Pteris Biaurita Research Articles

Problems Involved in the Proper Identification of Ferns

The paper illustrates how the meiotic Counts of six species of wild ferns namely, Hicriopteris glauca Copel. showing n=56, Pteris vittata L. sensu Holttum (1954) showing n=58 (Figs. 4 & 4a), Pteris biaurita L. sensu lato showing n=3n=87 (Figs. 2, 2a, 3 & 3a), Blechnum orientale L. sensu lato showing n=2n=34, Cyclosorus dentatus Forsk. sensu lato showing n=36 (Figs. 1 & 1a) and Polystichum aculeatum (L.) Roth sensu lato showing n=82, prove useful in their identifications and in finding out their modes of reproduction i.e. sexual or apogamous. These observations also confirm in general the Previous findings by few other workers on the materials from Darjeeling, Ceylon and West Africa. So far as the investigator is aware, this is the first report on the signs of apogamy on the diploid level in B. orientale L., on the triploid level in P. biaurita L. and on the availability of a new diploid cytotype provisionally placed under C. dentatus Forsk. among ferns collected from Shillong and some adjacent areas on the Khasi hills.

The Relationship of Terrestrial Fern Species (Pteridophyta) at Salodik Waterfall Central Sulawesi Based on Morphological Characteristics

Pteridophyta ferns are a group of vascular plants that have a very long evolutionary history. This study aims to describe the relationship of terrestrial fern plant species (Pteridophyta) at Salodik Waterfall Central Sulawesi based on morphological characteristics. The method used was exploration method with the sampling technique being free collection. The data were processed using Microsoft Excel 2013 and then subjected to cluster analysis using the UPGMA (Unweighted Pair-Group Method with Arithmetic Average) method in the PAST 4.03 software (Paleontological Statistics). The research results obtained a total of 13 terrestrial fern plant species, namely Asplenium nidus, Diplazium esculentum, Davallia denticulata, Lindsaea scandens var. terrestris, Nephrolepis biserrata, Angiopteris evecta, Phymatosorus longissima, Pteris biaurita, Pteris fauriei, Selaginella doederleinii, Chingia clavipilosa, Macrothelypteris torresiana and Sphaerostephanos heterocarpus. The dendrogram of kinship between 13 species of terrestrial ferns is formed in 2 main clusters with 4 relationships categories, namely very near, near, not near, and not very near. The first category of relationship is very near with the highest Similarity Index (IS) value, namely between Macrothelypteris torresiana with Davalia denticulata (IS=86.5) and Lindsaea scandens with Pteris faurei (IS=75.2). The second category of near relationship is between Pteris biaurita with node 3 (IS=68.2), Selaginella doederleinii with node 4 (IS=64), and Diplazium esculentum with Chingia clavipilosa (IS=55.6). The third category of not near relationship is between Nephrolepis biserrata with Phymatosorus longissima (IS=27.3). The fourth category of not very near relationship with the lowest Similarity Index (IS) value is between Angiopteris evecta with Sphaerostephanos heterocarpus (IS=22.8) and Asplenium nidus with sub division Ia (IS=21.2).

INSECTICIDAL POTENTIAL OF CERTAIN COMMON FERNS ON RUGOSE SPIRALLING WHITEFLY, ALEURODICUS RUGIOPERCULATUS MARTIN (HEMIPTERA: ALEYRODIDAE)

There is a search for plant based alternatives to synthetic chemicals to control pests in crop plants were started from any years back. In this study, the efficacy of common ferns to control the whitefly, Aleurodicus rugioperculatus Martin (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) in coconut plantation was investigated. The whiteflies are prevalent throughout the year in the coconut fields and cause severe losses to the farmers. Ferns such as Adiantum caudatum, Hemionitis opposita, Pteris biaurita, Thelypteris meeboldii and Nephrolepis cordifoliawere evaluated for their efficacy in the control of the whitefly, A. rugioperculatus. The aqueous extracts of the ferns were screened at different concentrations viz., 1.0, 2.0, 3.0, 4.0 and 5.0% against A. rugioperculatus under laboratory conditions. Extracts from H. opposita and Thelypteris meeboldii showed the maximum mortality rate of 87% followed by Nephrolepis cordifolia (86%), Adiantum caudatum (83%) and Pteris biaurita (77%) at 5% concentration after 96 hours of treatment. The phytochemical screening of the extracts showed a qualitatively increased level of saponins in H. opposita and T. meeboldii. Reduced chlorophyll, carbohydrate and amino acid content were observed in the whitefly's infested leaves and increased protein content was observed in the infested leaves. Based on the study, the aqueous extracts of H. opposita and T. meeboldii can be recommended for the whitefly control in coconut plantations

The diversity of Pteridophytes in pepe watershed Surakarta polluted by household waste

Pepe River is one of the Bengawan Solo with a reasonably high level of water pollution due to the habit of the surroundings in throwing garbage into the river. Plants that can survive in polluted land conditions have a high tolerance level, called pioneer plants. One of them is ferns (Pteridophyta). This study aims to identify the type, abundance, Important Value Index (IVI), and index Diversity of pteridophytes plant diversity in the Pepe Watershed. The method used in this research is descriptive quantitative using the quadrat sampling technique method with a 1x1 meter plot. The sampling technique is using purposive sampling. Data analysis was conducted qualitatively and quantitatively. Analysis of diversity index data (H’) by Shannon-Wiener. Based on the results of the study found eight species of ferns from 5 families. There are Pteris vittata, Pteris biaurita L., Adiantum lunulatum Burm.fil., Adiantum latifolium Lam., Adiantum hispidulum Sw, Marsilea crenata C. Presl, Microlepia speluncae (L.) T. Moore, and Asplenium scandicinum Kaulf. This diversity is included in the medium category with H'= 1.44. The fern with the highest abundance was Pteris vittata with 176 individuals, a density of 5.87 individuals/m2, a frequency of 0.53, and an IVI of 109.3%. Set side by set, the lowest abundance was Microlepia speluncae with eight individuals, a density of 0.27 individuals/m2, a frequency of 0.03, and IVI of 5.6%. Based on this, ferns can survive in polluted river areas. Information on the diversity of ferns found on critical land, especially rivers, is expected to provide initial information in overcoming other similar critical lands.

Keanekaragaman Jenis Tumbuhan Paku (Pteridophyta) di Kawasan Wisata Air Terjun Jurang Nganten Kabupaten Jepara

Ferns (Pteridophyta) have a high diversity of species and are able to live in a variety of environmental conditions. Ferns have an ecological function (ground cover, producer, bioindicator) and economically (as food, medicine, and crafts). The Jurang Nganten Waterfall in Jepara Regency is a tourist attraction as well as a source of irrigation for rice fields and gardens. The study aims to find out how the diversity of the fern species in the Jurang Nganten Waterfall Tourism Area. The research was conducted at three stations: Station 1 (entrance post), Station 2 (mahogany garden), and Station 3 (around the waterfall). Each station was divided into 7 plots with sizes 5 m x 5 m (terrestrial) and 10 m x 10 m (epiphyte). The results obtained 24 species included in 19 genera and 11 families (21 terrestrial species and 3 epiphytic species). The species of ferns that can be found at all stations are Nephrolepis biserrata, Antrophyum plantagineum, Pityrogramma calomelanos, and Pteris biaurita. The highest fern species diversity index (H’) is at around the waterfall, which is 2.51.

Inventarisasi Jenis Paku Terestrial (Pteridophyta) Di Kawasan Wisata Air Terjun Tujuh Tingkat Desa Selamat Kecamatan Tenggulun Kabupaten Aceh Tamiang, Aceh

The area of the Seven Waterfalls at the Village Level Selamat Tenggulun District has an area that is still beautiful, very supportive for the growth and development of terrestrial nails. This study aims to determine the types of terrestrial ferns in the Seven Level Waterfall Area. The research was conducted from January to May 2020 in the Seven Waterfall Area at Selamat Village Level, Tenggulun District, Aceh Tamiang Regency using the roaming method. The results showed that in the Seven Level Waterfall Area there were as many as 20 species, from 3 nations, 9 tribes, 17 genera of ferns and lived terrestrial, namely Dicranopteris linearis (Burm. F.) Underw, Deparia petersenii (Kunze) M. Kato , Diplazium esculentum (Retz) Sw, Diplazium sandwichianum (C. Precl) Diels, Pleocnemia irregularis (Burm. F.), Blechnum orientale L, Stenochlaena palustris (Burm. F.), Nephrolepis cordifolia (L.) C. Precl, Nephrolepis exaltata (L.) Schott, Drynaria quercifolia (L.) J. Sm, Microsorum scolopendria (Burm. f.) Copel, Adiantum trapeziforme L, Pityrogramma calomelanos L.Link, Pteris biaurita L, Tectaria acerifolia RC Moran, Tectaria decurrens (C. Presl) Copel, Heterogonium pinnatum (Copel.) Holttum, Christella dentata (Forssk) Brownsey Jermy, Cyclosorus heterocarpus (Blume) Ching and Selaginella sp .

Uses of ethnomedicinal plants by the people living around Kitam Bird Wildlife Sanctuary, South Sikkim, India

The utilization of wild medicinal plants in primary healthcare system is still vital for mankind, particularly for people residing nearby the protected area. However, ethnobiological knowledge of indigenous people on plant usage is diminishing. The present study aimed at documenting the wild ethnomedicinal plants and to evaluate their importance in the healthcare among the local inhabitants in the fringe villages of Kitam Bird Sanctuary, South Sikkim, India. The methodology comprised interviews and questionnaire-based household surveys focusing on the informant's knowledge and experience in the use of wild medicinal plants against several diseases and ailments. Data was analysed using relative frequency citation (RFC), use value (UV), informant consensus factor (ICF) and fidelity level (FL%). A total of 23 ethnomedicinal plant species belonging to 20 families were recorded from the study area. Among the growth forms, herbs accounted the highest number of species (39%), followed by trees (30%), climbers (13%), ferns and shrubs with 9% each. Fruits have shown the highest use (20%), followed by leaves (16%) and whole plant. Terminalia chebula had the highest RFC (0.91) and UV (0.99), followed by Terminalia bellirica (RFC = 0.89, UV = 0.96) and Phyllanthus emblica (RFC = 0.84, UV = 0.91). Results indicate that the locals in the area had good ethnobotanical knowledge of medicinal plants which indicates their dependency on plants for treating several ailments and diseases. Some unexplored species such as Calamus erectus, Laportea bulbifera, Pteris biaurita and Solanum viarum possessing high fidelity level have scope for further pharmacological investigation.

Meiotic Behaviour in Ten Species of Pteridophytes From Bangladesh

Meiotic behavior of ten pteridophyte species from Bangladesh was analyzed in the present investigation. In SMCs of Adiantum capillus-veneris, thirty distinct bivalents were enumerated. In A. caudatum 16 SMCs resulting 64 spores were observed in sporangium which appeared to be diploid sexual. A. lunulatum was found to be triploid apogamous and as diploid sexual forms, thus this species of Adiantum exhibited wide range of morphological variations. Pteris biaurita, P. graffithi and P. vittata were recorded to be n = 29 as diploid. In thelypterids, all the four species were observed to be diploid sexual except C. dentata when it was tetraploid (n = 36, 4x = 144). In C. arida, meiosis was almost regular with 2n = 72 chromosomes. C. cylindrothrix and Ampelopteris prolifera were also found to be diploid sexual, with 2n = 72 chromosomes. J. Bio-Sci. 29(1): 135-142, 2021 (June)

Botanical inventory and rarity of the fern Genus Pteris in the karst forests of Bantimurung - Bulusaraung National Park, Sulawesi – Indonesia

The ferns flora of Sulawesi is poorly documented. Pteris L. is a large fern genus inhabiting various habitats, mostly forests, which are distributed in tropical and subtropical countries. Floristic study on fern genus Pteris in the karst forests of Bantimurung Bulusaraung National Park (BabulNP) was carried out to add our knowledge of the ferns flora of Sulawesi. This study aimed to inventory Pteris growing in the karst forest of BabelNP and determine the rarity of each species. Nine species were recorded, namely, Pteris biaurita L., P. ensiformis Burm.f., P. longipes D. Don, P. pellucida C. Presl, P. radicans Christ., P. quadriaurita Retz., P. spinescens C. Presl., P. tripartita Swartz, and P. vittata L.. P. pellucida and P. spinescens may be new records for Sulawesi. Summary of the most important characters for distinguishing species of Pteris in the park is provided. Five species, namely Pteris longipes, P. pellucida, P. quadriaurita, P. radicans, and P. spinescens are considered as rare species. This study contributes to the knowledge of Malesian biodiversity, especially for fern flora of Sulawesi growing on karst forest. This survey provides baseline data for one of the most dominant elements of the understory cover in the limestone forests of BabulNP.

Identification and Inventory Pteridophyta in Mount Gede Pangrango National Park, Cibodas, West Java

The fern is one of the plants that is easily found in Indonesia and it has a high diversity and distribution. Ferns are among the simplest vascular plants and are classified into sporous cormophytes which already have transport vessels. The purpose of this research was to identify and inventory the types of ferns found in Mount Gede Pangrango National Park. The research method used was descriptive with path tracking techniques and observations on the morphology of the found ferns. The research results obtained that 29 species of ferns were found in the observations made, namely Ophioglosum reticulatum L., Selaginella caudata (Desv.) Spring, Davallia denticulata (Burm.) Mett. & Kuhn, Adiantum capillus-veneris L., Asplenium adiantum-nigrum L., Dryopteris sparsa (Ham.) Kuntze, Angiopteris evecta (G.Forst.) Hoffm., Dipteris conjugata Reinw., Pleopeltis heterocarpa Bedd., Phegopteris connectilis (Michx .) Watt, Asplenium nidus L., Polystichum acultatum Roth, Tectaria crenata Cav., Pityrogramma calomelanos (L.) Link, Pteris biaurita L., Nephrolepis biserrata (Sw.) Schott, Microsorum scolopendria (Burm.fil.) Copel., Cyathea contaminans (Wall. Ex Hook.) Copel., Davallia pentaphyla Blume, Dicksonia blumei (Kunze) T. Moore, Davallia trichomanoides Blume, Ctenitis vilis (Kunze) Ching, Thelypteris rudis (Kunze) Proctor, Adiantum hispidulum Sw., Bolbitis quoyana (Gaud.) Ching, Selaginella ornata (Hook & Grev.) Spring, Drynaria pleuridioides Presl, Gleichenia linearis (Burm.) CBCl., and Psilotum nudum (L.) P. Beauv. This research concludes that each fern plant has its characteristics that can be used as a basis for observing and identifying the types of ferns and making an inventory.

Fern inventorization in Cunca Rami Waterfall Zone of West Manggarai, East Nusa Tenggara

The tourist area of Cunca Rami Waterfall has natural beauty and environmental conditions allow ferns (pteridophyta) to grow and develop diversity high level. This study aims to inventory the types ferns potential in the Cunca Rami West Manggarai waterfall zone East Nusa Tenggara Province, so that is expected to become important information material for the community and local government in developing natural potential-based tourism owned by West Manggarai Regency. Inventory of ferns was carried out through an exploratory method with random sampling which were subsequently identified by reference to the flora book Steenis, et al (2008). The results showed that there were 15 fern types, namely Adiantum diapahnum L.; Drynaria sparsisora (Desv.) More; Pityrogramma calomelanos Link.; Plagigyra sp.; Asplenium belangeri Bory; Asplenium caudatum forst.; Davalia sp.; Diplazium esculentum Swarz.; Dryopteris ferox; Dryopteris pteroides; Lindsaea decomposita Willd; Nephrolepis exaltata schott.; Nephrolepis sp.; Pteris biaurita L.; Pteris vittata L. Then classified into 8 family types, namely Polypodiaceae, Aspleniaceae, Davalliaceae, Athyriaceae, Dryopteridaceae, Lindsacaceae, Neprolepidaceae, and Pteridaceae. Fern species in the Cunca Rami Waterfall area has great potential, but the surrounding community has not utilized use potential full.

Ferns Vegetation in the Lemor Botanical Garden, Suela District, East Lombok Regency

Lemor Botanical Garden is located in Suela Village, East Lombok Regency, West Nusa Tenggara. Various plant exist in the Lemor Botanical Garden. One of them is ferns. Research on the identification of ferns in the Lemor Botanical Garden was carried out from July to September 2020. The purpose of this research was to determine the spesies of ferns in the Lemor Botanical Garden area. This research is a descriptive research. The data was collected by using the sruise method. The results showed that in The Lemor Botanical Garden there were 12 families and 29 spesies of ferns. The spesies of ferns found were: Tectaria angulata, Tectaria melanocaula, Tectaria palmate, Tectaria SP, Pteridrys syrmatica, Nephrolepis cordifolia, Nephrolepis falcate, Stenochlaena palustris, Drynaria quercifolia, Lemmaphyllum carnosum, Adiantum tenerum, Pteris vittata, Pteris ensiformis, Pteris biaurita, Pteris asperula, Cheilanthes tenuifolia, Antrophyum sessilifolium, Elaphoglossum norsii, Diplazium esculentum, Pityrogramma calomelanos, Macrothelypteris torresiana, Spaerostephanos polycarpus, Mesophlebion sp., Pneumatopteris truncate, Amphineuron immersum, Pneumatopteris sp., Microlepia speluncae, dan Asplenium subnormale.

Kelimpahan Tumbuhan Paku (Pteridophyta) di Hutan Desa Tanglapui, Kecamatan Alor Timur, Kabupaten Alor

This study aims to determine the composition of species, diversity, and density of ferns in the Forest area of ​​Tanglapui Village, East Alor District, Alor Regency. To make observations and divide the study site into 4 stations, namely: stasium 1 east, stasium 2 south, stasium 3 north, and stasium 4 western parts, which contained nail plants (pteridophyta). At each station two observation plots were installed for sampling. Placement of the observation plot using purposive sampling by determining the starting point and installing a plot measuring 20 m long and 10 m wide. Every nail plant found at the study site was recorded. The data obtained is then processed to see the number of nail species found, the abundance of each fern, and the index of diversity of ferns using the Shannon-Wiener diversity formula. The results showed that 22 species of ferns were found, namely Diplazium esculentum, Cyathea contaminans, Lygodium venustum sw, Drynaria quercifolia, Platycerium bifurcatum, Microsorum punctatum, Equisetum debile, Pteris biaurita L, Pytirogramma calomelanos, Polypodium virginianum sp. cuneatum, Pteris cretica L, Davallia denticulate, Asplenium attenuatum, Psilotum nudum L, Marsilia polycarpa, Pteris vittata, Nephrolepis biserrata, Pyrrosia piloselloidesi L MG, Macrothelipteris torresiana. One of the ferns that dominates the tanglapui forest area is Cyathea contaminans with a total of 509 individuals with a density of 0.32 individuals / m2. The value of diversity in the lowland tanglapui forests is 0.77.

Identifikasi Tumbuhan Paku di Hutan Penggaron Kecamatan Ungaran Kabupaten Semarang

<p><em>Indonesia has a strategic geographical area with high biodiversity potential, it is located in the equatorial region which causes Indonesia have a tropical climate. The biodiversity of forests in Indonesia includes ferns. Nail plants can be found with a variety of types in various environments, especially in shady areas such as forests. Ferns are plants that have an important role in the forest ecosystem as a source of germplasm. Besides that, ferns also have the potential as a source of food and medicine for the Penggaron Forest, or who is familiarly called the Penggaron Tourism Area, is one of the natural tourism objects located in Semarang Regency, precisely in Susukan Village, Ungaran District, Semarang Regency. This study aims to identify the species of ferns in the Penggaron Forest. Data collection techniques used in identifying plant ferns are: 1) orientation and exploration of locations; 2) gathering ferns by exploring along the main road to the location of the campsite; 3) record and document the ferns found in the field. The results of the identification of ferns in the Penggaron Forest there are 2 families of ferns consisting of 23 species of plants. The Scizaeaceae family consists of 4 types of plants namely Lygodium flexuosum, Lygodium japonicum, Lygodium palmatum, and Lygodium circinatum. While the Polypodiaceae family consists of 19 types namely Nephrolepis hirsutula, Nephrolepis biserrata, Dryopteris scotii, Adiantum, Adiantum raddianum, Mickelopteris cordata, Pteris ensiformis, Pteris asperula, Pteris biaurita, Pteris vittata, Adiantum, Adiantum raddianum, Mickelopteris cordata, Pteris ensiformis, Pteris asperula, Pteris biaurita, Pteris vittata, Adiantum, Adiantum raddianum, Mickelopteris cordata, Pteris ensiformis, Pteris asperula, Pteris biaurita, Pteris vittata crenata, Tectaria angulata, Tectaria maingayi, Tectaria heracleifolia, Pleocnemia irregularis.</em></p>

Chromosome numbers of some species of Pteris (Pteridaceae) in Java, Indonesia

Praptosuwiryo TNg, Mumpuni M. 2018. Chromosome numbers of some species of Pteris (Pteridaceae) in Java, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 19: 2118-2126. Pteris L. (Pteridaceae) is a large fern genus consisting of about 250 species which distributed predominantly in tropical and subtropical countries. The genus grows in a diversity of ecosystems, either terrestrially or lithophytically, although most species occur in the forest. A study of the cytology of Pteris in Java is being undertaken for the conceptual understanding of the interrelationships between various fern species in the Malesian region. This aims of our study are: (1) to observe somatic chromosome number of some species of Pteris in Java; (2) to determine the reproduction types of the observed species by counting the spore number per sporangium; (3) to discuss polyploidy in the species in relation to plant morphological variation across their geographical distribution. Chromosome counts for eight species are reported. Pteris biaurita is an apogamous diploid species (2n = 58). Pteris ensiformis var. ensiformis has chromosome numbers of 2n = 87 (apogamous triploid) and 2n = 116 (sexual tetraploid), while P. ensiformis var. victoriae has a chromosome number 2n = 58 and is a sexual diploid. Pteris fauriei is an apogamous triploid species (2n = 87). Pteris longipinnula has a chromosome number of 2n = 116 (tetraploid). Pteris multifida and P. vittata are sexual tetraploids (2n=116). Pteris tripartita has two ploidy levels (sexual diploid and tetraploid). Another currently unplaced Javanese Pteris sp. has 2n = 87 (apogamous triploid). Diploid P. biaurita, tetraploid P. ensiformis, triploid P. fauriei, diploid P. tripartita, and teraploid P. vittata are new record cytotypes for Central Java. Polyploidy in the genus in relation to plant morphological variation across its geographical range is discussed.

Relationship Between Pteris fauriei and Pteris biaurita Based on rps4-trnS Region Sequences Analysis

This paper mainly discussed the phylogenetic relationship between Pteris fauriei and Pteris biaurita based on the combined rps4-trnS region sequences of Pteridaceae and the allied groups that have been published in GenBank. The result showed that: no significant difference between chloroplast rps4-trnS region sequences of P. fauriei and P. biaurita was detected. Therefore,P. fauriei and P. biaurita are most probably conspecific or variant relations based on our phylogenetic analysis combining the evidences of morphological characteristics of their sporophytes and gametophytes.

Dryopteris zayuensis Ching & S.K. Wu and Pteris biaurita L. subsp. fornicata Fraser-Jenk. - two interesting records in the pteridophyte flora of Himachal Pradesh, India

This paper reports the occurrence of Dryopteris zayuensis Ching & S.K.Wu and Pteris biaurita L. subsp. fornicata Fraser-Jenk. in Himachal Pradesh. The first one is a rare species while the latter forms a new record for Himachal Pradesh.

Nuevos registros de helechos para Tabasco, México

Thirteen new records of ferns for the flora of Tabasco are reported herein. The species were found during a revision of specimens in the herbarium UJAT (Universidad Juárez Autónoma de Tabasco) to prepare an illustrated guide to the ferns of Tabasco, Mexico. These additions increase the pteridoflora of Tabasco to 137 species, 1 subspecies, 6 varieties, and 2 forms. The new records are: Abrodictyum rigidum, Blechnum divergens, Bolbitis hastata, Cyathea decurrentiloba, Diplazium ternatum, Hemidictyum marginatum, Lindsaea arcuata, Mickelia bernoullii, M. hemiotis, Moranopteris taenifolia, Polyphlebium hymenophylloides, Polypodium echinolepis, and Pteris biaurita. A table with data from the records, illustrations of the species, and a distribution map are provided.

Gametophyte Development of Pteris biaurita and Effects of Its Antheridiogen on the Gametophyte Development of Ceratopteris thalictroides

The gametophyte development of the fern Pteris biaurita and the effects of antheridiogen secreted by the mature gametophyte of P.biaurita on the spore germination and gametophyte development of Ceratopteris thalictroides in darkness and light conditions were investigated.The results indicated:(1) The spores are dark brown,trilete.The spore germination is of the Vittaria type.The pattern of the prothallial development belongs to the Ceratopteris type.No trichome is produced during the gametophyte development.It is discovered that the gametophytes of P.biaurita can produce antheridia but can not produce archegonia in any cultural conditions.When the sowing density was appropriate,apogamous reproduction occurred in the mature gametophyte.(2) In light condition,the antheridiogen of P.biaurita could promote the spore germination of Ceratopteris,but in dark condition,the antheridiogen inhibited the spore germination of Ceratopteris.However,the effect of either promotion or inhibition was not significant.(3) In light condition,the antheridiogen of P.biaurita could delay the formation of the notch of gametophyte(i.e.the meristem) of Ceratopteris.However,it had no significant effect on the morphology and sex differentiation of gametophyte.In dark condition,the antheridiogen of P.biaurita exhibited significant effects on the morphological development of Ceratopteris.The gametophyte of Ceratopteris in the dark condition produced well developed meristem in contrast to the control materials.However,it exhibited no significant effect on the sex differentiation of gametophyte of Ceratopteris.It can be concluded that the antheridiogen system in the fern P.biaurita may greatly differs from that in the fern Ceratopteris.

Phytochemical studies on five medicinal ferns collected from Southern Western Ghats, Tamilnadu

ObjectiveTo analyze the phytochemical constituents of five medicinal ferns Pteris biaurita (P. biaurita) L., Lygodium flexiuosam (L. flexiuosam) (L.) Sw., Hemionitis arifolia (H. arifolia) (Burm.f.) T. Moore, Actinopteris radiate (A. radiata) (J. Koenig ex Sw.) Link and Adiantum latifolium (A. latifolium) Lam. MethodsThe shade dried and powdered fronds (50 g) were extracted successively with 250 mL of petroleum ether, benzene, chloroform, methanol and distilled water using a Soxhlet extractor for 8 h at a temperature of 50–60°C (not exceeding the boiling point of the solvent). Phytochemical analysis of the extracts was carried out according to the standard procedures. ResultsAmong the twenty five tested extracts, twenty extracts showed the presence of flavonoids. Phenolic compounds are present in methanol extracts of all the ferns. Five extracts showed the presence of triterpinoids and catechins. Ten extracts showed the occurrence of sugars and reducing sugars. Fifteen extracts showed the presence of alkaloids. Tannins and saponins are present in eight extracts. Steroids occurred in all the twenty five extracts. Only three extracts showed the presence of anthroquinones and amino acids. ConclusionsFrom this investigation, it can be concluded that the selected five medicinal ferns contain more bioactive principles. These potential ferns could be used as bio control agnets.