Psychotherapeutic Discourse Research Articles

Conceptual Metaphors in Psychotherapeutic Discourse (Using the Example of the Works of Art by Irwin Yalom and Ken Kesey)

Introduction. The article discusses the role and features of the conceptual metaphor in psychotherapeutic dis-course using the examples of fiction works by Irwin Yalom “The Schopenhauer Cure”, “Mommy and the Meaning of Life” and Ken Kesey “Over the Cuckoo's Nest” (translated by 2003 by D. Shepelev). The purpose of the article is to illustrate the metaphorical language of psychotherapeutic discourse (PD), involved in the fiction works. The widespread use of metaphor makes it possible to distinguish PD into an independent one. The relevance of linguistic analysis lies in expanding the language of discourses of helping professions.Methodology and sources. The article is based on the provisions of the theory of conceptual metaphor formulated by J. By Lakoff and M. Johnson. The methodological basis of the analysis are the works about PD and the metaphorical language of psychotherapy (I.V. Karasik, A.R. Markin, M.S. Grineva, E.V. Ermolaeva, etc.). Results and discussion. The article describes the characteristics of PD, describes the types of conceptual metaphors that are used in psychotherapeutic discourse based on the analysis of the fiction works. Among the main conceptual metaphors are the metaphors “dispute is war”, “time is money”, “psyche as a machine”, orientation metaphors, where UP is associated with the concept of mental health, well-being, altruism, strength, high status, rationality, and DOWN – with images of illness, failure, low social status, emotionality. Conclusion. The study shows the specifics of PD, primarily related to its metaphorical language. The examples of the conceptual metaphors highlighted by J. By Lakoff and M. Johnson illustrate the specific feature of PD of I. Yalom and K. Kesey.

ON UPDATED CONTENT OF FOREIGN LANGUAGE EDUCATION FOR STUDENTS OF NON-LANGUAGE SPECIALTIES AT A UNIVERSITY

The author explores theoretical and practical issues aimed at fi nding innovative methods and strategies of education, the use of which will ensure not only an increase in the effectiveness of teaching a foreign language, but also the formation of professional identity among students at an early stage (1st–2nd year of study). In response to the need for fundamentally new approaches to defi ning the goals, objectives and principles of higher education, attempts are being made to revise approaches to the selection of professionally oriented content of the discipline “Foreign Language”. In the research, the author relies on the concepts of professional discourse and psychotherapeutic discourse as a source of situations of professional interaction for the formation of foreign language communicative competence among students – future clinical psychologists. The article also provides examples of communicative technologies: self-presentation, argumentation and active listening. The didactic potential of the discipline “Foreign Language” in the formation of high professional qualifi cations and competence of future specialists is considered. In the course of the study, an updated program of the discipline “Foreign Language” is being developed for the specialty 37.05.01 “Clinical Psychology” based on an analysis of existing curriculums, educational and methodological materials available in electronic library systems, professional standards that served as the basis for the Federal State Educational Standard of Higher Education in this specialty, as well as available scientifi c and methodological developments in teaching professionally oriented foreign languages, on the basis of which typical situations of professional communication of future clinical psychologists are identifi ed, criteria for selecting the content of foreign language training and recommendations for methodological support of the discipline are proposed. The author concludes that the formation of universal communicative competence should occur in conditions of immersion of students in professional discourse due to the careful selection of linguistic and sociocultural material of a professional orientation, as well as a set of situational tasks that involve the use of modern communicative technologies to solve problems of a professional orientation.

THERAPEUTIC MODELS AND FEATURES OF THE PSYCHOTHERAPEUTIC DISCOURSE OF KEN KESEY’S NOVEL “ONE FLEW OVER THE CUCKOO’S NEST”

The article describes two models of psychotherapy and the language of the psychotherapeutic discourse in Ken Kesey’s novel “One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest” (translated from English by D. Shepelev). First raised by M. Foucault, the theme of psychotherapy in hospitals of mental disorders as a practice of power was described in medical, pedagogical, autobiographical literature. The paper compares two models of the psychotherapeutic approach to human socialisation, conditionally associated with the manipulative method of the senior nurse of the psychiatric clinic and the humanistic method of McMurphy, the patient. The two types of the psychotherapeutic discourse, techniques of psychotherapy, features of the language of agents and clients of therapy – all these things make it possible to conclude that the qualities of the psychotherapist himself, but not abstract clichés, are of decisive importance in psychotherapy, and literature, thanks to numerous expressive means, helps to attract a wide audience to the topic of human mental health.

The philosophical and historical context of Bion's concept of reverie and its use as a rhetorical act in his theory of psychoanalysis

In this article, we seek to clarify the historical and philosophical roots of Bion's somewhat enigmatic concept of reverie. We also reflect on the rhetorical reasons for Bion's decision to introduce the concept into psychotherapeutic discourse. Although Josef Breuer and Sigmund Freud (1894) had used the term in their Studies on Hysteria, prior to Bion it had lost its independent significance and role in psychotherapeutic theories. We would contend that even if the concept reverie has become increasingly popular in recent psychotherapeutic discourse, the relative neglect of its history and philosophy have led to problematic ways of implementing the concept in both the theory and practice of psychotherapy. We start from Jean‐Jacques Rousseau, moving on to Freud, William James, Henri Bergson and Gaston Bachelard. We present our view of why Bion considered reverie to be an indispensable tool in explicating certain psychoanalytic dimensions. We also reveal the kinds of historical and philosophical commitments that are embedded in the concept of reverie and append brief comments on the relevance of our analysis to the present state of psychotherapy and psychotherapy research.

Специфика психотерапевтического дискурса в произведениях И. Ялома

The aim of the study is to identify the specific features of the psychotherapeutic discourse in I. Yalom’s stories. I. Yalom’s discourse is compared with the professional psychotherapeutic discourse described in the academic literature on psychological counselling. The characteristic features of I. Yalom’s psychotherapeutic discourse integrated into fiction are singled out, which explains the novelty of the re-search. Based on the analysis of the material, the paper presents similarities and differences in functioning of the professional psychotherapeutic discourse and psychotherapeutic discourse integrated into fiction. The similarities include the emotional intensity of the characters’ speech, the allegorical and metaphorical nature of the discourse, the higher proportion of the client’s speech in contrast to the therapist’s speech. The therapist’s speech is neutral, non-judgmental, logical, and persuasive, which is expressed in the lan-guage by modality and the subjunctive mood, the use of professional clichés, and a special structure of conducting a conversation. The distinctive features of I. Yalom’s discourse include the psychotherapist’s inner speech used to explicate the character’s feelings and construct a text.

Modification of Psychotherapeutic Discourse in the Conditions of Online Consulting

Remote counseling has become widespread in recent years among broad online communication and is associated with conflicts due to the COVID-19 pandemic. However, language characteristics and features of speech experience during online consultations were not participants in group studies. This work is dedicated to the Royal version of psychotherapeutic discourse in the collection of remote technologies. To achieve the goals set for preliminary research, using the analysis of public interview data, it was revealed that online counseling is indirectly perceived indirectly as an impact and tense, sensitive as a stressor, and changes in discourse are affected as spontaneous coping strategies: different for a psychotherapist. and client verbal and behavioral coping matters. The main research was devoted to the analysis of semantic-syntactic statistics of statements using the method of relational-situational analysis (RSA). During the study, 4 texts of 50 texts in a corpus were collected: replicas of psychotherapists and clients during face-to-face and online counseling. Comparison of therapists' replies, face-to-face and online, showed that there were significant differences in 49 identified features of RSA. When checking customers – 52 indicators. In order to generalize the income increase method, a factorial comparison of the data pooling structure [the pooled data method] was carried out. The resulting factor solutions were interpreted as combined characteristics of psychotherapeutic discourse. For the statements of psychotherapists, 6 such characteristics were identified, for clients – 5. The given changes in the psychotherapeutic discourse are the speech components of a spontaneous coping strategy to overcome the more acute and uncertain online consultation, and its consequences.

Homo psychotherapeuticus, or psychotherapy in the reflection of contemporary philosophy

Psychotherapeutic practices are always based on personality theories. The century-old experience of psychotherapy has shown relatively equal effectiveness of various directions. Can philosophical anthropology help in the study of the equivalence paradox? Can specialists in their search step beyond the usual psychotherapeutic discourse in understanding the subject of psychotherapy? The article examines the connection between the fate of the subject in the philosophy of the XX century and the issues of personology in psychotherapy. The article is addressed to philosophers, psychologists, educators, those specialists who implement a personalistic approach in their practice.

Solution-Focused Therapy through the Lens of Discourse Analysis

This paper introduces discourse analysis in psychotherapy research as it is performed namely within the context of solution-focused brief therapy. It has the character of an overview study with a closer emphasis on several examples from the solution-focused context in relation to Discourse Analysis in individual, couple, or family therapy. In this text, the authors introduce examples of contemporary research that deal with the role of formulations in psychotherapy and counseling; the therapist pursuing a therapeutic agenda; and the process of change, as well as the broader psychotherapeutic discourse.

ПРОФЕСІЙНО-МОВЛЕННЄВА ДІЯЛЬНІСТЬ МАЙБУТНІХ ПСИХОТЕРАПЕВТІВ У СИСТЕМІ ІННОВАЦІЙНИХ ПРОЦЕСІВ ЗАКЛАДІВ ВИЩОЇ ОСВІТИ

The article deals with innovative continuing education and self-education of the future psychotherapist, in which the most important role belongs to the formation of his professional speech activity. If we consider the professional speech activity of higher school students in line with the activity theory of learning as a system of speech and thought actions, as a public expression, it will necessarily include: a) professional-speech motive-goal (meaning formulation); b) specific professional intention (the presence of a deep psychotherapeutic thought directed on a client); c) special goal-setting (construction of a statement for influencing the feelings, behavior and consciousness of a client); d) internal programming (meaning formation and choice of meanings, syntax and choice of language meanings, both lexical and grammatical); e) grammatical structuring (appropriate choice of psychotherapeutically oriented tokens and grammatical forms that provide the most accurate and complete expression of meanings in the discourse produced by the therapist; g) establishing effectiveness (the degree of coincidence of the achieved result in the statement with the intended purpose); f) control over the course and results of the speech act. In the educational space, a student is considered as a subject of study, a subject of professional speech and mental activity, and transformation of psychotherapeutic speech and language reality, speech individuality, a source of metalanguage knowledge and language functioning in psychotherapeutic discourse; the personality of a bearer of speech culture. Educational psychotherapeutically oriented speech communication of students, in particular public expression in learning during the discursive training, is the most difficult form of learning for students: professional verbal communication, semantic aspect of educational interaction, educational professional speech oral public communication. When students implement educational tasks in the psychotherapeutic discourses produced by them, an understanding of the meanings expressed by them is achieved by other students and it provides the feedback. In this form, their speech acquires the signs of self-worth and can be correlated with classical activities, as it becomes organized, as well as the other its types, and begins to be characterized by a subject motive, purposefulness, heuristics, phasing (orientation, planning, implementation of the plan, control). Thus, the professional speech activity of future psychotherapists under conditions of its purposeful formation in university students will be able to develop as an independent activity and be characterized by a specific motivation. This is professional speech motivation: motivation of a discursive influence, motivation of psychotherapeutic speech achievement. In this case, the speech activity of future psychotherapists can become a specialized use of speech for communication – a kind of communication activity. It can also be considered as an activity of educational and psychotherapeutic communication, and as an activity of professional verbal communication.

Application of Intent-Analysis to Therapeutic Discourse in the Analysis of the Professional Activity of Psychotherapists

The paper presents the author's original technique of intent-analysis of psychotherapeutic discourse, alongside the results of the in-depth psychological intent-analysis of Carl Rogers’ psychotherapeutic speech, which was conducted using this technique. This paper includes a dictionary of therapeutic speech intentions, a classification of intentional characteristics of psychotherapeutic speech, some markers of intentions and an instruction for experts. The work includes an analysis of several therapeutic sessions given by Carl Rogers, as compared to those given by novice client-centered psychotherapists; the analysis was carried out using the author’s original methodology (intent-analysis of psychotherapeutic discourse). The developed tools can be significant and useful in the supervision of practicing psychotherapists and the training of novice psychotherapists.

Waka Oranga: The Development of an Indigenous Professional Organisation within a Psychotherapeutic Discourse in Aotearoa New Zealand

This article discusses the development in Aotearoa New Zealand of a fledgling Māori professional organisation, Waka Oranga, which is engaged in providing Indigenous healing and psychotherapeutic support to Māori families who experience trauma and discontent in their lives, and supervision and consultancy to Māori and non-Māori professionals. The article sets this development in context, discusses the symbolism of the organisation’s name and logo, summarises its organisational structure, values and processes, and concludes with its principles and vision.

“Like Walking Backwards” – The Challenge of Theater Improvisation Paradigm within the Psychotherapeutic Discourse – Reply to Commentaries

This article responds to two commentaries to the author’s original article; both commentaries relate to the issue of theater improvisation as a distinct paradigm in psychotherapy. The commentaries represent what can viewed metaphorically as the positions of “Yes, But” and “Yes, And.” The article describes these two positions, then addresses the issue of psychotherapy as art and/or science, and subsequently wrestles with how to train clinicians in improvisational skills. Considered as well, are the possible systematic changes the theater improvisation paradigm can have on the psychotherapeutic field.

MAIN PRINCIPLES OF PSYCHOTHERAPEUTIC DISCOURSE ANALYSIS: LINGUISTIC ASPECT

Introduction. The article deals with the linguistic aspect of the basic principles ofpsychotherapeutic discourse analysis. Research on discourse is one of the priorities in modernlinguistics. Integrative processes in science generally are based on the expansionism ofanthropocentric linguistics and they contribute to the formation of a cognitive-communicativeparadigm of knowledge, where discursive activity is seen in the light of internal mentalprocesses. Psychotherapeutic interaction of both participants in the process – the therapist andthe patient – is interpreted as a discursive practice that requires a thorough linguistic analysisto identify the motivational, cognitive and communicative aspects of the speech activity of bothparticipants in the psychotherapeutic session, and that determines the relevance of our research.The purpose of the article is to highlight the content and linguistic specificity ofthe main principles of psychotherapeutic discourse analysis.The methodology for the analysis of psychotherapeutic discourse involves the definitionand description of the communicative strategies implemented in the discourse, basedon expansionism, anthropocentrism, functionalism and explanatory. The basic principles of psychotherapeutic discourse analysis do not depend on a specific psychotherapeutic school,since the isolation of tactical and strategic potential is determined by the specificity ofpsychotherapeutic communication, according to the distribution of communicative roles andpositions of the participants in the therapeutic process, their expectations, the dynamics oflanguage initiatives, message sequencing, listening and understatement.As a result of the research, the role of the correlation between the personality’s worldviewand his psychological problems in the process of production of statements is determined.The communication in psychotherapeutic discourse is described in terms of a linguistic formof purposefulsocial activity. The article establishes the dynamics of linguistic means for realizationof the basic principles of psychotherapeutic discourse analysis with the description of tacticaland strategic potential.Summing up, the author arrives at the following conclusions: 1) the semantic space ofthe language, objectified in the system units of the linguistic worldview, and the nature ofcommunication are mutually determined by the type of discourse within which the communicationis carried out, and the structure of language personalities; 2) interpretation of communicationduring psychotherapeutic sessions is based on considering the discourse as the social interaction.Such an interpretation is tied to each specific pragmatic situation and the mental processes ofthe therapist and the client, verbalized in tactical and strategic potential; 3) along with verballyexpressed communicative strategies and tactics, the revealed understatement plays a constitutiverole in the analysis of psychotherapeutic discourse, i.e., it points to the important componentsof the internal experience of the subject. The patient's speech often includes hushing up thatcorresponds to deeply displaced layers of the unconscious.

"Clowns to the left of me, jokers to the right": Politics and psychotherapy, 2018.

The election and postelection policies of Donald Trump have seeped into the psychotherapy sessions of many clients, in ways that are somewhat unique but also somewhat reminiscent of the ways that other dramatic social-political events, including 9/11 and the social divisions that were characteristic of the 1960s, were brought into the treatment room. The nine articles within this issue-seven papers from practicing psychotherapists, one from an executive coach, and one empirical paper-suggest strongly that the political events surrounding the election of 2016 have become a significant part of psychotherapeutic discourse for many clients, that many therapists have been willing participants in such discussions, and that a focus on political issues (broadly speaking) can have important clinical benefits, facilitating the therapeutic alliance and leading to greater understanding of long-standing client problems and interpersonal functioning. Taken together, these papers lead to the conclusion that, at a minimum, clinicians need to be sensitive to the very real possibility that their clients are acutely aware of and affected by the political events surrounding the 2016 presidential election and may welcome open discussion of these events and their consequences.

Personal determinants of life style: psychological valeology

Personal determinants of life style are examined in psychotherapeutic discourse. Several ideas are determined 1) in culture the value of “maturity” is lost, the normative approach is replaced by tolerance; 2) rising and expanding of two phenomena is observed: devaluation of the adulthood and total infantilisation; 3) the difficulties in articulation of general desirability of the life style: some factors of life style development that cannot explain the formation of the effective style are examined. In the article the topological model of the psychological field is presented, the concept of "emotional scheme" and its structure are defined, namely: experiences, physical manifestations, system of early memories, person’s interpretation of his or her life, motivational tendencies. It is not possible to change the life style without changing the emotional scheme and all its components. The clinical observation regarding the formation of a life style based on a fixed emotional scheme is presented. The connection of all components of the emotional scheme with some types of life style such as "active activity", "active serving", "passive serving", "strangeness", "suffering" is provided in the article. In addition, the connection between the emotional scheme and the characterological styles is analyzed. The fixed and specific for a type of character of the experience and experiences of the primary "block" are not identical: they are in terms of the ontological "objectivity" and the phenomenological perspective. The perspective of further research is the clarification of the relationship between, on the one hand, the concepts of "characterological style" and "emotional scheme", and, on the other hand, "characterologically relevant emotion" and the primary "blocked" experience.

Typology of communicative strategies in psychotherapeutic discourse

The article deals with the communicative strategies of psychotherapeutic session’participants. The main approaches to the analysis of discursive strategies are characterizedin it, as well as relationship and major differences between discursive strategies and tactics. In addition, the research outlines the specific features of communicative strategies in the psychotherapeutic discourse and analyzes their classification.

“If she had helped me to solve the problem at my workplace, she would have cured me”: A critical discourse analysis of a mental health intake

Critical approaches in psychology and social work criticizing the current mainstream psychotherapy discourse have been gaining more ground in recent decades. Yet, little empirical research has, to date, explored therapy in regular practice to identify the discursive resources employed during the clinical encounter and the way such discourses create and maintain power differences and the boundaries of the therapeutic interaction. This paper is rooted within a post-structural perspective based on Foucauldian analysis which sees power as dispersed throughout the social field and emphasizes the multiple ways in which power differences are created and maintained through accepted forms of discourse and knowledge. Data were drawn from a large study of mental health intakes in clinics in Israel working with culturally diverse populations. We conducted critical discourse analysis on a single dyad including transcription of a recorded intake session and post-intake interviews with the client and the therapist. Based on existing critique of psychotherapeutic discourse for its individualistic and apolitical view, we explored how the hegemonic psychotherapy discourse is negotiated in real practice, the ideology it carries, and the power differences it perpetuates. We shed light on the way this discourse conceals social injustice and contributes to the disempowerment of the client and ultimately to a poorer quality of services.

Psychotherapy as Practice of Myself

The article is devoted to philosophical consideration of psychotherapeutic discourse in social and cultural context. The author uses the archaeological method of Michel Foucault, focusing on the analysis of the changes in the medical discourse of psychiatry that occurred with the advent of psychoanalysis on the «axis» of power and ethos.

Bodily experience as both source and target of meaning making

Bodily experiences (BE) are often theorized by cognitive linguists as sources of meaning making, encoded and projected at the levels of grammar, semantics, and discourse. For example, Conceptual Metaphor Theory regards embodied image schemas (Johnson 1987) and, more recently, live simulations of embodied experiences (Gibbs 2013) as vital to the emergence and understanding of conceptual metaphors. Interestingly however, BE also feature as targets or topics in certain discourse contexts, which leads to underexplored scenarios where BE is simultaneously a source and a target of meaning making. This paper presents examples of metaphors in psychotherapy for Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) as a case in point. In psychotherapy, experientially concrete sources are often used to conceptualize abstract issues such as emotions and subjective experiences. In the case of PTSD, however, bodily experiences turn out to be both potential source concepts as well as target topics of therapeutic discussion, a phenomenon seldom discussed in cognitive linguistics. I examine psychotherapy transcripts involving victims of the 2010–12 earthquakes in Christchurch, New Zealand, discuss how this source-target simultaneity of BE is exploited for therapeutic ends, and highlight three strands of implications pertaining to cognitive, discursive, and strategic aspects of metaphor use in psychotherapy. I conclude with a more programmatic statement about psychotherapeutic discourse as a productive site of inquiry for applied cognitive linguistics and applied metaphor research.

Metaphor in psychotherapeutic discourse: Implications for utterance interpretation

The difficulty we have in talking about feelings and emotions without making use of metaphorical language is often noted in discussions of metaphor within cognitive linguistics and it has led to interesting claims about how we conceptualise and think about emotions. Yet, these observations have had little impact so far on pragmatic theories of metaphor processing which typically work with more de-contextualised examples of language. This paper examines figurative expressions in two passages from attested psychotherapy exchanges where explicit use is made of metaphor for therapeutic purposes. The elaborated metaphorical utterances found in these transcripts of emotion talk are used to assess the explanatory adequacy of a current pragmatic theory, namely the ad hoc concept account of metaphor proposed within Relevance Theory. In line with Carston (2010), I argue that when interpreting these extended metaphors the literal meaning of the expressions in question is entertained and metarepresented as descriptive of an imaginative conception which represents the utterer's attempt to understand his/her emotional experience. By focusing and reflecting on this metarepresented literal meaning, the client, together with the therapist, is able to draw out implications that can provide insights into his/her own feelings, reactions and behaviour. The use of psychotherapeutic discourse to support this line of argument confirms the need for pragmatic theories of metaphor to be supported by data from a range of discourses