Psychological Privacy Research Articles

Monitored and Cared for at Home? Privacy Concerns When Using Smart Home Health Technologies to Care for Older Persons

Background States and families are facing growing challenges provide adequate care for older persons. Smart home health technologies (SHHTs) in the forms of sensor or robotic devices have been discussed as technical solutions for caregiving. Ethical and social concerns are raised with the use of such technologies for caregiving purposes, a particularly prominent one being privacy. This paper contributes to the literature by distinguishing privacy concerns into both the type of technologies and conceptual dimensions. Methods Data for this paper stem from sixty semi-structured interviews with older persons, informal, and formal caregivers living in the German-speaking regions of Switzerland. All information related to privacy, that were initially inductively coded, were thematically sorted into four dimensions of privacy (physical, psychological, social, and informational) and by the type of technologies studied. Results Participants were especially concerned about privacy intrusions from smart wearables and ambient sensors than robotic technologies, which may be due to the relative lack of familiarity with the latter. Informational privacy was evident in the context of data collection capacities and potential for misuses of data. The installation and implementation of both visual and ambient sensors induced discomfort to their senses of physical space. Alerts of smart wearables and obtrusive sightings of SHHTs garnered worries related to stigmatization and manipulation, indicating intrusions into end-users’ psychological privacy. Little discussions of social dimensions of privacy were evident in the data, even toward robotic technologies for their functions to promote social interactions for older persons. Conclusions This paper is one of the first that use the stratification approach on empirical data to highlight the multi-faceted privacy concerns when technologies may be implemented in elder care. Our paper could thus supports potential end-users in deciding which technologies to use and how to balance different privacy concerns against other values that they may hold important.

Who Needs Privacy? Exploring the Relations Between Need for Privacy and Personality

Privacy is defined as a voluntary withdrawal from society. While everyone needs some degree of privacy, we currently know little about who needs how much. In this study, we explored the relations between the need for privacy and personality. Personality was operationalized using the HEXACO personality inventory. Need for privacy was measured in relation to social, psychological, and physical privacy from other individuals (horizontal privacy); need for privacy from government agencies and companies (vertical privacy); as well as need for informational privacy, anonymity, and general privacy (both horizontal and vertical privacy). A sample of 1,550 respondents representative of the U.S. in terms of age, gender, and ethnicity was collected. The results showed several substantial relationships: More extraverted and more agreeable people needed substantially less privacy. People less fair and less altruistic needed more psychological privacy, social privacy, and anonymity, lending some support to the ‘nothing to hide-argument’. Emotionality and conscientiousness showed varied relations with need for privacy. More conservative respondents needed more privacy from the government.

Psychological Privacy: How Perceptual Publicity Can Support Perceived Publicity

The Interactions website (interactions.acm.org) hosts a stable of bloggers who share insights and observations on HCI, often challenging current practices. Each issue we'll publish selected posts from some of the leading and emerging voices in the field.

Impact of Social Media Behavior on Privacy Information Security Based on Analytic Hierarchy Process

In the era of global social media, Internet users’ privacy rights have been weakened, and the insight and alertness of individuals for privacy disclosure are decreasing. The security and flexibility of the system are usually the two ends of the measurement standard. While more and more users pursue the intelligence and convenience of using social media applications, letting big data technology and AI algorithms learn and use our privacy data cannot be avoided. On the basis of literature review, this paper summarized four categories of social media user behavior, which were divided into privacy concern behavior, privacy protection behavior, active disclosure behavior, and passive participation behavior. Using analytic hierarchy process, this paper explored their relationship with five different types of privacy: defensive privacy, identity authentication privacy, interactive privacy, psychological privacy, and integration information privacy. We finally formulated the most common twelve kinds of sub-internet user behavior on the degree of personal privacy disclosure, and provide users countermeasures to prevent privacy disclosure according to the different influence weights.

Peer Privacy Concerns: Conceptualization and Measurement

Privacy needs on today’s internet differ from the information privacy needs in traditional e-commerce settings due to their focus on interactions among online peers rather than merely transactions with an online vendor. Peer-oriented online interactions have critical implications for an individual’s virtual presence and self-cognition. Yet existing conceptualizations of internet privacy concerns have solely focused on the control of personal information release and on online interactions with online vendors. Drawing on the theory of personal boundaries, this study revisits the theoretical foundation of online privacy and proposes a multidimensional peer-related privacy concern construct, that focuses on privacy violations from online peers. We term this new construct “Peer Privacy Concern” (PrPC) and define it as the general feeling of being unable to maintain functional personal boundaries in online activities as a result of the behavior of online peers. This construct consists of four dimensions comprised of a reconceptualization of information privacy concerns to also reflect privacy concerns with respect to peers’ handling of self-shared information and with respect to peer-shared information about one’s self, and three new dimensions that tap into the arising privacy needs from virtual interactions (i.e., virtual territory privacy concern and communication privacy concern) as well as from the need to maintain psychological independence (i.e., psychological privacy concern). These new dimensions, which are rooted in the theory of personal boundaries, are prominent privacy needs in online social interactions with peers. However, they are absent from previous privacy concern conceptualizations. Scales for measuring this new construct are developed and empirically validated.

Prohibitive factors to the acceptance of Internet of Things (IoT) technology in society: A smart-home context using a resistive modelling approach

With the advent of various Internet of Things (IoT) technologies, smart-homes have become an important application area. However, the low end-user penetration of the smart-home market as of 2021 points out towards the fact that the users are resistant to use home IoT and smart-home solutions. Privacy concerns is an important factor that hinders the smart-home adoption as per existing literatures. Unfortunately, current smart-home literatures have not focused enough on the theoretical aspect of the privacy concern construct per se, what are its various antecedents, and what constitutes the users’ privacy concerns. Consequently, in this work a resistive modelling approach is used focusing on the privacy aspect that hinders the diffusion of IoT-based smart-homes in the society. Innovation Resistance Theory (IRT) and Multidimensional Development Theory (MDT) are used as the theoretical background. Multiple antecedents of privacy concern are considered ranging from individual (user skill), technological to environmental factors (legal & policy aspect). Moreover, privacy concern is treated from three aspects of informational privacy, physical privacy, and psychological privacy. The proposed model is validated and tested using data collected from 463 users residing in Thailand. The differences in privacy perception and its effect on user resistance depending on gender and residence type is also discussed. Results show that the user characteristics of user skill has the highest impact on privacy concern, followed by legal & policy aspect, and technological aspect respectively. Moreover, physical, and psychological privacy are more important than informational privacy concerns. Appropriate theoretical and practical suggestions are provided based on the results.

The Relationship between Fulfilling Privacy Needs and Service Satisfaction in Adolescents with Chronic Illness Conditions in the Inpatient Room

Privacy needs for adolescents with chronic disease conditions are important, including secure information, psychological information, and social privacy. Violations against privacy will bring discomfort, stress, and dissatisfaction. Patients' satisfaction is one of the most important indicators that show the quality of ward services that include the dimensions of tangibility, reliability, responsiveness, assurance, and empathy. This study was conducted to analyze the relationship between the fulfillment of privacy needs and service satisfaction in adolescents with hospitalized chronic conditions. This correlational study was conducted using a cross-sectional approach. Samples were 72 adolescents aged 12-21 years with chronic disease conditions were selected using the consecutive sampling method. Data of this study were collected using questionnaires. Bivariate data analysis was performed using chi-square analysis. The results showed that the most unfulfilled need for privacy security was information privacy (70.8%), followed by psychological privacy (63.9%), physical privacy (58.3%), and the least unfulfilled one was social privacy (51.4%). Respondents were most dissatisfied with the dimension of empathy (87.5%), followed by assurance (84.7%), reliability (83.3%), tangibility (80.6%), and responsiveness (76.4%). This study also confirmed a meaningful relationship between service satisfaction with information privacy (p-value 0.001) and physical privacy (p-value 0.021 0.05). Whereas service satisfaction is associated with neither psychological privacy nor social privacy. The role of nurses is very important in carrying out patient-centered care, especially in meeting the privacy needs to achieve service satisfaction for adolescents with chronic disease conditions.

Социально-психологическая пресыщенность молодежи условиями проживания в мегаполисе: концептуальный подход и результаты исследования

The relevance of the study is associated with the study of viability resources of young city dwellers in the context of growing urbanization processes. The article presents theoretical and empirical research data regarding the problem of operationalization of the phenomenon of social and psychological satiety, which is a psychological state generated by peculiarities of the urban environment. The article presents concept description, gives data on its operationalization, formulates the hypothesis and shows some results of its empirical verification. The purpose of the study is to identify and analyse the interconnection between emotional experiences and preferred coping strategies with the state of satiety with living conditions in a metropolis in a group of young people. The major hypothesis of the study involves an assumption that there is a connection between feelings of satiety caused by the intense influence of the phenomena of the urban environment on the psyche and behavior of respondents, and their preferred methods of coping with the satiety situation. The study involved 159 people aged 19 to 30 years. Research methods: questionnaires developed by the authors and aimed at studying manifestations of social and psychological satiety (T. V. Drobysheva, I. V. Larionov). The questionnaire was used to identify socio-demographic characteristics. It is shown that in the group of respondents the state of socio-psychological satiety with living conditions in a metropolis is experienced as a feeling of apathy, boredom, irritation caused by imposed contacts with strangers, advertising activities of trading companies and overpopulation of the city. These phenomena of urban life are perceived by young people as violating their psychological privacy and making them want, first of all, to leave, to change the environment or activity, to find new forms of leisure or other places to spend their free time. The results found in the work indirectly indicate the protective function of socio-psychological satiety, expressed through the desire of respondents (young city dwellers) to reduce the intensity of negative emotional experiences related to living conditions in a metropolis. The questionnaires developed by the authors in the course of the study are of practical importance for researchers of the urban environment.

Influência da temperatura na maternidade de suínos: revisão bibliográfica

O manejo correto da granja em todas as fases de criação traz resultados positivos, visto que, a prática incorreta traz resultados negativos acarretando perdas na produção. O fato da maioria das fêmeas suínas viverem no sistema intensivo (gaiolas de pequeno espaço) tem sido um tema bastante discutido quando se fala em bem-estar animal. Os suínos criados no sistema confinado, não tem privacidade física ou psicológica, faltando espaço para os transitarem livremente e ficam isolados socialmente envolvidos por um sistema de produção monótono. O animal precisa estar em uma zona de conforto térmico onde ele se sinta bem com o seu meio externo, caso contrário, ele irá entrar em desconforto térmico, levando a uma hipotermia (estresse por frio) ou hipertermia (estresse por calor), tais alterações causam danos sem volta, podendo levar o animal a óbito. Objetiva-se na presente revisão abordar o estresse na maternidade de suínos, expondo melhorias no que se trata de bem estar animal, visto que, o estresse provoca fisiológicas que leva um desequilíbrio da homeostase, acarretando problemas sem volta aos animais, como redução do desempenho zootécnico e/ou problemas reprodutivos, até mesmo óbito.

Explaining Privacy Control on Instagram and Twitter: The Roles of Narcissism and Self-Esteem

A growing body of research examines the relationships between psychological traits and privacy behaviors on Social Networking Sites (SNSs) to understand why users control information about themselves. This study investigates how narcissism and self-esteem can explain tendencies to control privacy on two widely used platforms: Instagram and Twitter. Data from an online survey (n = 510) are analyzed using linear mixed models. The exhibitionism component of narcissism tends to be associated with less privacy control on SNSs, i.e., profiles that are publicly accessible. Conversely, the superiority component of narcissism and self-esteem are associated with more privacy control. Across platforms, as self-esteem increases, the likelihood of having public settings on Instagram is significantly lower than on Twitter. The findings are discussed in the context of the different affordances that the two platforms present users with. The results indicate that privacy behaviors may be tied to relatively stable personality traits, suggesting that even as technologies and social norms with regard to privacy change, behaviors that limit the number of people to which individuals disclose personal information may remain the same.

Internet Addiction of Young Greek Adults: Psychological Aspects and Information Privacy.

The main goal of this study is to examine the Internet addiction status of Greek young adults, aged from 18 to 25, using Young's Internet Addiction Test (IAT) and self-administered questionnaires. In addition this paper assesses the psychological traits of addicted persons per addiction category, using the big five factor model tool to study the user's personality and analyze the components that lead a person to become Internet addicted. Furthermore, we found an association between addicted people and the five factors from the Big Five Factor Model; i.e., extraversion, agreeableness, conscientiousness, neuroticism, openness to experience. Moreover, this paper discusses information privacy awareness issues related to Internet Addiction treatment.

ANALISIS ANCAMAN PHISHING DALAM LAYANAN ONLINE BANKING

The purpose of this study was to determine the factors that cause the emergence of phishing and prevention against phishing threats. Systematic Literature Review methods used to find answers to the research questions by searching for studies related to the threat of phishing in online banking services and perform narrative synthesis on the findings. Minimal knowledge of the user, and the user's psychological privacy of users of social networking services considered as factors that cause phishing. Educating users about the threat of cyber crime, prevention at the level of e-mail, the use of anti-phishing software, and system implementation disposable password in banking services is an effective deterrent to the threat of phishing. Users must have a good knowledge of the threat of crime, especially phishing, and the Bank has the responsibility to provide education related to threats that can harm the user.

ANALISIS ANCAMAN PHISHING DALAM LAYANAN ONLINE BANKING

The purpose of this study was to determine the factors that cause the emergence of phishing and prevention against phishing threats. Systematic Literature Review methods used to find answers to the research questions by searching for studies related to the threat of phishing in online banking services and perform narrative synthesis on the findings. Minimal knowledge of the user, and the user's psychological privacy of users of social networking services considered as factors that cause phishing. Educating users about the threat of cyber crime, prevention at the level of e-mail, the use of anti-phishing software, and system implementation disposable password in banking services is an effective deterrent to the threat of phishing. Users must have a good knowledge of the threat of crime, especially phishing, and the Bank has the responsibility to provide education related to threats that can harm the user.

모바일 폐쇄형 SNS의 지속적 이용의도에 영향을 미치는 요인: 심층인터뷰와 실증분석

Purpose Social Network Service (SNS) users feel fatigue in process of using open type of SNS like Facebook and Twitter. Compared to the open SNS, the closed SNS takes an closed form to prevent privacy exposure, and they are more practical and advantageous to form deeper social relationships. This study attempt to examine the effects of the mobile closed SNS characteristics (such as usefulness, playfulness, perceived security, psychological privacy, social influence, and belonging) on the users' continuous SNS usage intention. Design/methodology/approach This study used a mixed methodology combining in-depth interviews and empirical validation to investigate the effects of the mobile closed SNS characteristics on the continuous SNS usage intention of users. Findings Analytical results from a survey of 210 mobile closed SNS users showed that except perceived security, the effects of the five SNS characteristics on continuous SNS usage intention were significant. These findings contribute to improving the quality of mobile closed SNS services and suggesting SNS related marketing strategies.

Privacy Enhancing Technologies (PETs) and Investment Strategies for a Data Market

This paper analyses cases where data collectors adopt privacy enhancing technologies (PETs) for a data market, and investigates investment strategies for privacy protection technologies. This paper shows the firm has an incentive to invest in privacy enhancing technologies if consumers feel there is a psychological privacy cost. This paper also discusses firm's investment strategies on privacy, and shows that a firm will invest more on privacy protection as the influence of privacy awareness groups and privacy costs increase, and a firm will not invest in privacy protection when privacy breach probability is deemed to be low.

Is the privacy paradox a relic of the past? An in‐depth analysis of privacy attitudes and privacy behaviors

AbstractThe privacy paradox states that online privacy concerns do not sufficiently explain online privacy behaviors on social network sites (SNSs). In this study, it was first asked whether the privacy paradox would still exist when analyzed as in prior research. Second, it was hypothesized that the privacy paradox would disappear when analyzed in a new approach. The new approach featured a multidimensional operationalization of privacy by differentiating between informational, social, and psychological privacy. Next to privacy concerns, also, privacy attitudes and privacy intentions were analyzed. With the aim to improve methodological aspects, all items were designed on the basis of the theory of planned behavior. In an online questionnaire with N = 595 respondents, it was found that online privacy concerns were not significantly related to specific privacy behaviors, such as the frequency or content of disclosures on SNSs (e.g., name, cell‐phone number, or religious views). This demonstrated that the privacy paradox still exists when it is operationalized as in prior research. With regard to the new approach, all hypotheses were confirmed: Results showed both a direct relation and an indirect relation between privacy attitudes and privacy behaviors, the latter mediated by privacy intentions. In addition, also an indirect relation between privacy concerns and privacy behaviors was found, mediated by privacy attitudes and privacy intentions. Therefore, privacy behaviors can be explained sufficiently when using privacy attitudes, privacy concerns, and privacy intentions within the theory of planned behavior. The behaviors of SNS users are not as paradoxical as was once believed. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Factors Influencing Facebook Usage and Facebook Addictive Tendency in University Students: The Role of Online Psychological Privacy and Facebook Usage Motivation.

There are few studies analysing the influence of personal traits and motivation factors on Facebook usage and Facebook addictive tendency as seen in university students. In this study, 225 Taiwanese university students completed a questionnaire to determine their online psychological privacy scale, Facebook usage motivation scale, Facebook usage scale and Facebook addictive tendency scale, in order to evaluate the items that can be conceptualized as the effect of university students' online psychological privacy personal trait and motive factors, and Facebook usage motivation with respect to Facebook usage and Facebook addictive tendency. The study found that a desire for more online psychological privacy correlates with a stronger motivation to use Facebook and more Facebook usage behaviour among university students who may become high-risk groups for Facebook addictive tendency. The study found that a desire for or an acceptance of a lower online psychological privacy correlates with a stronger motivation to use Facebook among university students who may have more Facebook usage behaviour. This study can help understand university students' Facebook usage and Facebook addictive tendency and provide feature indicators for those who may become high-risk groups for Facebook addictive tendency. Finally, this study conducts discussion and proposes relevant suggestions for future study.

Patients' perceptions of privacy and their outcomes in healthcare

The purpose of this study is two-fold: 1) to develop a measurement instrument of patient perceptions of privacy in the healthcare sector; 2) to empirically investigate the outcomes of privacy. Privacy is conceptualised as a multi-dimensional construct consisting of three theoretically independent dimensions: informational, physical, and psychological. A survey instrument was developed and subjected to extensive face validity assessment. The model was tested through a survey of 129 healthcare users in Canada by means of partial least squares. The instrument was found to be reliable and valid. Informational privacy is a key component of the overall privacy perceptions of healthcare users, followed by physical privacy. Psychological privacy has no effect on the overall privacy construct. Privacy has a strong effect on trust, which in turn affects the level of commitment, intentions to use the provider’s services in the future, and engagement in positive word-of-mouth.

Adolescents' Needs for Health Care Privacy

To understand adolescents' preferences for multidimensional aspects of privacy, including psychological, social, and physical, and confidentiality (informational privacy) in the health care setting. Fifty-four adolescents with and without chronic illness participated in 12 focus groups composed of participants of the same age (11-14 or 15-19 years), gender, and health status. Health care preferences, including privacy and confidentiality, were discussed, and themes were determined. On the basis of a literature review, Burgoon's framework best represented participant feedback. The data were categorized as representations of informational, psychological, social, or physical privacy. Maintaining informational privacy (ie, keeping information confidential) was most salient to the adolescents. Younger adolescents were concerned with information being disclosed to others (ie, health care providers), whereas older adolescents worried more about information being disclosed to parents. Other privacy aspects (psychological, social, and physical) also were important. To protect psychological privacy, adolescents were cautious about revealing sensitive information for fear of being judged by providers. To protect social privacy, they were reluctant to talk with unfamiliar or multiple providers, and they did not want to discuss issues they perceived as unrelated to their health care. Adolescents who commented about physical privacy said that they thought about their physical safety during physical examinations, as well as their visibility to others, and said that they were more comfortable when examinations were performed by female rather than male providers. Adolescents value all aspects of privacy. Providers should address not only informational but also psychological, social, and physical privacy to improve the care of adolescent patients.

Floridi’s ontological theory of informational privacy: Some implications and challenges

This essay critically analyzes Luciano Floridi's ontological theory of informational privacy. Organized into two main parts, Part I examines some key foundational components of Floridi's privacy theory and it considers some of the ways in which his framework purports to be superior to alternative theories of informational privacy. Part II poses two specific challenges for Floridi's theory of informational privacy, arguing that an adequate privacy theory should be able to: (i) differentiate informational privacy from other kinds of privacy, including psychological privacy; and (ii) distinguish between descriptive and normative aspects of informational privacy in a way that differentiates a (mere) loss of privacy from a violation of privacy. I argue that Floridi's privacy theory, in its present form, does not explicitly address either challenge. However, I also argue that his ontological theory provides us with a novel way of analyzing the impact that digital technologies have had for informational privacy. I conclude by suggesting that Floridi's privacy framework can be interpreted as containing the elements of a "personality theory of privacy," which would be useful to examine in a separate study.