method was employed to determine the threshold of 0.9 as the quantitative indicator of painting quality. The UAV-based platform exhibits expected performance in assessing the pavement markings in a parking area. Future research will explore the deployment in city-scale applications.

Electric-vehicle charging facility deployment models for dense-city residential carparks considering demand uncertainty and grid dynamics

As the driving range of electric vehicles (EVs) increases, home-based charging has been becoming the dominant strategy for EV users to replenish electricity in urban e-mobility systems. In Asian metropolises with high population density (called dense-cities), the majority of residents live in multi-unit dwellings and share public parking and charging facilities in their residential carparks. This study, therefore, investigates the EV charging facility deployment (CFD) problem for dense-city residential carparks, taking into account charging demand uncertainty and the impact of grid dynamics. To address this problem, we first develop a water-pipe model to minimize the construction cost of the CFD scheme while balancing dynamic charging demand and supply. We then extend our approach to formulate a chance-constraint optimization model that considers more practical factors such as stochastic and dynamic charging demand, multi-type chargers, grid dynamics and the setup time of charging service. Furthermore, we propose a simulation-based method to validate the developed CFD models at the operational level. Our case study in Singapore demonstrates that the chance-constraint optimization model produces effective CFD solutions for all simulated charging scenarios. Our results also reveal the importance of considering grid dynamics and charging demand uncertainty for the residential-carpark CFD problem.

Modelling the determinants of electrical vehicles adoption in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia

This study investigates consumer acceptance of electric vehicles (EVs) in Riyadh, focusing on their response to adoption incentives. Utilising a stated preference survey, a mixed logit model was used in conjunction with survey insights to derive the final findings. Those include finding a higher sensitivity to changes in the monetary values of EVs than conventional vehicles. Also, the presence of accessible charging infrastructure and non-financial incentives (e.g., designated public parking spaces) were found to significantly increase the likelihood of EV adoption. While Saudi participants were less likely than expats to purchase EVs, females and consumers in their 40s showed a likelihood of purchasing an EV. Furthermore, shorter trip durations and personal acquaintance with EV owners in Riyadh positively influenced adoption rates. It is worth noting that the study shows that almost 60% of the targeted population indicated an interest in purchasing a vehicle in the upcoming three years, where the great majority stated that a new vehicle would replace an existing one. This creates a window of opportunity to implement optimal incentivising policies, as once a conventional vehicle is purchased, investment becomes ‘locked’ for years. The study then concludes with policy insights that aim to contribute to the policies of large-scale EV adoption in Riyadh.

Modelling autonomous vehicle parking: An agent‐based simulation approach

AbstractAutonomous vehicles (AVs) present a paradigm shift in addressing conventional parking challenges. Unlike human‐driven vehicles, AVs can strategically park or cruise until summoned by users. Utilizing utility theory, the parking decision‐making processes of AVs users are explored, taking into account constraints related to both cost and time. An agent‐based simulation approach is adopted to construct an AV parking model, reflecting the complex dynamics of the parking decision process in the real world, where each user's choice has a ripple effect on traffic conditions, consequently affecting the feasible options for other users. The simulation experiments indicate that 11.50% of AVs gravitate towards parking lots near their destinations, while over 50% of AVs avoid public parking amenities altogether. This trend towards minimizing individual parking costs prompts AVs to undertake extended empty cruising, resulting in a significant increase of 48.18% in total vehicle mileage. Moreover, the pricing structure across various parking facilities and management dictates the parking preferences of AVs, establishing a nuanced trade‐off between parking expenses and proximity for these vehicles.

Paving the Way to Active Living for People with Disabilities:: Evaluating Park and Playground Accessibility and Usability in Delaware.

To evaluate the accessibility and usability of parks and playgrounds in New Castle County, Delaware, for people with disabilities, with a particular focus on identifying environmental barriers that may impede access to these public spaces and potentially affect physical activity (PA) participation for the chronic disease prevention and mitigation. Using a cross-sectional observational design, teams of trained University of Delaware students utilized the Community Health Inclusion Index (CHII) Tool to assess the accessibility of ten suburban and urban parks and playgrounds from April to November 2023. The tool evaluated various elements of public spaces, including public transit, parking, pathways and multi-use trails, entrances, playground equipment, and health promotional materials. Descriptive statistics were calculated for the accessibility and usability of each element. Significant barriers to accessibility and usability were identified. Over half of the sites lacked nearby public transit stops, and many trails and playgrounds were not fully accessible to people with disabilities. While some areas demonstrated good accessibility, such as well-maintained pathways and appropriately designed crosswalks, barriers like uneven surfaces, insufficient curb cuts, and inadequate van-accessible parking spaces were common. Most playgrounds lacked equitable play equipment, with less than half having ground materials suitable for mobility devices. The study underscores the need for substantial improvements in the design, construction, and maintenance of Delaware parks and playgrounds to better support people with disabilities. Enhancing accessibility is crucial for promoting PA participation. The findings support the development of inclusive recreational and PA environments, aligning with the Americans with Disabilities Act, to reduce chronic disease health disparities faced by people with disabilities. This study highlights the need for revised policy measures to enhance park accessibility, advocating for infrastructure improvements and inclusive designs to ensure equitable recreation and physical activity opportunities for people with disabilities.

Automatic Parking Management System and Parking Fee Collection Based on Number Plate Recognition

This research paper dives into the complexities of a programmed stopping framework and electronic stopping expense assortment, principally founded on vehicle number plate acknowledgment. The essential goal is to plan and carry out a programmed stopping framework that essentially improves the accommodation and security of public parking areas. Additionally, it aims to facilitate parking fee collection without the complexities associated with magnetic cards. The proposed automatic parking system boasts several key features. First and foremost, it minimizes human interaction by eliminating the need for magnetic cards and associated devices. Users can seamlessly enter and exit parking lots without physical tokens, enhancing overall convenience. Furthermore, the system incorporates a parking guidance feature that directs users to available parking spaces. Real-time information about vacant spots ensures efficient utilization of parking areas. The heart of the system lies in its number plate recognition capabilities. The significance of this research extends beyond parking management. It contributes to ongoing efforts to automate and digitize essential services, making them more accessible and user-friendly. By embracing such technological advancements, cities can enhance user experiences, improve efficiency, and pave the way for a future of automated systems in public services.

The grid benefits of vehicle-to-grid in Norway and Denmark: An analysis of home- and public parking potentials

This study provides an analysis of the potential benefits of bi-directional charging of electric vehicles (V2G) and its implications for the energy sector using the Balmorel energy system model. We compare results from V2G scenarios to those of smart charging scenarios, specifically focusing on the target year 2040. The study explores specific cases: large-scale adoption of V2G for home charging and small-scale adoption at public airport parking lots. Two market regions, Norway and Denmark, are in focus and shed light on how different energy mixes affect the results. Findings show that large-scale V2G adoption has the potential to significantly affect prices in the analyzed price regions. V2G helps decrease price volatility, reduce peak and valley electricity prices, reduce renewable curtailment, and reduce the cost of operation in the energy system. The spread between charging and discharging prices is highest in the case of small-scale adoption and in regions with less inherent power system flexibility. Large-scale adoption leads to diminishing V2G returns. Also, more inherent power system flexibility competes with V2G. In the flexible Norwegian price regions, V2G may increase average electricity prices, leading to a tradeoff between societal and consumer welfare.

Optimal Trading Volume of Electricity and Capacity of Energy Storage System for Electric Vehicle Charging Station Integrated with Photovoltaic Generator

As penetration of EVs in the transportation sector is increasing, the demand for the mandatory installation of charging infrastructure also is increasing. In addition, renewable energy and energy storage systems (ESSs) are being reviewed for use in electric vehicle charging stations (EVCSs). In this paper, we present an optimal electricity trading volume and an optimal installation capacity of ESSs to maximize the daily profit of the EVCSs equipped with solar power generation when the EVCSs are licensed to sell energy to the power supplier during a specific time period. By formulating and solving the optimization problem of the EVCSs, this paper analyzes validation results for the different useful lives of ESSs, the peak power of a PV generator, and weather conditions at the Yangjae Solar Station and the Suseo Station public parking lot, Seoul, Republic of Korea. Furthermore, this paper validates that the daily expected profit of EVCSs with the proposed method outperforms the profit of conventional EVCSs which do not utilize ESSs.

The proposed model for analyzing off-street parking Dynamics: A case study of Taipei City

To reduce traffic congestion, air pollution, and lost revenue due to wasted driving around looking for parking spaces, effective parking management has become a crucial issue in urban areas. Previous studies have shown that parking demand is related to the location of parking spaces/lots, parking fees, time spent looking for spaces, and various driver and environmental characteristics. However, there have been more studies of on-street rather than off-street parking. Also, the spatio-temporal variance between variables and turnover rate (such as the hours of operation for various types of Points of Interest (POIs) as well as the causes of bias estimators has been largely overlooked.To solve the above problems, the Geographical and Temporal Weighted Regression (GTWR) model was utilized in this study to predict the hourly parking turnover rate in off-street parking lots. The flexible coefficient setting of this model can be used to capture the spatial and temporal variance. In addition to this model, the Geographically Weighted Regression (GWR) and the Ordinary Least Squares (OLS) models were used as a basis for comparison. The study included 346 public off-street parking lots in Taipei and 10 types of nearby POIs. The study period was for 24 h on August 31, 2021. Due to the dissimilar trend of the turnover rate, the researchers separated all parking lots into three groups for regression analysis: those that experience a daytime decrease, remain stable, and those with an increase during the day.Our results show the following: (1) For the types of parking lots that experienced increases and decreases, the GTWR model performed best for the prediction of hourly turnover rate, while all models performed similarly for the prediction of the stable type parking lot. (2) With regard to related factors (the type 1 parking lot for example), parking lots in areas with more traditional markets, MRT stations, and with fewer schools, supermarkets, hotel bus stops, and lower parking fees tended to have higher turnover rates. (3) Incorporating a more precise POI dataset (the number and types of POIs as well as their business hours) and applying a suitable spatial temporal model improved the parking demand model’s performance. However, the GTWR model’s limitations may hamper its performance, especially with regard to analysis of the time-stable parking lots or variables. Future studies might include other datasets, such as nearby private parking lots or holiday data to improve the model fit.

Implementation Of E-Parking Management Policy In Braga Area Of Bandung City

The purpose of this study is to analyse the implementation of the Regional Regulation Policy on Parking Management in the Braga area of Bandung city. This research is based on the fact that there are often parking arrangements that interfere with traffic flow so the functions and responsibilities of the government to overcome parking problems are questioned. The type of research in this study is descriptive qualitative, while the data is collected from interviews, observation, and documentation. The data was then analysed using the Nvivo 12 Plus application. The results showed that the implementation of public parking management policies in the braga area of Bandung City has not been fully implemented because there are still violations committed by parking officers in the field. In serving the public in and out of vehicles in the parking lot has not been implemented properly, and many people do not fully understand the parking machine because the parking limit that should be used is sometimes there and sometimes not. Arranging parked vehicles so as not to interfere with traffic flow, is still not implemented because officers in the field are still parking officers who arrange vehicles on the edge of public roads exceeding one shap / one shap, the parked community is well implemented. The use of evidence (carcis) that has been corporatized by the Department of Transportation, Financial Management and Assets parking officers in using evidence (carcis) has not been implemented optimally because there are still parking officers who are dishonest and lack of socialising the e-parking policy to the community which results in a decrease in parking fees and illegal parking which makes illegal parking more and more.

Energetic and economic analysis of the Electric Vehicles charge impacts on public parking lots

This work addresses the energy and economic impact of electric vehicle (EV) charging services in public car parks; related to the evolution of EV penetration in the Spanish car fleet in the next 5 years. All this in the framework of the transition towards green and smart mobility. A statistical methodology has been developed to plan the number of EV charge stations to deploy in public car parks, estimate their energy demand (in minute intervals), and finally calculate the monthly energy costs. Specifically, this methodology is used to analyse the evolution of operating costs; as well as the investment costs due to the EV charging services of a public car park located in a centric area of Palma de Mallorca, Spain.