Psychological Symptoms Of Dementia Research Articles

Distress of surgical nursing personnel in dealing with patients with dementia : An integrative review.

Challenging behavior of patients with dementia (PawD) leads to distress among nursing staff in acute hospital settings. Different levels of distress can be assumed between medical and surgical staff. Less is known about distress in surgical departments. The aim is to summarize and synthesize current empirical studies on distress experienced by surgical nursing staff in dealing with PawD and the associated occurrence of challenging behavior. As part of an integrative review, aliterature search was conducted in September 2024 in the databases CINAHL, MEDLINE (via PubMed) and PubPsych. German and English language studies from January 2011 onwards were included to reflect the most recent empirical results. The analysis was carried out according to the 4phases of Whittemore and Knafl. A total of 7studies were included in which surgical nursing staff described distress in connection with the topics of challenging behavior, in the form of behavioral and psychological symptoms of dementia (BPSD), communication, hospital setting, implementation of person-centered approaches and training as well as pain assessment and identification. Surgical nursing personnel need more opportunities and knowledge to be able to deal more confidently with the distress and challenges of dealing with PawD. Further studies are necessary to be able to make more reliable statements.

Multifunctional, fluorene-based modulator of cholinergic and GABAergic neurotransmission as a novel drug candidate for palliative treatment of Alzheimer's disease.

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disorder characterized by memory loss and behavioral and psychological symptoms of dementia (BPSD). Given that cholinergic neurons are predominantly affected in AD, current treatments primarily aim to enhance cholinergic neurotransmission. However, imbalances in other neurotransmitters, such as γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA), also contribute to AD symptomatology. In the presented research, by using a combination of crystallography and computational methods we developed 6 as a dual modulator of GABAergic and cholinergic neurotransmission systems. Compound 6 demonstrated inhibition of BuChE (IC50 = 0.21 μM) and GABA transporter 1 (IC50 = 10.96 μM) and 3 (IC50 = 7.76 μM), along with a favorable drug-likeness profile. Subsequent in vivo studies revealed effectiveness of 6 in enhancing memory retention and alleviating anxiety and depression symptoms in animal models, while also proving safe and bioavailable for oral administration. The innovative multi-target-directed ligand 6 offers a new approach to treating cognitive deficits and BPSD in AD.

Behavioral and Psychological Symptoms of Dementia and Mortality Risk Among People With Cognitive Impairment: An 8-year Longitudinal Study From the NCGG-STORIES.

Behavioral and psychological symptoms of dementia (BPSD) are common among people with dementia from the early stages and can appear even in mild cognitive impairment (MCI). However, the prognostic impact of BPSD is unclear. This study examined the association between BPSD and mortality among people with cognitive impairment. This longitudinal study involved 1,065 males and 1,681 females (mean age: 77.1 years for males and 78.6 years for females) with MCI or dementia diagnosis from the National Center for Geriatrics and Gerontology-Life Stories of People with Dementia (NCGG-STORIES), a single-center memory clinic-based cohort study in Japan that registered first-time outpatients from 2010-2018. Information about death was collected through a mail survey returned by participants or their close relatives, with an up to 8-year follow-up. BPSD was assessed using the Dementia Behavior Disturbance Scale (DBD) at baseline. During the follow-up period, 229 (28.1%) male and 254 (15.1%) female deaths occurred. Cox proportional hazards regression analysis showed that higher DBD scores were significantly associated with increased mortality risk among males, but not females (compared with the lowest quartile score group, hazard ratios for the highest quartile score group were 1.59; 95% confidence interval, [CI] 1.11-2.29 for males and 1.06; 95% CI, 0.66-1.70 for females). Among the DBD items, lack of interest in daily living, excessive daytime sleep, and refusal to receive care had a higher mortality risk. The findings suggest a potential association between BPSD and poor prognosis among males with cognitive impairment.

Anticonvulsants unlikely to improve behavioral, psychological symptoms of dementia

Anticonvulsants unlikely to improve behavioral, psychological symptoms of dementia

Commentary: Strengthening System Readiness for Health Interventions: Lessons for Implementing Interventions and Implementation Support in Low-And Middle-Income Countries.

In low- and middle-income countries (LMICs), barriers such as low system readiness, contextual mismatches, and resource limitations impede effective implementation of evidence-based interventions. This commentary offers insights into overcoming these challenges with a case study of the PRISM project, designed to reduce behavioral and psychological symptoms of dementia in older adults living in Thailand. The case highlights how combining two evidence-based models - the Reducing Disability in Alzheimer's Disease clinical intervention and the Getting To Outcomes implementation science process enhances program success. Using interviews with stakeholders across various health system levels, we identify factors critical to successful program implementation: (1) integrating interventions into policy frameworks, (2) empowering local implementers, (3) fostering collaborative learning, and (4) adapting interventions to local contexts. The case demonstrates that building system readiness through local engagement and ownership is central to scaling up health programs in LMICs. This commentary's contribution lies in its emphasis on the role of implementation science as a vehicle for translating research into practice. It presents a practical, adaptive model for embedding interventions into routine health systems, thereby offering a pathway for successfully scaling up evidence-based programs in LMICs. Such findings provide lessons for overcoming barriers to implementation in resource-limited environments.

Frailty and Behavioral and Psychological Symptoms of Dementia: A Single Center Study

Background: During the time-course of cognitive decline, Behavioral and Psychological Symptoms of Dementia (BPSD) may arise, negatively impacting the outcomes. Methods: The aim of this single center, longitudinal study was to evaluate the correlation between frailty and BPSD in a population of older patients with dementia. BPSD were classified into three clusters: “mood/apathy” (depression, apathy, sleep disturbances, appetite disturbances), “psychosis” (delusions, hallucinations, and anxiety), and “hyperactivity” (agitation, elation, motor aberrant behavior, irritability, disinhibition). Using the Clinical Frailty Scale (CFS), patients were categorized as “severely frail”, “mild/moderately frail” and “robust” (CFS ≥ 7, 4–6, and ≤ 3, respectively). Results: In total, 209 patients (mean age 83.24 ± 4.98 years) with a clinical diagnosis of dementia were enrolled. BPSD were prevalent among the severely frail patients. A positive correlation at regression analysis was found between frailty and “hyperactivity” cluster at baseline and follow-up visits (p < 0.001, p = 0.022, p = 0.028, respectively), and was confirmed at the network analysis. Loss of independence in IADL was correlated to hyperactivity and psychosis symptoms (p < 0.001 and p = 0.013, respectively). Conclusions: Scarce literature is available regarding the correlation between frailty and BPSD, which in our study is significant, especially for symptoms in the hyperactivity cluster. Frailty assessment may help identify patients at the highest risk for developing BPDS who might benefit from targeted intervention in the earliest phases of the disease.

Effect of virtual-reality-based education program for managing behavioral and psychological symptoms of dementia: A randomized controlled trial

This study aims to evaluate the effect of the virtual-reality-based education program (VR-EduBPSD) for managing behavioral and psychological symptoms of dementia (BPSD). Sixty-six family caregivers of people with dementia were randomly assigned to either the experimental or control group following a 1:1 ratio. The experimental group received VR-EduBPSD while the control group received analogous paper-based educational materials. The outcome measures were competence in managing BPSD, dyadic relationship, caring self-efficacy, attitudes toward dementia, and behavior management skill. Only the ‘awareness of symptoms’ sub-scale score for competence in managing BPSD showed a significant group-by-time interaction. Significant time effects were also observed on the total and sub-scale scores for competence in managing BPSD, as well as on the dyadic relationship. This program, which utilizes high-immersion VR technology, offers a valuable learning experience for those new to the care of people with dementia. This study was registered at cris.nih.go.kr with number of KCT0006788.

Perceived health and working life in caregivers from nursing homes that used or did not use nighttime personalized non-pharmacological therapies to address residents’ behavioral and psychological symptoms of dementia

Dementia is frequent in nursing home (NH), affecting between 40 and 50 % of the residents and is associated in 90 % of the cases with behavioral and psychological symptoms (BPSD) which are detrimental to caregivers’ working life and perceived health. We compared perceived health and working life between NHs that used or did not use nighttime personalized non-pharmacological therapies (PNPT) to address BPSD. This anonymous survey included 96 caregivers from 25 NHs which used (n = 69) or not (n = 27) nighttime PNPT. Perceived health, nursing and medical care, quality of care and internal motivation were significantly higher, stress symptoms and workload were significantly lower and there was a tendency to enhanced satisfaction with work in caregivers from NHs which used nighttime PNPT. Our present data open a new window on the benefits of PNPT.

Real-World Use of Trazodone in Older Persons in Long Term Care Setting: A Retrospective Study.

Trazodone, an antidepressant drug is also largely used in several medical contexts. Insomnia, behavioral disorders, and anxiety may be underlying symptoms for prescribing trazodone. This cross-sectional study aims to identify reasons for trazodone prescription, assess the efficacy, as well as identify any related side effects in older persons living in long term care facilities (LTCFs). Older adults aged ≥ 60years, at risk of or affected with Covid-19 and enrolled in the GeroCovid Observational study from LTCFs, and using trazodone were included. A structured questionnaire was administered to treating physicians regarding reasons for trazodone prescription, discontinuation, possible adverse events and benefits. Thirty-seven out 74 LTCFs participating in both the GeroCovid and GeroCovid Vax studies completed the questionnaire regarding trazodone use. Of the 427 participants included in this study analysis, we found that 43% had diagnoses of dementia and depression, 33% had dementia, no behavioral and psychological symptoms of dementia (BPSD) and no depression, 14% had dementia with BPSD and no depression, and < 11% had only depression. The main reasons for trazodone prescription included agitation, insomnia, depression and anxiety. Trazodone use was reported as partially or totally effective in more than 90% of participants using the drug. Falls were the most frequent adverse event (30% of participants). Our data suggest that trazodone behaves as an eclectic antidepressant that, in the clinical practice, may also be used for BPSD and insomnia, especially in older people with dementia.

E-Learning Modules for the Care of Caregivers of Older Filipinos

As the population ages, so does the challenge to the care of older people with mental health problems. Geriatric syndromes such as delirium, dementia, and depression are amenable to medical management. Beyond care of the patient, however, is care for the caregiver. Behavioral and Psychological symptoms of Dementia (BPSD) such as agitation, aggression, and delusions increase the risk of caregiver stress. This may lead to strain of individual carers and household members, increasing the patient’s risk for poor care, abuse, or institutionalization. Caregiver education and skills training help reduce the level of caregiver stress. These are usually delivered face to face during clinic visits or training modules by dementia care professionals. However, remote alternatives for education, learning and counselling became essential during the COVID-19 pandemic. E-workbooks and online learning modules on dementia, delirium, and depression written by professionals in the Philippines and Asia Pacific are available. An example is the Dementia Community Toolkit in English and its Filipino adaptation. The latter was developed by the Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, University of the Philippines Manila, with support from the Mental Health Unit of WHO WPRO. Patient support groups such as the Alzheimer’s Disease Association of the Philippines likewise developed online learning materials. These were and are still freely available via their websites and the webinars have been uploaded in internet and social media sites. The efficacy and acceptability of remote education to reduce informal caregiver burden, negative mood, and quality of life was published in a Cochrane meta-analysis. The authors analyzed experimental trials on information, training, or support compared to usual treatment, waitlist, or attention controls. Following several eligibility criteria, they identified 26 studies with 2367 participants in their review. Although most studies were of low quality and had uncertain risks of bias, there was small evidence that training plus support modules resulted in an improvement of caregiver knowledge. Training alone had no benefit on knowledge. Furthermore, there was no significant effect on patient institutionalization, caregiver burden depression, or quality of life. The article on E-Learning on knowledge on the 3Ds of Geriatric Psychiatry is a good start in understanding the capacity of well-educated Filipino caregivers to improve their knowledge on the subject. Beyond individual knowledge, E-learning modules have the capacity to guide families and communities in reducing ageism and improve patient care for older people with dementia, depression, and delirium. Further experimental studies are needed using locally developed modules. The bigger challenge is accessibility and acceptability of remote learning materials for the greater majority of informal caregivers with lower levels of education and poor access to online resources.

Behavioral and psychological symptoms and brain volumes in community-dwelling older persons from the Nakayama Study

The frequency of behavioral and psychological symptoms of dementia (BPSD) is high, and it is a challenge to elucidate its neural substrates underlying their development. In recent years, many findings have been reported on the relationship between BPSD and brain volume in dementia patients. However, the results are not fully conclusive. Furthermore, there have been few population-based studies. Therefore, the relationship between BPSD and brain volume was investigated as an exploratory study. Of the 927 older persons who participated in the fifth Nakayama study, 90 were included in this analysis, consisting of 52 patients with mild cognitive impairment and 38 patients with dementia, with head MRI and the Neuropsychiatric Inventory (NPI) data. Multiple regression analysis was used to examine the association between the total score of each BPSD score on the NPI and brain volume estimated by FreeSurfer. On multivariate adjustment, even after false discovery rate correction, insular cortical volumes decreased significantly as total scores for apathy/indifference increased (p value = 0.002, q-value = 0.01). Similarly, total brain volume decreased significantly as total scores for appetite and eating disturbance increased (p value = 0.03), and parietal, temporal, and hippocampal cortical volumes also decreased significantly as total scores for appetite and eating disturbance increased (all p and q values < 0.05). This study’s results suggest that apathy is negatively correlated with insular cortical volume, and that appetite and eating disturbance are also correlated with brain regions, including parietal, temporal, and hippocampal volume in a community-dwelling older population.

HCA PIECESTM Care Coach Program: Peer to peer approach to promote person-centred care in long-term care

In Long-Term Care (LTC) settings, the potentially inappropriate use of antipsychotics for behavioural and psychological symptoms of dementia is a persistent issue, with high rates despite limited benefit and serious risk. Best practice is a non-pharmacological, person-centred approach to care, though this can be challenging in LTC settings. To help address this gap, we developed the PIECESTM HCA Care Coach Program and described its implementation and outcomes observed at 13 LTC homes. This program empowers Health Care aides with training, tools, and processes to practice the principles of person-centred care and provide peer mentorship to the care team. After 1 year, we found declining antipsychotics use (by 4.4%) and positive indicators of improved staff experience and improved resident quality of life. The Care Coach Program can be adapted and spread to a variety of LTC settings to help reduce potentially inappropriate antipsychotic use and better support people living with dementia.

Discontinuation of Alzheimer Disease Medications in Patients Receiving Home Care Medicine.

There is no consensus on how long antidementia medications should be administered to patients with Alzheimer disease (AD). To clarify this issue, we investigated the discontinuation of antidementia medications in Japanese home care settings, including community-dwelling and institutionalized patients. Using medical records from April 2017 to March 2022 at 3 clinics in Tokyo and Chiba prefectures, we selected patients with AD who started receiving home care medicine. Forty-nine patients discontinued antidementia medications during the observation period, there was no apparent deterioration in cognitive function or new occurrence of behavioral and psychological symptoms of dementia caused by the discontinuation of medications. More aggressive discontinuation of AD medications probably is recommended for patients with activities of daily living dysfunction, such as those receiving home care medicine.

Knowledge, Attitude, and Practice of Care Providers Toward Non-Pharmacological Intervention for Managing Behavioural and Psychological Symptoms in Australian Aged Care Residents with Dementia: A Cross-Sectional Survey

ABSTRACT Objectives This study aimed to assess the knowledge, attitude, and practice of the healthcare professionals and paid caregivers toward non-pharmacological interventions (NPIs) for managing behavioural and psychological symptoms of dementia (BPSD) in Australian residential aged care homes (RACHs). Methods A cross-sectional, online survey was completed by RACH staff and physicians over the period 6 March-31 August 2023. Descriptive statistics were used to present the results. Results Ninety-six respondents participated (41.7% aged 35–54 years, 80.2% female, 38.5% nurses). While 50–65% of the respondents were extremely familiar with 15 of NPIs, only 22% believed there was a sufficient funding for their implementation, and 6% felt there were sufficient human resources. Although 66% of the respondents viewed NPIs as more useful than medications, only 46% expected consistent positive outcomes from NPIs. The most used NPIs were redirection, behaviour management, and validation therapy. Conclusions The study highlights that barrier such as inadequate funding, limited human resources, skepticism about NPIs’ effectiveness, unfamiliarity with certain NPIs, and unfavourable attitude toward NPIs are likely to slow NPI adoption for BPSD management. Clinical implication To improve practice, it is essential to address these barriers through targeted education, and training, increased funding, and enhancement of the workforce.

The Impact of Behavioral and Psychological Symptoms of Dementia on Individual's Autonomy: a Scoping Review.

The purpose of this study was to identify, map, summarize, and clarify the existing literature on the effects of behavioral and psychological symptoms of dementia (BPSD) an individual's autonomy across all types of dementia diagnoses. The study aimed to determine whether there is a correlation between BPSD and a decrease in a person's autonomy, as this relationship is important for improving dementia care through effective interventions. To achieve this goal, a scoping review was conducted using the Joanna Briggs Institute's methodology for scoping reviews and the PRISMA extension for scoping reviews checklist. The inclusion criteria were: (i) population: participants with a clinical diagnosis of any type of dementia; (ii) concept: examining the relationship between one or more neuropsychiatric symptoms or BPSD and the individual's autonomy; (iii) context: the progress of any type and any stage of dementia. The database search yielded 74 records, of which 41 fully met the pre-established eligibility criteria. Most studies in this review focused on participants with Alzheimer's disease and analysed their functional abilities. Most studies in this review showed significant outcomes regarding the impact of BPSD on a person's autonomy. The main BPSD investigated in the studies were depression, apathy, irritability, agitation, aggression, disinhibition, and lability. Apathy had a recurrent association with reduced autonomy in persons with dementia, while depression and psychosis were also found to have an impact on individuals' autonomy.

Racial differences in the quality of care interactions among nursing home residents with dementia

ABSTRACT Objective The resident population in nursing homes is increasingly racially diverse. The purpose of this study was to assess racial differences in the quality of care interactions among nursing home residents with dementia. Design The study utilized baseline data from the Testing the Evidence Integration Triangle for Behavioral and Psychological Symptoms of Dementia (EIT-4-BPSD), a randomized controlled pragmatic trial. The Quality of Interaction Scale (QuIS) was used to measure quality of staff-resident care interactions. The sample included 531 residents. An analysis of covariance was conducted to address the aim. Results The majority of interactions were positive social (42%) or positive care (37%). Black residents living with dementia had higher QuIS scores (M = 5.98, SD = 1.66) than White residents with dementia (M = 5.40, SD = 1.75), whereas higher QuIS scores indicating more positive interactions. However, the results of the analysis of covariance indicated that there was not a significant difference in QuIS scores between Black versus White residents living with dementia (p =.203). Conclusion The findings suggest that care interactions in nursing homes are consistent between Black residents and White residents. Future research should evaluate the impact of staff race on the quality of care interaction among nursing home residents.

The Development of an Intradisciplinary Staff Training Intervention on the Optimal Management of Behavioural and Psychological Symptoms of Dementia: A Qualitative Study

Introduction: Behavioural and psychological symptoms of dementia (BPSDs) are a group of highly prevalent symptoms in residents with a neurocognitive disorder, including agitation and depressive symptoms. Caregiving staff often mention knowledge and skills deficits regarding optimal BPSD management. While several staff training on BPSDs management exist internationally, their transferability to other clinical contexts is limited, owing to methodological challenges. Therefore, to address this implementation gap, there is a strong need for training based on high-quality research to strengthen existing evidence, and ensure feasibility and reproducibility. Methods: This qualitative study, part of a larger research project, occurred in 2022 on long-term care (LTC) centre unit and an alternate level of care (ALC) hospital unit located in the Province of Quebec, Canada. This study aimed to (1) evaluate the needs and perceptions of staff caregivers regarding BPSD management, (2) identify the training content and modalities to prioritize according to experts, (3) develop intradisciplinary training on BPSD management, and (4) pretest the preliminary version of the training. Objectives one and two were evaluated using focus groups and objective four using individual cognitive interviews. Qualitative interview data was audio-recorded with participants’ consent, transcribed verbatim, and thematically content analysed using an established method. Results: Overall, thirteen caregivers participated in objective one (8 from the LTC unit, and 6 from the ALC unit). The main staff training need identified on each site was the management of resident’s aggressive behaviours. Staff verbalized a preference for virtual training. Objective 2 involved a panel of eight experts. Experts recommended the use of an online training platform, and certain training models and indicators. Based on caregivers’ and experts’ input, five interactive online staff training capsules lasting from 20 to 25 min each and an algorithm guiding the evaluation and management of BPSDs were created. The training capsules and the algorithm were iteratively improved following cognitive interviews with 4 caregivers from the participating sites. Conclusion: An interactive virtual staff training on BPSD management was created based on staff and expert consultation. The next step in the investigation will be to evaluate the feasibility and acceptability of the training.

Subsyndromes and symptom clusters: Multilevel factor analysis of behavioral and psychological symptoms of dementia with intensive longitudinal data.

Behavioral and psychological symptoms in dementia (BPSD) are dynamic phenomena with a high amount of intraindividual variability. We applied a multilevel framework to identify subsyndromes (between-person factors) that represent clinically relevant profiles of BPSD and identify symptom clusters (within-person factors) that represent contextually driven daily symptom experiences. This study used an intensive longitudinal design in which 68 co-residing family caregivers to persons living with dementia were recruited to proxy report on their care recipient's daily symptom experiences of 23 different BPSD for eight consecutive days (n=443 diaries). A multilevel exploratory/confirmatory factor analysis was used to account for nested data and separate within-person variances from between-level factor estimates. Exploratory factor analysis identified a 4-between 3-within factor structure based on fit statistics and clinical interpretability. This study offers major methodological and conceptual advancements for management of BPSD within Alzheimer's disease and related dementias by introducing two related but distinct concepts of subsyndromes and symptom clusters. Because behavioral and psychological symptoms of dementia (BPSD) are dynamic temporal phenomenon, this introduces measurement error into aggregate group-level estimates when trying to create subsyndromes. We propose a multilevel analysis to provide a more valid and reliable estimation by separating out variance due to within-person daily fluctuations. Using a multilevel exploratory factor analysis with intensive longitudinal data, we identified distinct and meaningful groups of BPSD. The four factors at the between-person level represented subsyndromes that are based on how BPSD co-occurred among persons with Alzheimer's disease (AD). These subsyndromes are clinically relevant because they share features of established clinical phenomena and may have similar neurobiological etiologies. We also found three within-person factors representing distinct symptom clusters. They are based on how BPSD clustered together on a given day for an individual with AD and related dementias. These clusters may have shared environmental triggers.

Therapeutic Doll Interventions for People Living with Dementia in Care Homes: A Scoping Review.

Doll therapy is a psychosocial intervention that has been commonly used within dementia care for many decades. The practice of doll therapy involves supporting people with dementia to engage with a therapeutic doll and this has been associated with positive changes in a person's wellbeing and behavior. While there have been several systematic reviews that have focused on behavioral outcomes, limited reviews have explored the broader psychosocial outcomes associated with doll therapy in care home settings. A scoping review of the literature was conducted following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis Extension for Scoping Reviews (PRISMA-ScR). Four electronic databases were searched systematically (CINAHL Plus, Medline, PsycINFO, and PubMed). Twelve primary research studies from the past ten years (2013-2023) were included in this review. Primary data were synthesized using a narrative synthesis methodology. The three main themes from this review relate to a reduction in levels of behavioral and psychological symptoms of dementia (BPSD), increased communication skills, and a reduction in caregiver distress. Doll therapy has the potential to be an effective person-centered intervention that can enhance quality of life for people living with dementia in care home settings.

Clinical and Market Analysis of NanoBEO: A Public-Worth, Innovative Therapy for Behavioral and Psychological Symptoms of Dementia (BPSD)-Emerging Evidence and Its Implications for a Health Technology Assessment (HTA) and Decision-Making in National Health Systems.

According to scientific literature, some 99% of patients affected by Alzheimer's disease (AD) suffer from behavioral and psychological symptoms of dementia (BPSD), also known as neuropsychiatric symptoms (NPSs). In particular, agitation is one of the most difficult disorders to treat. States of agitation represent a very serious problem as they make these subjects dangerous for themselves and others and worsen as the disease advances. To date, there are no specific solutions for treating agitation. The only authorized drug is risperidone (as well as brexpiprazole, approved by the FDA on 11 May 2023), which can be used for no longer than 6-12 weeks because it increases the risk of death-owing to cardiocerebrovascular accidents-by 1.6-1.7 times. In order to address the latter noteworthy unmet medical need, NanoBEO was produced. The aim of the present work is to generate the health technology assessment (HTA) of this nanotechnological device. The latter consists of a controlled release system, based on solid lipid nanoparticles loaded with bergamot essential oil (BEO). The results of the present research assessed the current evidence in the field of non-pharmacological treatments for this condition, including relevant primary preclinical and clinical data studies supporting the use of this device and the production of the operative plan for its launch on the market. The findings offer recommendations for decision-making on its implementation in dementia. NanoBEO represents a public-worth innovation in this neglected area, marking a significant advancement in the history of dementia, moving from academic research to product development.