Psychological Benefits Of Exercise Research Articles

The sustainability of exercise following colorectal surgery: A qualitative study of participants in the PREPARE-ABC trial

Objective This study aimed to explore perceptions regarding the sustainability of exercise following participation in a pre- and post-colorectal surgery exercise intervention trial (PREPARE-ABC). Design Qualitative interview study. Data were analysed using framework analysis and independently coded by two researchers. Setting Six United Kingdom National Health Service Trusts. Participants Eighteen interviews (hospital-based exercise n = 9, home-based exercise n = 3, standard care n = 6) were conducted with patients 12–15 months after being randomised in the trial, after their 12 month appointment. Intervention Individuals who participated in one of two exercise intervention groups (hospital-supervised or home-supported exercise) or a standard care control group of the PREPARE-ABC trial were invited to interview. Results The exercise interventions were reported to influence participants’ recovery and future sustainability of exercise behaviour change. Several participants continued to engage in exercise over a year after their surgery. Reasons for this included being engaged with exercise prior to diagnosis, psychological benefits of exercise and wanting to be engaged with something to help recovery. Perceptions about the sustainability of active lifestyles were influenced by confidence to engage in structured exercise or physical activity and beliefs about its potential to promote future wellness. Conclusions Sustainability varies among individuals and early assessment of physical activity engagement could be beneficial. Physical activity interventions immediately following surgery may be important for future engagement.

Exercising Safely with the MiniMed™ 780G Automated Insulin Delivery System.

The physical and psychological benefits of exercise are particularly pertinent to people with type 1 diabetes (T1D). The variability in subcutaneous insulin absorption and the delay in offset and onset in glucose lowering action impose limitations, given the rapidly varying insulin requirements with exercise. Simultaneously, there are challenges to glucose monitoring. Consequently, those with T1D are less likely to exercise because of concerns regarding glucose instability. While glucose control with exercise can be enhanced using automated insulin delivery (AID), all commercially available AID systems remain limited by the pharmacokinetics of subcutaneous insulin delivery. Although glycemic responses may vary with exercises of differing intensities and durations, the principles providing the foundation for guidelines include minimization of insulin on board before exercise commencement, judicious and timely carbohydrate supplementation, and when possible, a reduction in insulin delivered in anticipation of planned exercise. There is an increasing body of evidence in support of superior glucose control with AID over manual insulin dosing in people in T1D who wish to exercise. The MiniMed™ 780G AID system varies basal insulin delivery with superimposed automated correction boluses. It incorporates a temporary (elevated glucose) target of 8.3 mmol/L (150 mg/dL) and when it is functioning, the autocorrection boluses are stopped. As the device has recently become commercially available, there are limited data assessing glucose control with the MiniMed™ 780G under exercise conditions. Importantly, when exercise was planned and implemented within consensus guidelines, %time in range and %time below range targets were met. A practical approach to exercising with the device is provided with illustrative case studies. While there are limitations to spontaneity imposed on any AID device due to the pharmacokinetics associated with the subcutaneous delivery of current insulin formulations, the MiniMed™ 780G system provides people with T1D an excellent option for exercising safely if the appropriate strategies are implemented.

Exercise Influence on Self-Concept, Self-Esteem and Academic Performance in Middle-School Children

Studies have highlighted the benefits of regular practice of exercise and a positive contribution in the development of cognitive function. Psychological benefits of exercise have been noticed in the academic performance increasing, the self-trust, the emotional stability, the memory and positive body image and well-being. This study had as main objective to analyse the impact of physical exercise in academic performance of middle-school students of a Portuguese public school. The number of participants consisted of a total of 107 students. Of these 107 students, 55 (51.4%) were males and 52 (48.6%) were female, aged between 10 and 12 years and mean ages =11.19 ± 0.81. A total of 41 children (38.3%) from the fifth grade and 66 children (61.7%) from the sixth grade were randomly selected. For data collection instrument, the scale of Self-concept of Susan Harter validated for the Portuguese population was used, where it was proceeded to a descriptive and inferential statistics data analysis to confront the mean levels of self-concept, in the fields of competence, social competence, athletic competence, physical appearance, behaviour conduct and global self-esteem. Results suggest that the practice of physical exercise for students increases the levels of self-concept, self-esteem and school performance of the students.

"Feeling Good" After Exercise During a Weight Loss Program: Subjective Well-Being in Support of a Hedonic Paradigm.

A large portion of the U.S. population desires to lose weight, but only a small portion maintains a desirable body weight. We examined weight loss success and the psychological benefits of exercise among men and women who were obese and initially sedentary (N = 33). These participants completed anthropometric assessments and psychological inventories before and after graded exercise tests (GXTs) at the beginning and end of their enrollment in a 6-month behavioral weight loss program (BWLP). Participants significantly decreased their body weight, body mass index (BMI), and % body fat; they also increased their aerobic capacity and exercise time. They reported long-term increases in their stage of change, self-efficacy, exercise enjoyment and processes of change. They also reported immediate changes toward more positive affect, as measured with pre-to post-GXTs on both the Profile of Mood States (POMS) and State Anxiety Subscale (A-State) at the beginning and again at end of the BWLP. Mood benefits were reported on the POMS subscales of Tension, Depression, Anger, Vigor, and Confusion. At the end of the BWLP, Fatigue and Confusion continued to improve after a 20-min post-GXT recovery period. Finally, reductions in Depression and Fatigue after the first GXT were correlated with program success, as indicated by decreases in BMI, percent body fat, and body weight. Initial scores on trait enjoyment were associated with decreased BMI and body weight. Psychological benefits of exercise may help individuals who are obese and sedentary change their behavior and exercise perceptions from something they "should do" to something they "want to do." Feeling good during weight loss efforts is an important pathway to change and should be an explicit component goal of BWLPs.

Enjoyment, Affect, And Personality With A Crossfit Workout Of The Day

Psychological benefits of exercise are well known but few studies have examined changes in affect with CrossFit (Dominski et al., 2020). Enjoyment of CrossFit may influence acute changes in affect and be associated with personality. PURPOSE: To examine affect and personality among exercisers who enjoy a CrossFit (CF) Workout of the Day (WOD) more or less than most types of physical activity. METHODS: Exercisers (N = 28) performed the “Cindy” WOD: 20 mins of pull-ups, pushups, and body-weight squats. Personality (NEO-FFI) and enjoyment (PACES-Trait) were measured prior to exercise, and then enjoyment (PACES-State) immediately following exercise. The difference between state and trait enjoyment was used to categorize exercisers as those who enjoyed the CF WOD less (bottom third: n = 9 Non-enjoyers) or more (top third: n = 9 Enjoyers) than their trait enjoyment of physical activity. Affect (Physical Activity Affect Scale) was measured prior to, during, and 0-, 30-, 60-, 120-mins post-exercise. RESULTS: Enjoyers of the CF WOD reported more Neuroticism (16.0 vs. 11.0, p = 0.06) and less Conscientiousness (37.3 vs. 41.4, p = 0.07) than Non-enjoyers. Two-way ANOVAs were performed to examine the effect of enjoyment groups and time on affect. Main effects for Time (p’s < 0.05) were found where Negative Affect and Fatigue increased while Tranquility decreased during exercise. These effects did not return to baseline until at least 30-mins post-exercise. An Enjoyment x Time interaction effect was found for Tranquility (p < 0.05). Non-enjoyers reported a decrease in tranquility that did not return to baseline until 30-mins post-exercise, while enjoyers reported no changes in tranquility during and 0-min post-exercise but then increased levels at 30-, 60-, 120-mins post-exercise. CONCLUSION: Enjoyers of the CF WOD were higher on Neuroticism and lower on Conscientiousness than non-enjoyers. In general, changes in affect seem to reflect a “relief” effect with both groups reporting negative effects during exercise that did not return to baseline until at least 30 minutes post-exercise. The exception to this pattern was for the enjoyers of the CF WOD who reported a delayed positive effect on Tranquility. Exercise practitioners should consider personality and enjoyment when examining psychological effects associated with CrossFit.

Effect of aerobic water exercise during pregnancy on epidural use and pain: A multi-centre, randomised, controlled trial

ObjectiveThe physical and psychological benefits of exercise during pregnancy are well established. However, the impact of exercise on pain during labour and the use of epidural analgesia has been less explored. The main aim of this study was to analyse the effectiveness and safety of moderate aerobic water exercise by pregnant women on the subsequent use of epidural analgesia during labour, induction of labour, mode of delivery, and pain perception. DesignA multi-centre, parallel, randomised, evaluator blinded, controlled trial in a primary care setting. SettingPrimary care centres in a health district of a tertiary obstetric metropolitan hospital in Mallorca, Spain. ParticipantsPregnant women (14 to 20 weeks’ gestation) who had low risk of complications. MethodsThree hundred and twenty pregnant women were randomly assigned to two groups: women who practiced moderate aquatic aerobic exercise with usual antenatal care, and those who received usual prenatal care alone. The gynaecologist, anaesthesiologist and midwife who assisted the women during labour were blinded to group allocations. Principal outcome: use of epidural analgesia during labour. Other outcomes: use of epidural analgesia before 6 cm cervical dilation, labour pain, type of delivery, time of active labour, episiotomy or perineal tear, and induction of labour. ResultsThe exercise program did not affect the use of epidural analgesia (OR = 0.79, 95% CI = 0.44 to 1.40), vaginal delivery (OR = 1.35, 95% CI = 0.73 to 2.41), or caesarean section (OR = 0.94, 95% CI = 0.47 to 1.89). However, women in the exercise group reported less pain during labour (mean difference: –0.6, 95% CI = –1.11 to –0.09). The two groups (moderate aquatic aerobic exercise versus usual antenatal care) showed no significant differences in maternal or newborn adverse events. ConclusionAquatic aerobic exercise during pregnancy had no effect on the use of epidural analgesia during labour, whereas pain perception was lower after aquatic exercise compared to usual care in pregnancy. The intervention was safe for pregnant women and their newborns.

Can We Capitalize on Central Nervous System Plasticity in Young Athletes to Inoculate Against Injury?

There are numerous physical, social, and psychological benefits of exercise, sport and play for youth athletes. However, dynamic activities come with a risk of injury that has yet to be abated, warranting novel therapeutics to promote injury-resistance and to keep an active lifestyle throughout the lifespan. The purpose of the present manuscript was to summarize the extant literature and potential connecting framework regarding youth brain development and neuroplasticity associated with musculoskeletal injury. This review provides the foundation for our proposed framework that utilizes the OPTIMAL (Optimizing Performance Through Intrinsic Motivation and Attention for Learning) theory of motor learning to elicit desirable biomechanical adaptations to support injury prevention (injury risk reduction), rehabilitation strategies, and exercise performance for youth physical activity and play across all facets of sport (Prevention Rehabilitation Exercise Play; PREP). We conclude that both young male and females are ripe for OPTIMAL PREP strategies that promote desirable movement mechanics by leveraging a unique time window for which their heightened state of central nervous system plasticity is capable of enhanced adaptation through novel therapeutic interventions.

Naltrexone, Opioid Antagonist, Decreases Left Ventricular Function At Rest And Following Acute Exercise In Mice.

Naltrexone (NTX) is an opioid receptor blocker which can be prescribed for weight loss. To augment the effects of NTX on weight reduction, exercise (EX) is recommended as an adjacent therapy. There is prior evidence that NTX may interfere with the psychological benefits of EX. Despite a working knowledge of how NTX influences the psychological dynamics of EX investigations into how opioid receptor blockade may alter left ventricular function (LVF) following EX is lacking. PURPOSE: To determine the effect of NTX on LVF following EX in a rodent model. METHODS: Male 8 wk C57-BL6 mice were divided into 4 groups: control (CON), exercise (EX), naltrexone (NTX), exercise with naltrexone (EX+NTX). Mice that underwent EX performed 50 mins of forced swimming following a week of familiarization. NTX or saline was given (i.p.;4 mg/kg), 15 min prior to EX or 65 min prior to echocardiography (ECHO). Mice were anesthetized using isoflurane (4-5% for induction; 0.5-2.0% for maintenance of anesthesia). Fur was removed from the anesthetized animal with nair and echo gel was applied. LVF was assessed by ECHO using a VisualSonics Vevo 2100 ultrasound. LV internal dimensions (LVID) were measured in systole and diastole using Vevo 2100 for calculations. LV systolic function was estimated from LV dimensions by the cubed method. Results were quantified using a one-way ANOVA with a Tukey Post-HOC. RESULTS: Heart rate was elevated (p<0.05) in the EX group when compared to CON (CON = 275 ± 12 vs. EX = 360 ± 30 bpm; n=8-9). This effect was abolished with the addition of NTX (EX vs. EX-NTX = 275 ± 36 BPM). Stroke volume (SV), was reduced in the NTX group compared to CON and EX (p<0.05), exercise mediated increase in SV was attenuated with pre-treatment of NTX (CON 128.8±15.0, EX 147.4±7.5, EX+NTX 14.3±17.7, NTX 76.9±19.0 ml; n=7-8). Cardiac output was reduced in NTX group when compared to EX and CON (p <0.05), NTX+EX was also lower (p<0.05) than the EX group (CON 35.4 ± 4.3, EX 52.5 ± 2.5, EX+NTX 29.4 ±6.5, NTX 19.2 ± 4.5 L/min; n=7-8). CONCLUSION: To our knowledge, this is the first study to examine the effects of NTX on LVF following acute exercise in a mouse model. These data suggest that NTX diminishes LVF following exercise. Being that exercise is a frontline therapy for weight loss the addition of NTX may alter LVF and ultimately negatively affect exercise recovery.

Developing the Turkish version of the exercise benefits/barriers for the elderly scale

Abstract Objective The aim of this study was develop the Turkish version of the exercise benefits and barriers scale for elderly people. Methods The study was carried out with the methodological research design with a total of N = 300 individuals living in a nursing home (n = 134) and applying to the Family Health Center (n = 131) between October 2017 and May 2018. The study included subjects aged 65 years and older who had no dementia, communication or physical disability. The item pool of the scale consisted of 36 items. Items were structured in five-likert form. Expert opinions of eleven individuals were received for Content Validity Index (CVI). The data of the study were collected with 26-question socio-demographic characteristics form, the Mini Mental Test and the Exercise Benefits/Barriers Scale for the Elderly (EBBSE). Approval and consents were obtained from the relevant Ethics Committee, from the healthcare facility and participants. For the validity and reliability; CVI, exploratory factor analysis (EFA), confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) Hotelling’s T2, paired sample t test have been carried out. Results The mean age of the subjects was 72.44±5.94 years. Scale’s CVI was 90. The factor analysis demonstrated that the scale included three sub-dimensions of 18 items in Physical and Psychological Benefits of Exercise, 2 items in Social Benefits of Exercise and 8 items inExercise Barriers accounting for 55.36 % of the total variance of the scale. Cronbach Alpha internal consistency coefficients of the scale was .84. All of the four fit indices obtained in the CFA had desirable magnitudes (RMR=.05;RMSEA=,07;NFI=.81;CFI=.87), indicating a good fit between the model and the data. The item total score correlations ranged from .40 to .69. The scale’s test-retest correlation was .99. Conclusions EBBSE is a valid and reliable scale that can be used to evaluate benefits and barriers perceptions in physical activity practices. Key messages Developed EBBSE can be used to determine the perceptions of exercise for elderly. Developed EBBSE can be used to change barrier perceptions of exercise.

A narrative exploration of the evolving perception of exercise among people with multiple sclerosis

ABSTRACTThere are numerous physical, social and psychological benefits of exercise for persons with multiple sclerosis (MS), yet fewer than 20% of this population engage in sufficient amounts of exercise for health benefits. This low rate of exercise engagement may be associated with a lack of understanding regarding how persons with MS perceive exercise, and its meanings in the context of their lived experiences. This research explored how perceptions of exercise evolved over the course of living with MS. We conducted a structural narrative analysis on the testimonies of 50 individuals with MS, focusing on perceptions of exercise from pre-diagnosis through onset and diagnosis to future experiences with the illness. Two narratives were crafted reflecting the different evolutions of perceptions of exercise over time. The first, ‘the continuous exerciser’, reflected the experiences of individuals who continued exercise regardless of their MS diagnosis. The second, ‘the long-term non-exerciser’, reflected the experiences regarding individuals who were inactive over a prolonged period including before and after their diagnosis. The intersection of age, however, changed the meaning of exercise for older participants resulting in this behaviour becoming an important part of their lives. The crafting of these narratives sheds light on how and why perceptions of exercise may change over time, and provides a greater appreciation of the cultural, social and personal resources that shape perceptions of exercise. Future studies and interventions may be designed with a greater awareness of the meaning persons with MS ascribe to exercise over the span of living with MS.

Motive- and appearance awareness-based explanations for body (dis)satisfaction following exercise in daily life.

Although exercise is typically found to improve body satisfaction, this effect may be reduced or even reversed for trait body-dissatisfied individuals. The reasons for this remain unclear. This study tested the possibility that these effects are due to appearance-related motives and/or increased appearance awareness post-exercise. Participants included 178 women who completed baseline measures of trait body dissatisfaction, and then completed an experience sampling phase in which they self-reported state body satisfaction and appearance awareness levels, and recent exercise experiences at six time-points daily for 10days. Trait body-dissatisfied individuals were more likely to exercise for appearance-related reasons, and experienced less of an increase in state body satisfaction post-exercise. Appearance-motivated exercise also increased appearance awareness. After controlling for appearance motives, the moderating effect of trait body dissatisfaction on the exercise-state body satisfaction relationship reduced to non-significance. Collectively, the present findings offer some support for both motive- and appearance awareness-based explanations for the reduced benefits of exercise on body satisfaction exhibited in individuals with trait body dissatisfaction. Targeting the reasons for exercise and what one focuses on during exercise may be viable ways to overcome potential negative impacts of exercise on body image for these individuals. Statement of contribution What is already known on this subject? While the physical and psychological benefits of exercise are well established, recent findings suggest that these benefits for body satisfaction may be reduced (and possibly reversed) for individuals with elevated trait body dissatisfaction. The reasons for this moderating effect remain unclear. What does this study add? Trait body-dissatisfied individuals more often engaged in exercise for appearance-related reasons. Appearance motives for exercise are associated with smaller body satisfaction gains post-exercise. Reduced body satisfaction was also linked to increased appearance awareness post-exercise.

Peut-on pratiquer le sport avec un défibrillateur ?

Why? The potential risks of sport for an ICD recipient include appropriate and inappropriate shocks, device damage and worsening of the underlying cardiopathy. These risks should be compared to the physical and psychological benefits of exercise. Where? Due to different medico-legal contexts and considering the results of recent studies, the new US guidelines are more permissive than the European guidelines regarding sport practice in ICD recipients. Who? The underlying context (structural or electrical cardiopathy, psychological impact) should be assessed before any decision is taken. What sport? The intensity and duration of the exercise, the environment, the type of sport (bodily contact sports or compromising the costoclavicular area) and the potential consequences for the patient or the spectators of a possible loss of consciousness must to be anticipated. How? The patient's information on the consequences of the ICD on his subsequent physical activity must be delivered before the device implantation. In addition, the type and programming of the ICD must be personalized according to the sport. When? The patient should wait at least 6 weeks after ICD implantation to return to leisure sport and after an exercise test has been performed. After a ventricular arrhythmia, the patient must wait 3 months before returning to sport.

Within-Person Relationships Between Recreational Running and Psychological Well-Being.

Participants in the study were recreational runners (N = 244) who maintained online diaries. Once a week for approximately 3months they indicated how far they had run each day that week, and at the end of the week, they provided measures of their psychological well-being. A series of multilevel modeling analyses (weeks nested within persons) found that well-being, measured in terms of self-esteem, life satisfaction, self-efficacy, meaning in life, and affect, was positively related to how many days people ran each week and how far they ran each week. Satisfaction with one's progress mediated relationships between well-being and the amount of running, suggesting that increases in running lead to increases in satisfaction with progress, which lead to increased well-being. These results complement and extend existing research on the psychological benefits of exercise.

Exercise Dependence – The Role of Perfectionism and Disordered Eating

Despite the physical and psychological benefits of exercise, recent evidence has been gathered on the downsides of this healthy habit in the form of exercise dependence. Exercise dependence is an uncontrolled urge for exercising and satisfying that urge becomes the ultimate goal in everyday life and, consequently leads to the loss of beneficial effects of exercise. This study contains validation of the Exercise Dependence Scale (Hausenblas & Symon Downs, 2002b) used for the first time on a Croatian sample for measuring exercise dependence symptoms. In an online conducted research 281 women participated, mean age of 22 years (SD = 2.70). The aim of this study was to examine the contribution of perfectionism and disordered eating in explaining exercise dependence symptoms. The conducted analyses identified personal standards, doubt about actions, and dieting as significant individual predictors for exercise dependence. More precisely, participants with higher personal standards, more doubts about their actions, and those who often engage in dieting tend to experience more exercise dependence symptoms. Perfectionism dimensions and disordered eating aspects explained 23% of the exercise dependence variance.

Attitudes to Exercise and Diabetes in Young People with Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus: A Qualitative Analysis.

AimsTo investigate young people’s attitudes to, and understanding of, physical activity on glycaemic control in Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus.MethodsFour focus groups with 11–14 and 15–16 year olds were conducted with twelve young people with Type 1 Diabetes, from within a larger study investigating physical activity and fitness. Qualitative analysis of the focus group data was performed using Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis.ResultsFour superordinate themes were identified: Benefits of Exercise, Knowledge and Understanding, Information and Training and “You can do anything”. Young people felt that exercising helped them to manage their diabetes and had a beneficial psychological and physical impact on their bodies. They reported a lack of knowledge and understanding about diabetes among school staff and other young people. The overwhelming sense from young people was that although diabetes impacts upon their lives, with preparation, physical activity can take place as normal.ConclusionsWhilst young people had an awareness of the physical and psychological benefits of exercise in managing their diabetes, they experienced difficulties at school. Professional support and discussions with young people, giving tailored strategies for managing Type 1 Diabetes during exercise are needed. Healthcare teams should ensure that the support and educational needs of school staff are met. Providing more opportunities to empower young people to take on the responsibility for their Type 1 Diabetes care is merited. Young people felt diabetes did not stop them from participating in activities; it is simply a part of them that needs managing throughout life.

Non‐Participation: How Age Influences Inactive Women's Views of Exercise

Physical activity studies have often excluded women, resulting in limited information regarding the influences on women's non‐participation. The present study aimed to explore the exercise views and cognitions of inactive adult women. Forty women aged 25–75 took part in the focus groups. Themes that emerged from the interviews included merits of exercise, thoughts and feelings, knowledge, barriers, and strategies. Results indicated that inactivity is due to a variety of culminating factors; health‐promotion strategies need to specifically target different age groups. These strategies include increasing awareness of the social and psychological benefits of exercise, exercise as a supplement to activities of daily living, changing the perception of what constitutes exercise, and representing exercisers as a variety of ages and body shapes.

Motivators for uptake and maintenance of exercise: perceptions of long-term stroke survivors and implications for design of exercise programmes

Purpose: Exercise-after-stroke programmes are increasingly being provided to encourage more physical exercise among stroke survivors, but little is known about what motivates people with stroke to participate in them. This research aimed to identify factors that motivate long-term stroke survivors to exercise, and the implications for programme design. Methods: In two separate studies, focus groups and individual interviews were used to investigate the views of long-term stroke survivors on exercise and participating in exercise programmes. Their data were analysed thematically, and the findings of the studies were synthesised. Results: Eleven stroke survivors and two partners took part in two focus groups; six other stroke survivors (one with a partner) were interviewed individually. Factors reported to influence motivation were the psychological benefits of exercise, a desire to move away from a medicalised approach to exercise, beliefs about stroke recovery, and on-going support to sustain commitment. A number of potential implications of these themes for exercise programme design were identified. Conclusions: A range of personal beliefs and attitudes and external factors may affect the motivation to exercise, and these vary between individuals. Addressing these factors in the design of exercise programmes for long-term stroke survivors may enhance their appeal and so encourage greater engagement in exercise.Implications for RehabilitationExercise programmes may be more attractive to long-term stroke survivors if the psychological well-being benefits of participation are emphasised in their promotion.Some participants will be more attracted by programmes that are de-medicalised, for example, by being located away from clinical settings, and led by or involving suitably-trained non-clinicians.Programmes offered in different formats may attract stroke survivors with different beliefs about the value of exercise in stroke recovery.Programmes should provide explicit support strategies for on-going engagement in exercise.

Nonelite exercise‐related injuries: Participant reported frequency, management and perceptions of their consequences

This mixed methods study explored the frequency of sport/exercise-related injuries in nonelite sport, participant-reported management and perceptions of potential injury consequences. Focus group participants, who trained two to four times a week and had previously sustained musculoskeletal sports-related injuries, reported seeking medical advice secondary to advice from teammates or online research. General practitioners were viewed as gatekeepers to specialist secondary care and less able to effectively treat sport-related injuries. Participants displayed limited awareness of potential future implications of injury, and considered physical and psychological benefits of exercise more valuable than potential injury-associated risks. In the survey of physically active people, over half reported sustaining an exercise-related injury (562/1002, 56%). Previously injured respondents were less likely to consider consulting a health professional for injury-related advice than those with no injury history (45% vs 64%; P < 0.001) and more likely to continue exercising despite injury (51% vs 37%; P < 0.001). Concerns about injuries largely related to short-term issues; only 32% were concerned about possible long-term joint problems including osteoarthritis. Exercise-related injury was common in nonelite exercise participants. There was some dissatisfaction with care pathways for sports-related injuries and a lack of awareness about appropriate injury management and potential consequences of injury, particularly in the long-term.

The academic and psychological benefits of exercise in healthy children and adolescents

This review examines the psychological benefits exercise is connected to in healthy children and adolescents. Studies on the effect of exercise on academic performance, self-esteem, emotions, and mood were examined. Academic performance is found to be maintained when normal academic classes are reduced and replaced by an increase in exercise, physical activity, or physical education. Exercise seems to have a positive effect on several aspects of cognition and self-esteem in healthy children and adolescents. A positive connection between exercise and emotions and moods in children is found in the few studies that have been conducted.

The Role of Exercise in Reducing Childhood and Adolescent PTSD, Anxiety, and Depression

The authors review the role of physical exercise in reducing childhood and adolescent posttraumatic stress disorder, anxiety, and depression. A good deal of the existing research on the influence of exercise in reducing negative emotional states and enhancing perceptions of self-efficacy has been conducted with adult samples. Comparatively few empirical studies that target children and adolescents have been done; however, those that have been conducted support the efficacy of exercise, particularly aerobic exercise, in reducing negative emotional states. The authors review a number of explanations for these beneficial effects. Although no explanatory position has received universal support, the psychological benefits of exercise appear to be compelling. The use of exercise programs in schools can be beneficial to children's physical health and valuable to emotional health.