Psychological Well-being In Later Life Research Articles

Living Apart Together and Depressive Symptoms in Older Adulthood

Guided by the perspective that intimate relationship types represent a continuum of social attachment, we assessed how living apart together (LAT) relationships are related to psychological well-being in later life. Using data from the 2011 Wisconsin Longitudinal Study (WLS), we assessed levels of depressive symptoms by comparing LAT respondents (2.5%) with never married (2.5%), divorced (6.8%), widowed (10.4%), dating (2.8%), cohabiting (2.3%), remarried (15.1%), and first married (57.6%) men and women aged 51 and older (Total N = 7,924). However, the results did not support the theory of social attachment. The psychological well-being of men and women in LAT relationships was no different from either cohabiting or married adults. LAT relationships may have unique functions that help to reduce stress in later life. This study provides new insights about the psychological well-being of LAT adults.

The Primacy of Compassionate Love: Loneliness and Psychological Well-Being in Later Life

Despite emerging research on compassionate love's positive influence on later-life psychological well-being, investigations on the mediating processes accountable for such effects are scarce. Using data from a nationwide web-based survey (N = 1,861), we performed a mediation analysis to assess the role of loneliness in explaining the impact of compassionate love on psychological well-being. Even after controlling for emotional support, our model estimates suggest that older adults who felt loved had significantly lower levels of loneliness (β = -0.84, p < 0.001), significantly fewer depressive symptoms (β = -0.86, p < 0.001), and lower anxiety (β = -0.25, p > 0.05). Loneliness completely mediated the effect of compassionate love on anxiety (β = -0.82, p < 0.001) and significantly mediated compassionate love's influence on depressive symptoms (β = -1.18, p < 0.001). Our findings underscore the need for interventions that increase compassionate love to reduce loneliness and improve psychological well-being in later life. [Journal of Gerontological Nursing, 49(4), 12-20.].

COMPASSIONATE LOVE AND LONELINESS: LATER LIFE MENTAL HEALTH IN THE UNITED STATES

Abstract Loneliness is a serious public health problem that affects over 25% of older adults and is associated with an increased risk of depression, cognitive decline, and premature death. Previous research on social support mechanisms that contribute to loneliness has consistently illustrated the role of emotional support in reducing loneliness. However, the importance of compassionate love in reducing loneliness and, as a consequence, improving psychological well-being in later life has received little attention. Neurobiology indicates that the brain regions associated with loneliness and compassion overlap, suggesting that increasing compassion-related emotions may help alleviate loneliness. Using data from a nationwide web-based survey (n=1,861), we examined the influence of compassionate love on loneliness and assessed whether loneliness mediates the relationship between compassionate love and mental health outcomes. Even after controlling for emotional support, estimates from an ordinary least squares regression (OLS) model suggest that older adults who felt loved had significantly lower levels of loneliness (b=-0.84, p&amp;lt; 0.001). Feeling of love also contributed to significantly fewer depressive symptoms (b=-2.03, p&amp;lt; 0.001) and anxiety (b=-1.07, p&amp;lt; 0.001). Loneliness completely mediated the effect of compassionate love on anxiety (b=-0.82, p&amp;lt; 0.001) and significantly mediated its influence on depressive symptoms (b=-1.18, p&amp;lt; 0.001). Our findings underscore the need to design interventions that increase compassionate love to reduce loneliness and improve psychological wellbeing among older adults.

COMPASSIONATE LOVE AND LONELINESS: LATER LIFE MENTAL HEALTH IN THE UNITED STATES

Abstract Loneliness is a serious public health problem that affects over 25% of older adults and is associated with an increased risk of depression, cognitive decline, and premature death. Previous research on social support mechanisms that contribute to loneliness has consistently illustrated the role of emotional support in reducing loneliness. However, the importance of compassionate love in reducing loneliness and, as a consequence, improving psychological well-being in later life has received little attention. Neurobiology indicates that the brain regions associated with loneliness and compassion overlap, suggesting that increasing compassion-related emotions may help alleviate loneliness. Using data from a nationwide web-based survey (n=1,861), we examined the influence of compassionate love on loneliness and assessed whether loneliness mediates the relationship between compassionate love and mental health outcomes. Even after controlling for emotional support, estimates from an ordinary least squares regression (OLS) model suggest that older adults who felt loved had significantly lower levels of loneliness (b=-0.84, p&amp;lt; 0.001). Feeling of love also contributed to significantly fewer depressive symptoms (b=-2.03, p&amp;lt; 0.001) and anxiety (b=-1.07, p&amp;lt; 0.001). Loneliness completely mediated the effect of compassionate love on anxiety (b=-0.82, p&amp;lt; 0.001) and significantly mediated its influence on depressive symptoms (b=-1.18, p&amp;lt; 0.001). Our findings underscore the need to design interventions that increase compassionate love to reduce loneliness and improve psychological wellbeing among older adults.

Functional Limitations and Psychological Well-Being Among Older Adults in China: The Critical Role of Hukou as a Stratifying Factor.

Based on a stress process perspective, this study examines how the hukou system and gender intersect to shape the relationship between functional limitations and psychological well-being in older adults. Using the China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study (N = 17,708 at baseline), analyses are carried out with random- and fixed-effects models. Analyses show that an urban hukou benefits the psychological well-being of Chinese older adults by weakening the relationship between functional limitations and depression, and these differences do not vary significantly between men and women. The relationship between functional limitations and life satisfaction does not differ by hukou region. This study shows that China's household registration system provides an important context for the associations between functional limitations and psychological well-being in later life. The hukou system is an important stratifying agent and should be taken into account in the study of stress and aging in a Chinese context.

Reconfiguring Social Disconnectedness and Its Link to Psychological Well-Being among Older Adults in Rural China.

Using data from 2015 to 2018 waves of the Longitudinal Study of Older Adults in Anhui Province, China, this study investigated associations between different forms of social disconnectedness (social isolation, loneliness, living alone) and psychological well-being of older adults longitudinally. The results showed that social isolation and loneliness were independently associated with psychological well-being, whereas living alone was not. Different forms of social disconnectedness had additive and interactive effects on psychological well-being of older adults. Those who were exposed to all three forms of social disconnectedness suffered from the lowest level of psychological well-being. Moreover, the adverse effects of social disconnectedness on psychological well-being were found to be stronger for older women than for older men. The results underscore the necessity to consider multiple forms of social disconnectedness as well as their different combinations in explaining psychological well-being in later life.

Loneliness, Social Support, and Psychological Wellbeing Among Older Adults

Social support in old age has been linked to psychological wellbeing outcomes, such as depressive symptoms. However, insufficient attention has been paid to implications of social support for different domains of psychological wellbeing. In this study, we explored these associations among 797 older adults (mean age = 78.61 years) living in a retirement community in Florida from the ECRC study. Our findings show that measures of social support and connectedness have varying influences on psychological wellbeing. Loneliness was associated with lower life satisfaction (b=- -1.12, p<0.001) and higher depressive symptoms (b=3.52, p<0.001). Higher self-rated social support was associated with higher life satisfaction (b= 1.66, p<0.001) but did not predict depressive symptoms. Depressive symptoms, however, were significantly higher (b=-1.45) among individuals who reported that they don’t have anyone who they can turn to if they feel lonely and want to talk. Feeling lonely also predicted lower positive affects among these older adults (b=-0.65, p<0.001). Similarly, loneliness also predicted higher negative affects (b=1.28, p<0.001). Negative affects were also significantly higher among women (b=-1.15, p<0.001) but lower among those who were living alone (b=-1.06, p<0.001). Overall, our findings underscore the importance of social support and connectedness for psychological wellbeing in later life. This finding is consistent with prior research demonstrating significance of social support in later life for the overall psychological wellbeing of the older adults.

Religious Transitions Among Baby Boomers From Young Adulthood to Later Life: Associations with Psychological Well-Being Over 45 Years.

We used classification analysis to examine change in religiosity among baby boomers from young adulthood to early old age and how religiosity transition patterns are associated with psychological well-being in later life. In addition, we tested the gender difference in the above association. We applied latent class and latent transition analysis to 392 baby boomers who participated in the Longitudinal Study of Generations in Wave-1 (1971) and Wave-9 (2016). We identified three classes describing religiosity at each wave (strongly religious, doctrinally religious, and weakly religious), and considered five types of change or stability in religious class membership from Wave-1 to Wave-9. Multiple regression with gender interactions revealed that men who stayed strongly religious over the period reported better psychological well-being compared to men who declined in their religiosity; no such pattern was found for women. Our findings suggest that maintaining strong religiosity over the life course was beneficial for baby boom men in later life.

Social withdrawal and psychological well-being in later life: does marital status matter?

Objectives: Personality researchers have found that dispositional traits are typically stabile over the life course, but shyness is one trait that has rarely been examined in later life. Shyness as a global trait has been linked negatively to multiple psychological indices of childhood well-being, including loneliness. Despite the fact that older adults may already be at risk for experiencing heightened loneliness, regret, or decreased fulfillment, research has not assessed these experiences in relation to personality in later life. In the past few decades, research on social withdrawal has moved beyond treating shyness as a global trait and started to examine the multiple motivations behind socially withdrawn behavior. Method: Employing data from 309 older participants of the Huntsman Senior Games, the current study used regression analyses to examine the potential relations between three forms of withdrawal (shyness, avoidance, and unsociability) and loneliness, regret, and fulfillment in later life. Results and Conclusion: Results indicated that shyness, avoidance, and unsociability, respectively, were significantly associated with increased loneliness and regret, and decreased fulfillment. Further, marital status (married, divorced, widowed) moderated links between withdrawal and psychological indices of well-being in later life.

The Links Between Childhood Life Circumstances, Family Persecution and Discrimination Experiences, and Well-Being in Later Life

The life course perspective raised many discussions about continuity, types of threads linking different developmental stages, and ways to identify these links. The aim of this study was to evaluate the significance of childhood family circumstances and family repression / discrimination experiences in predicting psychological well-being in later life. The Survey of Health, Ageing and Retirement in Europe (SHARE) wave 7 data was used; 1985 respondents aged 50+ (M = 66.23, SD = 10.52) living in Lithuania (63.8 % – female) provided retrospective information on their early life circumstances, including home environment, relationships with family / friends, family persecution. Psychological well-being was assessed with a 12-item Control, Autonomy, Self-Realization, and Pleasure (CASP) scale. Results of the hierarchical regression analysis showed that the inclusion of family persecution and other childhood factors increases the prognostic value of the model by 8 percent. Relationships with mother and friends, self-rated health, perceived abilities, number of books at home, and physical harm by others significantly predicted psychological well-being among older adults, even after controlling pivotal sociodemographic variables. These results suggest that creating a caring, safe, and cognitively stimulating childhood environment can promote better development in early stages and contribute to greater psychological well-being in later life.

Silencing the sexual self and relational and individual well-being in later life: a gendered analysis of North versus South of Europe

This study explores the European North-South differences in older partnered individuals’ silencing of the sexual self and its links to relational and individual well-being. A web survey was conducted among partnered individuals aged 65 years or above in Norway and Croatia. There were 368 (women: 37.8%, response rate: 22%) and 359 (women: 34.5%, response rate: 27%) individuals who participated in Norway and Croatia, respectively. A range of relational (sexual satisfaction, relationship quality) and individual well-being (anxiety, depression, and life satisfaction) indicators was considered. Sexual self-silencing had significant impacts across outcomes, gender, and countries. Furthermore, contrary to what might be expected, we observed no differences in self-silencing between the two countries; and in both countries, men were more self-silenced than women. Findings suggest that sexual self-silencing can compromise relationship quality and psychological well-being in later life. Health and clinical practice toward older individuals and couples should thus probe about and aim to improve the expression of sexual desires and needs.

Different dimensions of social support differentially predict psychological well-being in late life: opposite effects of perceived emotional support and marital status on symptoms of anxiety and of depression in older outpatients in Italy.

Social support is important to psychological well-being in late life. However, findings in the literature regarding its effects are mixed, less information is available for anxiety than for depressive symptoms, and few studies have been carried out in Italy. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the influence of social support on symptoms of anxiety and of depression in a sample of geriatric outpatients in Italy. This cross-sectional study consecutively enrolled 299 outpatients without dementia (age ≥ 65, all neuropsychologically tested). Social support was assessed with the ENRICHD Social Support Instrument and by interview. Symptoms of anxiety and of depression were evaluated with short versions of the State-Trait Personality Inventory Trait Anxiety and Geriatric Depression scales. The relationship between social support and psychological well-being was examined by multiple linear regression models with socio-demographic and clinical variables, including cognitive performance, as potential confounders. Perceived emotional support was a negative predictor of symptoms of anxiety (standardised beta coefficient (β) -0.288, standard error (SE) 0.074, P < 0.001) and symptoms of depression (β -0.196, SE 0.040, P < 0.001). On the contrary, marital status (i.e. being married) was a positive predictor of symptoms of anxiety (β 0.199, SE 0.728, P = 0.003) and symptoms of depression (β 0.142, SE 0.384, P = 0.035). Different dimensions of social support differentially affect psychological well-being. The protective effect of perceived emotional support is consistent with social cognitive models of health. The harmful effect of being married may be capturing the distress of the pre-bereavement period. Alternatively, it may reflect oppression by gender roles within marriage in a predominantly female sample in a traditional society. Our findings provide insight into the relationship between social support and psychological well-being, and identify potential targets for psychosocial interventions promoting mental health in late life.

Midlife Factors Related to Psychological Well-Being at an Older Age: Study of Women's Health Across the Nation.

Background: Psychological well-being (PWB) is predictive of future health and mortality. Midlife is a pivotal time in women's lives and may impact future PWB. This study, based on a longitudinal cohort of women, sought to identify how personal and social resources and modifiable behaviors at midlife relate to women's PWB in later life, and to determine if psychological resilience in later life moderates the impact of health problems on PWB. Materials and Methods: We assessed the association of midlife factors with PWB ∼9 years later in 1693 women from the multiracial/ethnic Study of Women's Health Across the Nation (SWAN) cohort. PWB was a composite score with cognitive and affective components. Midlife factors included sociodemographics, health, menopause-related, and psychosocial factors collected over the course of midlife. Results: In a multivariable model, greater PWB at an older age was associated with the following at midlife: less financial strain, greater physical activity, not smoking, better physical functioning, and fewer sleep problems. More positive attitudes toward menopause and aging, less cynicism, greater optimism, less trait anxiety, greater spirituality, and greater resilience were also independently associated with better PWB. Chinese women reported lower PWB compared with whites. Later life resilience moderated the impact of sleep problems on PWB. Conclusions: Several modifiable factors at midlife are associated with better PWB in older women and highlight the importance of healthy behaviors such as physical activity and good sleep hygiene at midlife. Interventions to increase optimism, spirituality, and resilience are also worth exploring.

Shall I compare thee…to a robot? An exploratory pilot study using participatory arts and social robotics to improve psychological well-being in later life

Research suggests that the use of creative, artistic activities in later life may positively impact the psychological well-being of older adults. Social robots have been utilized in research with older adults, however, few studies have integrated participatory arts (e.g. theatre) into social robotic platforms for the purpose of implementing a psychosocial intervention with this population. An interdisciplinary team designed and delivered an intervention integrating theatre and social robotics with the aim of improving the psychological well-being of study participants both with and without cognitive impairment who live in a residential care setting. A purposive sample of older adults age 65 and older (N = 15) participated in this 3-session pilot study that involved a Shakespeare participatory art activity using the robot, NAO. Pre and post tests were conducted before and after each session with measures of depression, loneliness, and a simplified face scale for mood were asked. Results from Repeated Measurement Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) showed that depression, loneliness and face scores had significantly decrease across six time periods and these declines differed between people with dementia and those without dementia. In addition, only significant changes of depression before and after the intervention were found between persons with and without dementia. We discuss the promising aspects of using social robotics as a platform for participatory arts interventions with older adults and offer lessons learned from the use of innovative technology in residential care settings.

CUMULATIVE ADVANTAGE IN CHANGING ECONOMIC TIMES: STRESS, DISTRESS, AND FUTURE PROSPECTS FOR AGING COHORTS

Processes of cumulative dis/advantage operate within cohorts and across historical time. In the ongoing dance of age, cohort and period, each cohort encounters distinctive social and economic environments at particular ages that may ameliorate or exacerbate the cumulative and systemic processes of inequality production that operate over its collective life course. We explore issues of current and future late-life inequality and its consequences. As overall income inequality has grown, what are the likely consequences for late-life outcomes? How have cohorts currently in midlife been affected by the Great Recession of 2008 and subsequent recovery? What are the mental and physical consequences of these developments, and to what extent can they be ameliorated by interventions in middle and later adulthood? This symposium addresses how variation in economic circumstances and social and psychological stresses may affect outcomes over the life course, and how these complex, interacting processes can be best conceptualized and examined. One paper examines the impact of the Great Recession and subsequent events on the intracohort distribution of income, suggesting inordinate setbacks during the Recession with likely long-term effects for economically vulnerable subpopulations. Another explores the role of psychosocial stressors in the process of cumulative dis/advantage, focusing on linkages between functional limitations and psychological well-being in later life, and how these linkages are amplified by diverse dimensions of disadvantage (e.g., education, employment; coping strategies; caregiving). A third paper examines the intergenerational dimensions of cumulative advantage processes. Finally, contrasting theoretical frameworks for apprehending life-course processes and historical change will be explored.

UNDERSTANDING THE ROLE OF STRESS PROCESSES IN CUMULATIVE DIS/ADVANTAGE PROCESSES

In my book Golden Years (2019), I argue that the psychosocial consequences of normal biological processes of aging are intensified for those who have had lives of disadvantage, just as the harmful consequences of life-course disadvantages are particularly acute for those experiencing age-related physical health declines. In this paper, I discuss the role of stress processes, including stress proliferation and amplification, as possible mechanisms contributing to cumulative dis/advantage. I evaluate these ideas empirically by focusing on the linkages between functional limitations (an indicator of normal biological aging) and psychological well-being in later life, and explore the extent to which these linkages are amplified diverse indicators of life course disadvantage including low education; poor-quality employment; avoidant coping strategies; and family-related strains including intensive caregiving. Analyses are based on data from the Midlife in the United States (MIDUS) study. I discuss the implications of incorporating stress process models in cumulative dis/advantage research.

Social support networks and psychological wellbeing in community-dwelling older Ghanaian cohorts.

Social support networks for older persons have been related to health outcomes including differences in psychological wellbeing (PWB). However, the specifics of this relationship remain unclear especially in sub-Saharan Africa. This study investigates the (1) relationship between aspects of social support and PWB among older persons in Ghana and (2) the extent to which this relationship is moderated by their education levels and locational characteristics. The study included 1,200 community-residing individuals aged 50 years and older who participated in an Aging, Health, Psychological Wellbeing and Health-seeking Behavior Study (AHPWHB) conducted between July 2016 and February 2017. Logistic regression models evaluated the associations of social support and their interactions with education and locational variables in PWB. Several aspects of meaningful social support: family/friends contacts ( β = 0.958, p < 0.05), couple focused ( β = 0.887, p < 0.001), emotional bonds ( β = 0.658, p < 0.005), attending social events ( β = 0.519, p < 0.001) and remittances from children ( β = 0.394, p < 0.005) significantly related to improved PWB in later life. These associations remained robust and largely strengthened after accounting for respondents' background and health-related factors. Education and locational characteristics substantially influenced the associations between social support and PWB. These findings suggest that especially in terms of PWB, aspects of meaningful social support networks are critical elements in later life. Strengthening opportunities for closer interpersonal relations with older persons may enhance their mental health, quality of life and independence.

Evolving parent–adult child relations: location of multiple children and psychological well-being of older adults in China

ObjectiveThis study examines the interplay among intergenerational emotional closeness, location of multiple children, and parental depressive symptoms in the context of massive migration in rural China. Study designThis study is based on a longitudinal survey. MethodsLongitudinal data were collected from a stratified random sample of age 60 years and older living in rural townships within Chaohu, a primarily agricultural municipal district with massive out-migration in China. In 2009, 1224 individuals completed the survey, and 977 (79.8% of the original participants) were followed up in 2012. We estimate fixed-effects models to examine how changing collective emotional cohesion and the total composition of children's location affect parents' depressive symptoms. ResultsDescriptive analyses show that both the composition of children's location and intergenerational emotional closeness are subject to changes during a 3-year survey interval. Results from fixed-effect models further demonstrate that collective emotional closeness and psychological well-being are positively associated with each other. This association is the strongest when all children are local, but it becomes less prominent when there are more migrant than local children. ConclusionsThis study has provided important evidence that both intergenerational cohesion and location of multiple children evolve over time and jointly influence parents' psychological well-being in later life. The left-behind older adults are not necessarily the most vulnerable group in rural China. Those with most adult children living close by could also suffer from a deficit in psychological well-being if the emotional bond between them is weak.

Planning for Retirement: Longitudinal Effect on Retirement Resources and Post-retirement Well-being.

Retirement is a major life event, and a positive adjustment to retirement is essential for maintaining physical and psychological well-being in later life. Previous research demonstrates that pre-retirement planning predicts post-retirement well-being. This study further explores the underlying mechanism between planning activities and post-retirement well-being. By applying the resource-based dynamic model (Wang et al., 2011), the present longitudinal study examines whether pre-retirement planning activities can increase the total resources of retirees, including tangible, mental and social resources, and consequently contribute to better psychological and physical well-being 1 year after actual retirement. A total of 118 Hong Kong Chinese retirees completed three assessments: Time 1 assessment was conducted 6 months before retirement, and Times 2 and 3 assessments were carried out 6 and 12 months, respectively, after retirement. Latent growth models were employed to examine changes in retirement resources and post-retirement well-being over time. Consistent with the proposition of the resource-based dynamic model, positive changes in well-being were observed in the retirees with increases in retirement resources between pre- and post-retirement phases. The results of the latent growth mediation models also support our prediction: retirees with more preparatory activities before retirement acquire greater resources at the initial stage, which contribute to positive changes in post-retirement well-being over time.

Psychological vulnerability of widowhood: financial strain, social engagement and worry about having no care-giver as mediators and moderators

ABSTRACTThis study examined how financial strain, worry about having no care-giver and social engagement modify the association between widowhood and depressive symptoms among older adults in China. Using national representative data from older adults in China in 2006, we ran structural equation models and ordinary least square regressions to investigate the mediating and moderating effects of financial strain, worry about having no care-giver and social engagement on the association between widowhood and depressive symptoms. All three variables significantly mediated the association between widowhood and depressive symptoms. Compared to their married counterparts, widowed older adults showed more worry about having no care-giver, increased financial strain and lower social engagement, which were significantly associated with depressive symptoms. Higher level of worry about having no care-giver and lower social engagement significantly exacerbated the adverse effects of widowhood on depressive symptoms in the moderation analyses. Our finding of mediating effects suggests that widowhood is negatively related to psychological wellbeing via financial strain, social engagement and care resources. The results regarding moderating effects suggest that alleviating worry about having no care-giver and increasing social engagement may buffer the deleterious effect of widowhood on psychological wellbeing in later life.