Psychological Expectations Research Articles

Exploring the Formation, Characteristics, and Impact of Consumer Psychological Expectations on Consumer Behavior in the Chinese Environment

Consumer decision-making is a complex process influenced by numerous factors, among which psychological expectations, as a potential force, play a key role in various consumer activities and have a profound impact on consumer purchasing behavior. This study aims to deeply analyze the formation mechanism, typical characteristics, and specific manifestations of consumer psychological expectations in the Chinese consumer market environment, and explore how these psychological expectations affect purchasing decisions. By revealing the inherent laws of consumer psychological expectations, this article aims to provide strategic guidance for enterprises, helping them improve sales performance and customer satisfaction by effectively managing consumer psychological expectations. The results of this study not only help enterprises to more accurately grasp consumer demand, optimize products and services in fierce market competition, but also provide empirical support for the development of consumer behavior theory, thereby enriching and deepening academic research in related fields.

Analysis of the Causes and Mitigation Paths of Artificial Intelligence Anxiety among Journalism Practitioners

The transformation of news media into intelligent media is in the ascendant, and artificial intelligence (AI) technology has brought news practitioners into the era of intelligent production, but also brought them the psychological worry of AI anxiety. The study analyses the causes of AI anxiety among news practitioners from three aspects: the dissolution of their professional concepts, the prevalence of professional substitution, and the polarisation of professional skill requirements, and proposes a path to alleviate the problem by balancing self-efficacy and psychological expectations through scientific cognition, promoting the human-machine symbiosis model in the field of journalism through multi-party collaboration, and providing special support to improve the protection of news practitioners' profession.

The current status of nurses’ psychological experience as second victims during the reconstruction of the course of event after patient safety incident in China: a mixed study

BackgroundPatient safety incidents are unavoidable and nurses, as parties involved, become second victims due to the incident itself and the way it is handled. In China, reconstructing the course of events is a crucial step in the aftermath of the incident; however, its impact on the emotional well-being of the second victim remains unclear.PurposeThe purpose of this study is to gain insight into the psychological experiences and current conditions of nurses who act as second victims during the process of reconstructing the sequence of events. Additionally, the study aims to provide justifications for supporting these individuals.MethodsAn exploratory mixed research method was adopted to understand the emotional experience of the second victim when reconstructing the passage of the incident through qualitative research. Fourteen nurses with experience as second victims were selected for semi-structured interviews using purposive sampling according to the maximum difference sampling strategy. Through quantitative research, we explored the negative psychology and support needs of the second victims when they reverted to the incident, and a self-developed questionnaire (the Cronbach’s alpha coefficient was 0.895) was used to survey 3,394 nurses with experiences as second victims in 11 tertiary hospitals in Shanxi Province.ResultsIn the qualitative part of the study, the emotional experience of the second victim’s reconstruction of the course of events after a patient safety incident could be categorized into 3 themes: negative views as initial psychological impact, avoidance as part of psychological impact, and expectations and growth in overcoming negative psychological impact. The quantitative part of the study revealed that the emotions of guilt and self-blame accounted for the highest percentage after a patient safety incident. The second victim presented a high score of 39.58 ± 5.45 for support requirements.ConclusionThis study provides a better understanding of the true emotional experiences and the need for support of the second victim in the process of reconstructing the course of events. Following a patient safety incident, nursing administrators and healthcare institutions should consider the adverse psychological effects on the second victim, prioritize their support needs during the incident’s reconstruction, create a positive safety culture, and reduce the risk of secondary victimization for these individuals.

Exploring thermal comfort and pleasure in outdoor shaded spaces: Inspiration for improving thermal index models

Engaging in outdoor activities offers numerous benefits for physical and mental well-being, highlighting the importance of prioritizing outdoor comfort and safety. Shaded spaces are sought after during hot summers due to their lower surface temperatures and improved thermal comfort. This study conducted group walking experiments in both overhead layers and tree-shaded areas to investigate variations in thermal comfort based on different thermal environments and activity levels. The findings reveal significant differences in the thermal environment between the two areas, with tree shading reducing mean radiant temperature by approximately 3 °C and wind speed by about 1 m/s. Regardless of the walking space, the lowest thermal pleasure and comfort are experienced at a speed of 1.80 m/s. Moreover, the study demonstrates that thermal pleasure (Tp) is influenced by both the objective thermal environment and the human body's thermoregulatory mechanisms. It is also affected by subjective psychological expectations, reflecting the combined outcome of metabolic heat production, external thermal stimuli, and psychological emotions. Thus, pedestrians experienced different levels of thermal pleasure based on their walking speeds and the type of shaded space. These findings underscore the importance of integrating physiological and psychological factors into thermal index models to accurately evaluate outdoor thermal comfort conditions. The study contributes to developing improved thermal index models by enhancing their correlation with the perceived thermal sensations and considering the emotional aspect of thermal pleasure. The implications of this research can guide urban planning efforts to provide more comfortable and enjoyable outdoor shaded spaces.

Identification of the most relevant aspects of spinal muscular atrophy (SMA) with impact on the quality of life of SMA patients and their caregivers: the PROfuture project, a qualitative study

BackgroundSMA is a hereditary neuromuscular disease that causes progressive muscle weakness and atrophy. Several studies have shown that the burden of SMA is very high at many levels. Functional assessment tools currently used do not completely address the impact of the disease in patients’ life. The objective of this qualitative study was to identify aspects of SMA that are relevant to patients and to design items useful for assessment purposes.ResultsFive focus group sessions were run during an annual SMA families meeting in Madrid, Spain. Focus groups were composed by parents of SMA type I children, sitter children type II-III, parents of sitter children type II-III, adult patients, and parents of walker children. Two trained facilitators conducted the focus groups using a semi-structured guideline to cover previously agreed topics based on the input of a Scientific and Patient Advisory Committee. The guideline was adapted for the different groups. According to what was communicated by participants, SMA entails a high burden of disease for both patients and their parents. Burden was perceived in physical, psychological, and social areas. Patient’s physical domain was the most relevant for participants, especially for parents of non-ambulant children, followed by limitations of motor scales to capture all changes, parents psychological burden, treatment expectations and patient’s psychological burden. Ten domains were the main areas identified as impacted by the disease: mobility and independence, fatigue and fatigability, infections and hospital consultations, scoliosis and contractures, vulnerability, pain, feeding, time spent in care, breathing, and sleep and rest.ConclusionsThis study confirms the necessity of evaluating other aspects of the disease that are not assessed in the functional motor scale. Measures of other aspects of the disease, such as pain, fatigue, feeding, should be also considered. A patient-reported outcomes instrument measuring such aspects in a valid and reliable way would be very useful. This study generated a list of new items relevant to be systematically measured in the assessment of the impact of SMA on the patients’ everyday life.

Research on Influencing Factors and Strategies of Art Collection Investment Decision

The realm of art collection holds an irreplaceable position in the long-standing cultural heritage, showcasing the taste and status of the holders from ancient nobility to modern high-net-worth individuals. However, with the development of economic globalization, art collection is not merely a symbol of identity, but also a hot investment target sought after by numerous investors. In recent years, the market value of the global art industry has rapidly climbed, making art gradually an essential component of diversified investment portfolios for investors. The development of the art market has sparked widespread attention from various sectors, prompting scholars and companies to explore, through scientific methods and data analysis, how to maximize the investment returns of art collection. However, art differs significantly from other investment tools in the financial market, involving not only the intrinsic value judgment of the art itself but also complex market environments and individual judgment and psychological expectations of investors. Its unpredictability and unique value assessment system make art collection investment more challenging and research-worthy compared to other types of investments.

Research on Vehicle AEB Control Strategy Based on Safety Time–Safety Distance Fusion Algorithm

With the increasing consumer focus on automotive safety, Autonomous Emergency Braking (AEB) systems, recognized as effective active safety technologies for collision avoidance and the mitigation of collision-related injuries, are gaining wider application in the automotive industry. To address the issues of the insufficient working reliability of AEB systems and their unsatisfactory level of accordance with the psychological expectations of drivers, this study proposes an optimized second-order Time to Collision (TTC) safety time algorithm based on the motion state of the preceding vehicle. Additionally, the study introduces a safety distance algorithm derived from an analysis of the braking process of the main vehicle. The safety time algorithm focusing on comfort and the safety distance algorithm focusing on safety are effectively integrated in the time domain and the space domain to obtain the safety time–safety distance fusion algorithm. A MATLAB/Simulink–Carsim joint simulation platform has been established to validate the AEB control strategy in terms of safety, comfort, and system responsiveness. The simulation results show that the proposed safety time–safety distance fusion algorithm consistently achieves complete collision avoidance, indicating a higher safety level for the AEB system. Furthermore, the application of active hierarchical braking minimizes the distance error, at under 0.37 m, which meets psychological expectations of drivers and improves the comfort of the AEB system.

The Impact of Similarity Fusion based Travel Interest Point Recommendation Algorithm in Youth Users’ Study Tours

Study tours for adolescent users are somewhat contemporary and traditional methods, such as questionnaires cannot meet their psychological expectations. To bring a better experience to teenagers’ study tour, a Latent Dirichlet Allocation (LDA) theme model was used to mine teenage users and their interest points, and then the similarity between LDA and the check-in matrix was calculated and fused. Based on this, an RT-CNN model was built for deep feature extraction of review information, and point-of-interest recommendation was performed by fusing similarity, check-in behavior, and geographic location. The RT-CNN model had an accuracy of 92.7%, a recall of 87.1%, a Mean Absolute Error (MAE) value of 4.2%, a Root Mean Square Error (RMSE) of 4.8%, and F1 values of 89.2% and 88.7% in the two datasets. The new model in this experiment has high accuracy in making interest point recommendations and has a good overall performance.

The Impact of the Monetary Policy of the US Federal Reserve on the Ratio of the US Dollar To the Japanese Yen in the Foreign Exchange Market during 2015-2023

The information base of the study is the time series of the daily exchange rate of the currency pair USD/JPY, the US 10-year Treasury bond (TB 10), the Japanese government bond 10-year (JGB 10), the volatility index (VIX) of the Chicago Board Options Exchange (CBOE), which calculated by Bloomberg. Study period: December 1, 2015 (the date the Federal Reserve raised interest rates, which initiated a new regime – began easing its ZIRP zero interest rate policy) to December 29, 2023. The relationship between monetary policy and the currency pair USD/JPY is evaluated using 3 approaches: 1) a rally dynamic system based on the standard theory of nonlinear differential equations aimed at eliminating psychological noise (1/f noise, pink noise, trend noise with spectrum capacity); 2) regression of instrumental variables with heteroskedasticity aimed at managing unobservable sources of variability; 3) an event tracking method to measure anomalous asset price response, analyzing the daily price action of USD/JPY to detect market-related fluctuations in the exchange rate and separate the impact of general market trends from related differences in interest rates. The study found that the US Federal Reserve’s (Fed’s) monetary policy only occasionally affects the USD/JPY exchange rate, and it changes mainly when monetary policy deviates from expected future trajectories. Within the studied period, this happened only 3 times: growth on December 16, 2015; emergency rate reduction due to COVID-19 on March 15, 2020; and the first increase of 75 basis points on June 15, 2022 (the article estimates the impact of each of these episodes on the exchange rate). Statements by the Fed on monetary policy affect the price dynamics of the USD/JPY pair in the short term (since short-term psychological expectations play a decisive role in shaping the dynamics of the currency market), but not often (if the statement on monetary policy is consistent with market forecasts, it is practically will not affect exchange rates). The Fed’s adoption of tools such as “forward guidance” and official statements to inform the future course of monetary policy indirectly affects the price dynamics of USD/JPY. The price action of USD/JPY was driven by the fundamentals of the difference in interest rates between the US and Japanese bonds, which are influenced by the monetary policy of the US Federal Reserve and the Bank of Japan (BoJ). In 2023, it could be hard to attempt to challenge FX intervention except to curb “excess volatility and disorderly movements in exchange rates” like the Minister of Finance’s (MoF) 2022 intervention.

Do incidental positive emotions induce more optimistic expectations of decision outcomes? An empirical study from the perspective of event-related potential.

Previous research has found that incidental emotions of different valences (positive/negative/neutral) influence risky decision-making. However, the mechanism of their influence on psychological expectations of decision outcomes remains unclear. We explored the effects of different incidental emotions on the behavioral, psychological, and electrophysiological responses of individuals in risky decision-making through a money gambling task using a one-way (emotion type: positive, negative, neutral emotions) between-subjects experimental design. Individuals with positive emotions had significantly greater risk-seeking rates than those with negative emotions during the decision selection phase (p<.01). In the feedback stage of decision outcomes, individuals showed stronger perceptions of uncertainty in the decision environment under gain and loss feedback compared with neutral feedback, as evidenced by a more positive P2 component (i.e., the second positive component of an event-related potential). Positive emotions produced greater than expected outcome bias than neutral emotions, as evidenced by a more negative FRN component (i.e., the feedback-related negativity component). Our results suggest that positive emotions increase individuals' psychological expectations of decision outcomes. This study provides new empirical insights to understand the influence of incidental emotions on risky decision outcome expectations.

Modern Ways of Educating Parents of Children with Adhd

The relevance of the study is substantiated by the lack of modern programs of psychological and pedagogical education of parents of children with ADHD, taking into account the psychological characteristics and expectations of modern parents, against the backdrop of a growing number of children with these developmental characteristics who experience significant difficulties in the educational process. The main goal set by the authors is to identify effective modern methods of psychological education of parents of children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, applicable in the context of inclusive education. Methodology. In the course of the study, an analysis of current domestic and foreign scientific publications and scientific and methodological sources was carried out, the method of expert assessments was applied (a survey of specialists of the psychological and pedagogical support service of inclusive schools of the Novosibirsk region and employees of the Regional Center for Diagnostics and Counseling) and a method of studying pedagogical experience (an analysis of programs that are laureates of the “All-Russian competition of the best Psychological and pedagogical programs and technologies in the educational environment” 2021 and 2022 using the methodology of the evidence-based approach). Results. Theoretical analysis and a survey of experts confirmed the relevance of the problem of psychological and pedagogical education of parents, without whose active and competent participation in the organization of educational activities of children with attention deficit and hyperactivity, the efforts of specialists in psychological support of this specific group of children do not give the necessary effect. In addition, difficulties in organizing work with parents are identified and described, and it is shown that specialists face problems when choosing effective methods of education that take into account such features of modern parents as lack of time, orientation to digital sources of information, the need for active dialog interaction with specialists and visual provision of necessary information. It is confirmed that specialists of inclusive educational organizations need additional knowledge about the psychological characteristics of children with ADHD and their parents and in program and methodological materials with proven effectiveness. The results of the analysis of the programs-winners of the All-Russian competition led to conclusions about a clear shortage of program and methodological materials on psychological education of parents of children with ADHD, taking into account, among other things, the psychophysiological characteristics of parents of this group of children. It is shown that so far not all the award-winning programs provided in the register of the best psychological and pedagogical programs of the Federation of Educational Psychologists of the Russian Federation fully meet the criteria of practice with empirically proven effectiveness (evidence-based approach).

The psychosocial beliefs, experiences and expectations of children living with obesity.

Childhood obesity has been shown to impair psychological health. However, psychological factors are often overlooked in both research evaluations and treatment interventions, and children's perspectives on managing obesity are underexplored. Neglecting psychosocial factors might undermine interventions. This research explored the psychological beliefs, expectations and experiences of children living with obesity (range 7-13) and attending a weight management programme (WMP). Thirty-four participants (19 females, 15 males, average age 9.5 years) completed a semistructured interview. Recorded interviews were transcribed verbatim and analysed using thematic analysis. Four overarching themes were developed: (1) defining health and self-recognition; (2) external influence; feedback, stigma and comparison; (3) recognising emotions and (4) future expectations: obesity is a reality. These themes interact to influence the children's psychosocial status. This study highlights a range of psychosocial and emotional difficulties that children living with obesity experience and suggests that these remain regardless of their attendance at a WMP. Interventions for children living with obesity should address psychosocial factors, including stress management, peer victimisation and handling feedback from others. As proposed by the two young people acting as patient and public involvement and engagement representatives, the utilisation of scrapbooks as a preinterview tool was particularly helpful in aiding discussion during the interviews. This innovative approach could be considered a valuable methodological technique for investigating sensitive topics with children in future research.

The Impact of E-commerce and Social Media Personalized Recommendations on Consumer Behavior in the Digital Era from the Perspective of Behavioral Economics

With the digitization of consumption methods, consumers' consumption psychology will also be affected, thereby affecting their final consumption behavior. E-commerce and personalized recommendations on social media in the digital era are two important influencing factors. Therefore, studying how these two factors affect consumers' consumption concepts and behaviors through behavioral economics has theoretical and practical significance. Existing research mostly analyzes consumers' choices when making online purchases from the perspective of behavioral economics, or how a single social media platform affects consumer behavior. This article aims to combine the two and analyze through behavioral economics how shopping platforms and social media platforms affect consumer psychology and thus consumer behavior in the information age. Summarize existing research results to determine how e-commerce shopping platforms and social media affect consumption outcomes, and explain the reasons from a behavioral economics perspective. Qualitative research is conducted through questionnaire data analysis and literature review. From the perspective of behavioral economics, it is found that most people hold a positive attitude towards personalized recommendation systems, but consumers are more interested in the gap between the recommended products and their psychological expectations and the effects it makes to improve shopping efficiency and protect one's privacy. Therefore, these factors have a significant impact on consumer psychology. In order for e-commerce platforms to increase their revenue, they need to improve in these aspects and establish trust with consumers.

Violations of physical and psychological expectations in the human adult brain

Abstract After seeing one solid object apparently passing through another, or a person taking the long route to a destination when a shortcut was available, human adults classify those events as surprising. When tested on these events in violation-of-expectation (VOE) experiments, infants look longer at the same outcomes, relative to similar but expected outcomes. What cognitive processes underlie these judgments from adults, and perhaps infants' sustained attention to these events? As one approach to test this question, we used functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) to scan the brains of human adults (total N = 49, 22 female, mean age of 26 years) while they viewed stimuli that were originally designed to test for physical and psychological expectations in infants. We examined non-mutually exclusive candidates for the processes underlying the VOE effect, including domain-general processes, like visual prediction error and curiosity, and domain-specific processes, like prediction error with respect to distinctively physical and psychological expectations (objects are solid; agents behave rationally). Early visual regions did not distinguish between expected and unexpected events from either domain. By contrast, multiple demand regions, involved in goal-directed attention, responded more to unexpected events in both domains, providing evidence for domain-general goal-directed attention as a mechanism for VOE. Left supramarginal gyrus (LSMG) was engaged during physical prediction and responded preferentially to unexpected events from the physical domain, providing evidence for domain-specific physical prediction error. Thus, in adult brains, violations of physical and psychological expectations involve domain-specific, and domain-general, though not purely visual, computations.

The Impact of Social Media on Propaganda of Peking Opera

Peking Opera, as one of the most precious cultures in China, has been inherited for hundreds of years and used to be an important form of entertainment, but it has declined now. With the development of technology, social media become an indispensable tool in people's lives. The researcher wants to focus on both the positive and negative impact of social media on the propaganda of Peking Opera. The research is conducted through the insight of the relationship between social media and Peking Opera, the influence, and solutions based on existing data and documents. It can be seen that Social Media promotes the spreading of Peking Opera to some extent: it updates Peking Opera's propagating ways to become more interesting and attractive; it changes the performing form to a more acceptable one; It provides a broader online communicating platform for artists. Nevertheless, social media changes people's psychological expectations of entertainment and leads to boredom with art easily. The effective way of helping Peking Opera become popular again is by combining it with modern online elements, using multimedia for education, and changing its performing form with respect to originality.

The Relationship between Psychological Contract and Work Engagement of the Post-95s: Mediation of Psychological Capital and Moderation of Organizational Commitment

The post-95 employees generally enjoy more comfortable material living conditions, have more diverse value needs, and have a stronger sense of autonomy. The purpose of their work is not limited to satisfying or improving their own quality of life, but includes the realization of their professional value, meaning of life and achieving a healthy balance in life and work. This study explored the relationship between psychological contract, psychological capital, organizational commitment and work engagement of the post-95 generation. In this study, the research framework was established and research assumptions were made based upon the expectation theory and the comprehensive theory model. This study employed the method of literature review and questionnaire survey, in which the key informants were 590 post-95 workers. The results of the study found that psychological contract positively affected work engagement; psychological contract positively affected psychological capital; psychological capital positively affected work engagement; and psychological capital played a mediating role between psychological contract and work engagement. The results of the study suggest that the organizations should establish a psychological contract with employees, regularly understand employees' psychological states and expectations, and create an organizational environment that cultivates a positive psychological state atmosphere.

AH Share Price Spread: Investors Sentiment Study

This paper develops a comprehensive index of sentiment differences that can accurately describe the differences in investor sentiment between mainland China and Hong Kong to explain the higher premium of A-shares more than H-shares in the long run from the perspective of market differences in individual investor behavior. The results show that the higher the level of optimism of the A-share market relative to the H-share market, the higher the level of A-H share premium; Research shows that investors are more susceptible to the hazards of emotional elements during the market downturn phase, that emotional differences have an amplifying effect on the explanatory power of AH share premiums, and the higher the institutional share of stocks differences emotional, the more substantial explanatory power on AH share premiums. We should take notice of the critical role of irrational factors in price fluctuations and have certain psychological expectations about the fluctuations of stock prices caused by irrational factors.

STUDY ON CUSTOMER SATISFACTION IN EXPERIENCE MARKETING OF EAST FITNESS CLUB IN WENZHOU

This paper uses a mixed research method. Questionnaire on Wenzhou East issued questionnaire party fitness club 12 fitness club potential customers as the object of investigation, the article on the club to experience the customer using the occasional sampling method, the questionnaire distribution time is mainly concentrated in September-December 2022, each fitness club to issue 50 questionnaires, questionnaires sent to the customer to fill out the questionnaire and then retrieved, a total of 600 questionnaires issued to ensure that the questionnaire effect, the questionnaire issued after the end of the customer fitness experience, the customer experience, the questionnaire is issued to the customer. The customer's satisfaction with the experience effect of Wenzhou East Fitness Club is high and basically meets the customer's psychological expectations, which indicates that the implementation of the experience marketing strategy of Wenzhou East Fitness Club has been realized in all aspects of the customer experience process.

‘천진난만함의 코믹’에 관한 심리학적 연구

This article studies the psychological pleasure provided by the ‘comic of the naive (Das Naiv-Komische)’, focusing on Siegfried Lenz’s 『So zärtlich war Suleyken』. Through the theories of Freud and Lipps, I determine the place that ‘the naive’ occupies in laughter theory and its meaning. Lipps treats ‘the naive’ as a type of the comic and analyzes in depth the ‘comic contrast’ in which the naiv words and actions break down our psychological expectations. Freud also analyzes the ‘comic of the naive’ from the perspective of saving the energy needed to follow the reality principle. This characteristic of the ‘comic of the naive’ is similar to humor and wit. It is the contrast and play between meaninglessness and meaning, and the psychological liberation that arises from this. The naive words and actions of the People in Suleyken, who transcend concepts and common sense but are naive and full of self-affirmation and pride, give us the laughter of liberation.

НРАВСТВЕННО-ПСИХОЛОГИЧЕСКИЙ КЛИМАТ КОЛЛЕКТИВА КАК ОСНОВНОЙ СТЕРЖЕНЬ ОРГАНИЗАЦИОННОЙ ПСИХОЛОГИИ

This article examines the moral and psychological climate of the team as one of the most important elements of organizational psychology. The essence of the concept of moral and psychological climate is clarified, the problems of organizational culture are revealed. It is emphasized that the moral and psychological climate in the work collective combines the interaction of all factors of intra-collective life: the attitude of team members to their professional duties, horizontal and vertical relations in the work collective, as well as the well-being and psychological expectations of all team members, the activities of managers and the style of organizational psychology. The effectiveness of organizational activities depends not only on the optimal realization of the capabilities of individual individuals, but also on the moral and psychological characteristics of the team itself.