Psychoeducational Approach Research Articles

Enhancing the Role of Posyandu Cadres in Early Detection and Support for High-Risk Pregnant Women through a Psychoeducation Approach

Introduction: High-risk pregnancies are a major cause of maternal morbidity and mortality, both on a global and national scale. Tuminting Public Health Center, which is a partner in the Community Partnership Empowerment activities, has a significant number of patients with high-risk pregnancies. This indicates an urgent need for the care of high-risk pregnant women. Pregnant women with high-risk pregnancies require priority and continuous care, including early screening/detection, monitoring, and support. However, a situation analysis at the partner site has identified several issues, including: 1) Posyandu cadres are not actively involved in supporting high-risk pregnant women, resulting in these women not receiving appropriate healthcare for their pregnancy conditions. 2) Health promotion media for high-risk pregnant women is limited, preventing these women from receiving accurate health information tailored to their condition. The objectives of these activities are to enhance the role of cadres in supporting high-risk pregnant women and to improve the availability of health promotion media as a support tool for cadres in their role. Methods: To address these issues, the proposers offer the following solutions: 1) Training on early detection, monitoring, and support for posyandu cadres using a psychoeducational approach.2) Training on the use of digital media for health promotion for high-risk pregnant women for cadres. Results: This training was attended by 37 cadres at Tuminting Public Health Center. Participants' knowledge levels were evaluated before and after the activity. The evaluation of these activities showed a p-value of 0.000, indicating that there was a difference in the knowledge of the training participants before and after the training. Conclusion: Training activities with a psychoeducational approach can improve the knowledge of cadres, enabling them to enhance their role in early detection and support for high-risk pregnant women.

Evaluation of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention's Essentials for Parenting Toddlers and Preschoolers on parent behavioral outcomes

BackgroundThe Centers for Disease Control and Prevention's web-based behavioral parent training (BPT) program, Essentials for Parenting Toddlers and Preschoolers (EfP), uses a psychoeducational approach to promote positive parenting and address common parenting challenges. The purpose of this study was to assess the effects of EfP on parenting behavior and whether implementation format impacted behavioral outcomes. MethodsA sample of 200 parents of 2- to 4-year-old children were recruited via Internet advertising. Using a repeated single subject, multiple baseline design, parents were randomly assigned to guided navigation (GN; n = 100) or unguided navigation (UN; n = 100) study conditions. Parents were provided secure access to the EfP website and completed 18 weekly surveys. Latent growth curve modeling was used to determine intervention effectiveness on behavioral outcomes. ResultsLatent growth curve modeling indicated both GN and UN study conditions significantly increased use of praise (β = 0.19, p = 0.038) and commands and consequences (β = 0.17, p < 0.001), and decreased corporal punishment use (β = −0.01, p = 0.017) and attitudes promoting corporal punishment (β = −0.01, p < 0.001) over the study period. The UN condition exhibited a significant initial decrease in time-out use that increased over time to match the GN condition. ConclusionsThis study provides evidence for the effectiveness of EfP in promoting non-violent parenting behavior and increasing positive parenting techniques. The format of EfP implementation made no difference in parenting behaviors over time. Digital BPT programs like EfP provide access to evidence-informed parenting resources and can enhance positive parenting.

The TIPS family psychoeducational group work approach in first episode psychosis and related disorders: 25 years of experiences.

The aim of this paper is to present 25 years of clinical experience with family psychoeducation (FPE) work at Stavanger University Hospital in Norway, highlighting the lessons learned in overcoming implementation barriers in publicly funded specialized mental health care. This retrospective analysis reviews the integration and sustainability of FPE work within the hospital's standard treatment protocols for psychosis, tracing its origins from the Early Treatment and Intervention in Psychosis (TIPS) study (1997-2000) to its current application. The paper examines key strategies for successful implementation, including staff training and resource allocation, as emphasized by international research. Stavanger University Hospital has successfully implemented and maintained both multi- and single-family FPE approaches over the past 25 years. Initially part of the TIPS study, FPE has been integrated into routine clinical practice for treating psychosis and has recently been extended to families of patients with other severe mental disorders. The sustained success at Stavanger University Hospital is attributed to consistent staff training and the prioritization of sufficient resource allocation. The successful and sustainable integration of FPE at Stavanger University Hospital is relatively unique. International guidelines recommend FPE for psychosis, but its implementation remains inconsistent globally, despite over 50 years of supporting evidence. The hospital's experience underscores the critical role of continuous training and dedicated resources in embedding FPE into regular clinical practice. These findings suggest that addressing these areas can significantly enhance the uptake of FPE in other clinical settings. The 25-year experience at Stavanger University Hospital demonstrates that with appropriate training and resources, FPE can be successfully integrated and sustained within standard mental health care practices. This case study provides valuable insights for other institutions aiming to implement FPE and improve treatment outcomes for patients with severe mental disorders.

Types and mechanisms of idiographic change during guided self-help for anxiety.

To compare idiographic change during two formats of guided self-help (GSH); cognitive-behavioural therapy guided self-help (CBT-GSH) and cognitive analytic therapy guided self-help (CAT-GSH). Qualitative inductive thematic analysis. Semi-structured interviews with N=17 participants with a reliable change outcome on the GAD-7 after completing GSH for anxiety. Changes were categorised and themes extracted. No differences between CAT-GSH and CBT-GSH were found regarding types of change reported. The five overarching themes found were personal qualities of success, enlightenment through understanding, specific tools and techniques, changes to relationships and tailoring support. Four themes maximally differentiated between the two different types of GSH; CAT-GSH enabled relational insight and change whilst CBT-GSH enabled better understanding of anxiety, new coping techniques and supportive relationships. Both common and model-specific factors contribute to patient change during GSH. Whilst all forms of GSH are grounded in the psychoeducational approach, separate theoretical foundations and associated methods facilitate different types of ideographic change.

Trait Mindfulness and Social Support Predict Lower Perceived Stress Burden in Patients Undergoing Radiation Therapy

Purpose/ObjectivesCancer diagnosis and treatment, including radiation therapy (RT), cause significant patient stress. Mindfulness and social support have been shown to help manage the psychological effects of cancer treatment. The objective of our study was to determine the sociodemographic and clinical factors associated with stress burden in patients undergoing RT. Materials/MethodsPatients undergoing RT for cancer at a single institution were given 3 surveys to complete at the beginning of on-treatment visit. The surveys included the Perceived Stress Scale (PSS), Medical Outcomes Study Social Support Survey (MOS), and Mindfulness Attention Awareness Scale (MAAS), which were used to measure stress, social support, and trait mindfulness, respectively. Linear regression analysis was performed to determine associations between perceived stress and age, patient sex, race and ethnicity, treatment intent, disease site, trait mindfulness, and social support. Factors significant on univariable analysis were analyzed with a multivariable analysis. ResultsA total of 93 patients completed 279 surveys during treatment at a tertiary care academic institution from July to September 2019. Median scores for PSS, MOS, and MAAS were 14.6 (range: 0-31, SD: 6.9), 4.2 (range: 0-5, SD: 1.0), and 5.1 (range: 3.1-6.0, SD: 0.8), respectively. On univariable analysis, mindfulness and social support were associated with decreased stress burden, and female sex and palliative intent were associated with increased stress burden. These factors all maintained significance on multivariable analysis. ConclusionThese results suggest measures to improve mindfulness and perceived social support, such as mindfulness meditation and psychoeducational approaches, may lessen the stress burden and improve quality of life for patients undergoing RT. Future studies should analyze the longitudinal impact of individual patient characteristics, including patient sex and treatment intent, to better understand their effects on psychological maladjustment during cancer care

Gratitude Predicts Meaning in Life in Family Caregivers of Persons with Alzheimer's Disease.

Gratitude is a well-known and researched internal positive psychological resource. Empirical data, however, on the association between gratitude, meaning in life, and burden in family caregivers of persons with Alzheimer's disease is scant. The aims of this study were to (1) investigate the relationships among these variables in a sample of family caregivers of persons with Alzheimer's; and (2) determine if gratitude mediates the effects of perceived burden on meaning in life in this population. One-hundred and twenty-six adult family caregivers, most of whom were an intimate partner or adult child of a person with Alzheimer's, completed the Gratitude Questionnaire-Six Item, the Meaning in Life Questionnaire, the Zarit Burden Inventory, and other relevant measures. A series of OLS regression models, guided by the caregiver stress process model, were conducted. These analyses demonstrated that gratitude was a predictor of the presence of meaning in life among the caregivers in this study even when other key variables were considered. Furthermore, analyses revealed that gratitude fully mediated the effects of caregiver burden on the presence of meaning in life in this sample. Thus, clinicians should consider gratitude as an important internal resource for cultivating meaning in life in this population, especially when caregiver burden is present. Gratitude-bolstering clinical interventions should be further developed and tested as both stand-alone and complimentary additions to empirically supported psychoeducational approaches for supporting health and well-being in this population.

L’électroconvulsivothérapie, toute une (psycho)éducation !

BackgroundElectroconvulsive therapy (ECT) remains an essential, yet often stigmatized, treatment in psychiatry. Addressing this issue, our study introduces and evaluates a psychoeducational intervention aimed at demystifying ECT for patients and their caregivers, using the QuAKE (Questionnaire on Attitudes and Knowledge of ECT). MethodsThis psychoeducational approach was designed for individuals indicated for ECT and their caregivers. The session's effectiveness was gauged by comparing pre- and post-intervention QuAKE scores. Statistical significance was determined using paired Student t-test. ResultsThe study included 20 participants, with caregivers constituting 90% of the sample. The intervention led to a statistically significant increase in knowledge (mean increase of 7.55 points, p<0.001) and a notable decrease in stigmatizing attitudes (mean decrease of 9 points, p<0.001) towards ECT, as measured by the QuAKE scales. DiscussionThe significant improvements in both knowledge and attitudes underline the potential benefits of incorporating psychoeducational interventions into ECT treatment protocols. Future research should further explore the role of such interventions in the broader treatment pathway, enhancing patient and caregiver understanding and acceptance of ECT.

Midwife-led psycho-education intervention to reduce childbirth fear: a quasi-experimental study.

This quasi-experimental study aimed to assess the impact of a midwife-led psycho-education intervention on reducing fear of childbirth (FOC) and perceived stress (PS) in pregnant women. The present study involved 96 pregnant women. The intervention group received three 30-45 min telephone sessions using 'BELIEF' (Birth Emotion-Looking to Improve Expectant Fear) psycho-education approach. The outcomes were assessed using questionnaires on childbirth attitudes and PS. Data analysis was performed using Stata version 17. In the intervention group, the mean score for FOC decreased from 39.41 ± 7.02 to 29.91 ± 5.60 (9.5; 24.1%). The mean difference (MD) of 28.22% was statistically significant (adjusted MD: -10.51, 95% CI: -11.60, -9.41, P < 0.001). In the intervention group, mean scores for PS decreased from 22.77 ± 6.94 to 18.23 ± 5.69 (4.54; 19.93%). In the control group, scores increased from 22.68 ± 6.76 to 24.82 ± 6.58 (2.14; 9.43%). The 29.36% MD was statistically significant (aMD: -6.95, 95% CI: -8.73, -5.18, P<0.001). The findings of this study indicate that the midwife-led psycho-education intervention, utilizing the 'BELIEF' protocol over the telephone, has a significant effect on reducing FOC and PS, as well as increasing the preference for vaginal birth.

Impact of a private sector residential early parenting program on clinically significant postnatal depressive symptoms experienced by women: Audit of routinely collected data.

Early parenting services in Australia offer brief structured residential programs to address moderate to severe non-psychotic mental health problems among women and unsettled infant/toddler behaviours. The aims were to (1) estimate the immediate and medium-term impact of a five-night psychoeducational residential early parenting program on postpartum depressive symptoms and (2) identify the factors associated with improvement or worsening of postpartum depressive symptoms after completing the program and six weeks post-discharge. Audit of routinely collected medical record data from pre-admission, pre-discharge and post-discharge assessments of a consecutive cohort of women admitted, with their infants/toddlers in a 15-month period to Masada Private Hospital Early Parenting Centre. Data included structured questions assessing: demographic characteristics, access to family and social support, past and current mental health problems, reproductive and obstetric health, chronic health conditions, breastfeeding problems, coincidental major life events, health risk behaviours and infant/toddler feeding, sleeping and crying behaviours. Standardised instruments included the Partner Interaction after Birth Scale (PIBS), the MacLean Screening Instrument for Borderline Personality Disorder (MSI-BPD), Modified Fatigue Assessment Scale (FAS) and selected items from the Karitane Parenting Confidence Scale. The primary outcomes were Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale scores at pre-discharge and follow up assessments. Data were analysed using multinomial logistic regression models in which individual and psychosocial characteristics at pre-admission were included as predictors of the likelihood of the changes of the outcomes from pre-admission to pre-discharge and follow up. Complete data from 1220 of 1290 (95%) eligible women were available to assess pre-admission to pre-discharge and from 559 (45.8%) to assess pre-discharge to six-week follow-up changes. The mean pre-admission EPDS score was 11.7 (95% CI: 11.5; 12.0), pre-discharge it was 7.1 (95% CI: 6.9; 7.4) and at six-week follow up it was 5.7 (95% CI: 5.3; 6.1). We found that almost all women experienced a clinically meaningful and rapid improvement in depressive symptoms of at least this magnitude (reduction in mean EPDS scores of 4.6 points from pre-admission to pre-discharge (five nights) and a further reduction of 1.2 points pre-discharge to follow up) (six weeks) and we identified an interpretable set of risk factors for symptoms that did not improve or worsened. The adverse outcomes were associated with having symptoms of borderline personality disorder, a partner experienced as lacking kindness and care, coincidental adverse events and having a child younger than six months. Residential early parenting programs, which take a psycho-educational approach to strengthening caregiving skills, maximising agency, and reducing helplessness, have a rapid beneficial effect on women's postpartum depressive symptoms. These programs provide a valuable and effective component of comprehensive mental health services. Long-term dialectical behaviour therapy is indicated for women with borderline personality disorder traits for whom early parenting programs alone are insufficient to improve depressive symptoms.

Psycho-Educational Program sebagai Strategi Peningkatan Partisipasi Lansia pada Program Prolanis di Puskesmas Tamalanrea Makassar

In Indonesia, the elderly with chronic illnesses have a relatively high percentage. According to the Basic Health Research (Riskesdas) results in 2018, data indicates an increase in non-communicable diseases such as diabetes, hypertension, and stroke among the elderly. The aging process in the elderly leads to a decline in physiological body functions, resulting in the emergence of non-communicable diseases in old age. The purpose of this community service activity is to enhance the knowledge of the elderly about chronic diseases (hypertension and type II diabetes) through a psycho-educational approach. The educational methods employed include lectures, counseling, and discussions. This activity took place on Friday, September 8, 2023, and was attended by 32 elderly individuals at the Tamalanrea Community Health Center who participated voluntarily. Based on observations, the majority of the elderly demonstrated good knowledge about chronic diseases after the question-and-answer sessions and discussions between the speakers and participants. It is hoped that through this activity, the community, especially the elderly, will gain a better understanding of chronic diseases (hypertension and type II diabetes), leading to behavioral changes and improved capabilities in identifying and preventing chronic illnesses in the future.

Evaluation of a web-based information platform on youth depression and mental health in parents of adolescents with a history of depression

Research shows the important role of parents’ mental health literacy in detecting depressive symptoms and supporting their children to seek professional help. Improving mental health literacy in parents has recently gained even greater importance due to the negative impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on children and adolescents’ mental health. The aim of the present experimental pre-post-follow-up study was to examine knowledge change after the reception of contents from an innovative web-based platform (www.ich-bin-alles.de/eltern) containing evidence-based information on youth depression and mental health in parents of adolescents with a history of depression. A second aim was to assess evaluation of the layout and the acceptance of the platform. N = 33 parents of adolescents with a history of depression (either current or remitted depression) were presented different content domains of the website. Participants’ knowledge about depression was assessed at pre- and post-intervention, and at a four week follow-up. Moreover, parents evaluated the acceptance and the layout of the website. The trial was preregistered at clinicaltrials.gov (NCT05335564). The results showed a significant increase in total knowledge from pre to post, which remained stable over the course of four weeks. Explorative analyses showed that sociodemographic variables did not influence the extent of knowledge gain. Acceptance rates were high and evaluations of the website’s layout were positive. The findings show that the web-based information portal is a promising and appealing means to increase parental knowledge on youth depression. Low-threshold psychoeducational approaches like websites are particularly relevant in times of crisis and increased prevalence rates of depressive symptoms and disorders (ehealth). These results are an important basis for future studies as well as approaches that aim to impart knowledge about mental disorders like youth depression via web-based means. Furthermore, they bear implications for policy decisions concerning mental health education and campaigns.

A Delphi consensus among experts on assessment and treatment of disruptive mood dysregulation disorder.

The aim of this study was to explore consensus among clinicians and researchers on how to assess and treat Disruptive Mood Dysregulation Disorder (DMDD). The Delphi method was used to organize data collected from an initial sample of 23 child psychiatrists and psychologists. Three rounds of closed/open questions were needed to achieve the objective. Fifteen experts in the field completed the whole study. Finally, 122 proposals were validated and 5 were rejected. Globally, consensus was more easily reached on items regarding assessment than on those regarding treatment. Specifically, experts agreed that intensity, frequency, and impact of DMDD symptoms needed to be measured across settings, including with parents, siblings, peers, and teachers. While a low level of consensus emerged regarding optimal pharmacological treatment, the use of psychoeducation, behavior-focused therapies (e.g., dialectical behavior therapy, chain analysis, exposure, relaxation), and systemic approaches (parent management training, family therapy, parent-child interaction therapy) met with a high degree of consensus. This study presents recommendations that reached a certain degree of consensus among researchers and clinicians regarding the assessment and treatment of youths with DMDD. These findings may be useful to clinicians working with this population and to researchers since they also highlight non-consensual areas that need to be further investigated.

An exploration of anomia rehabilitation in drug-resistant temporal lobe epilepsy

Around 40% of patients who undergo a left temporal lobe epilepsy (LTLE) surgery suffer from anomia (word-finding difficulties), a condition that negatively impacts quality of life. Despite these observations, language rehabilitation is still understudied in LTLE. We assessed the effect of a four-week rehabilitation on four drug-resistant LTLE patients after their surgery. The anomia rehabilitation was based on cognitive descriptions of word finding deficits in LTLE. Its primary ingredients were psycholinguistic tasks and a psychoeducation approach to help patients cope with daily communication issues. We repeatedly assessed naming skills for trained and untrained words, before and during the therapy using an A-B design with follow-up and replication. Subjective anomia complaint and standardized language assessments were also collected. We demonstrated the effectiveness of the rehabilitation program for trained words despite the persistence of seizures. Furthermore, encouraging results were observed for untrained items. Variable changes in anomia complaint were observed. One patient who conducted the protocol as self-rehabilitation responded similarly to the others, despite the different manner of intervention. These results open promising avenues for helping epileptic patients suffering from anomia. For example, this post-operative program could easily be adapted to be conducted preoperatively.

The Time Management of Secondary School Students: Qualitative Analysis Via Psychoeducational Group Counseling Approach

The Time Management of Secondary School Students: Qualitative Analysis Via Psychoeducational Group Counseling Approach

Association between illness perception and medication adherence in patients with diabetes mellitus in North Shoa, Zone: cross-sectional study.

Although the impact of illness perception on medication adherence is well-established, its specific influence on medication adherence in Ethiopia remains unclear. Consequently, the objective of this study was to examine the association between illness perception and medication adherence among patients with diabetes mellitus in the North Shoa Zone. An institution-based cross-sectional study was conducted from 24 May to 25 June 2022 in the North Shoa zone. The study included a random sample of 552 individuals with diabetes from four public hospitals. Data was collected and entered into Epi Data V.3.1, and analysis was performed using SPSS version 22. Descriptive statistics were used to summarize continuous variables as means with standard deviations, while categorical variables were presented as percentages. The study variables were analyzed using binary logistic regression models to assess the associations between illness perception and medication adherence. In the bivariable analysis, variables with p-values less than 0.20 were entered into a multivariable logistic regression model. Associations with a p-value ≤0.05 and an odds ratio with a 95% confidence interval were considered statistically significant. The study results revealed that medication adherence was 64.4% (95% CI: 60.1, 67.9), while illness perception was 54.7% (95% CI, 41.2, 49.4). There was a significant and strong association between illness perception and medication adherence (p < 0.0001). In the adjusted model, the illness perception components of consequence showed a significant association with medication adherence (AOR = 3.10, 95% CI: 2.11, 4.55). Similarly, personal control (AOR = 1.77, 95% CI: 1.20, 2.61) and emotional representation of diabetes (AOR = 2.26, 95% CI: 1.54, 3.32) were also significantly associated with medication adherence in patients with diabetes. The findings of this study indicate a positive association between higher illness perception and increased medication adherence and practice. Therefore, when engaging in discussions about diabetic self-management, diabetes educators should employ psychoeducational approaches that take into account the illness perceptions of patients.

Prevalence of Examination Anxiety among Undergraduates: Implications for Counselling

The paper examined the prevalence of examination anxiety among undergraduates and its implications for counselling. The study employed a cross-sectional survey design in which 368 students were sampled from a population of 8,989 (male 60.6%; female 39.4%) undergraduates at Federal University Gusau (FUGUS) following a stratified random sampling technique. Data were obtained via an instrument called the University Examination Anxiety Scale (UEAS) whose reliability coefficient of 0.699 was estimated through the Cronbach Alpha statistic. Five null hypotheses were tested with t-test and Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) at 0.05 significance. Findings from the study revealed a significant prevalence of examination anxiety among undergraduates. Whereas the prevalence of examination anxiety did not differ with respect to gender, age group, and students-faculty, a significant difference was however established among the various levels of the undergraduate programme in the university. The implication of these findings for counselling is that the tension induced by test anxiety needs to be reduced to enable the students concentrate on their examination. This could be achieved by employing biofeedback and psycho-education approaches. The study recommends among others that counsellors should empower undergraduate students with simple strategies to reduce examination anxiety such as mindfulness techniques and simple deep breathing exercises.

Penyuluhan Pendidikan Seksualitas dan Gaya Berpacaran Sehat pada Remaja

&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;There are many cases of pregnancy outside of marriage in adolescents due to lack of parental supervision, lack of knowledge about sex, and the consequences of unhealthy dating styles. This is also related to the stages of adolescent development, which is why there is a need for sex education from an early age. Furthermore, the need for exposure to knowledge about love adolescents to avoid the increasing number of pregnancies at an early age. This service activity aims to educate adolescents about romance, sexuality, and dating styles involving 187 students at SMA Charitas, namely 61 class X participants, 63 class XI participants, and 63 class XII participants. This service uses a psychoeducational approach. &lt;/em&gt;&lt;em&gt;The result of this activity is a discussion about the development of adolescents, who are often trapped in free sex or free marriage. This is due to the existence of two influencing factors, external and internal. Internal factors are factors that originate within the teenager himself, such as knowledge, attitude toward sexuality, self-control, lifestyle, social activity, age, and religion/spirituality. External factors originate from outside the adolescent, such as family relationships, social media exposure, values, social culture, and norms that serve as social support for adolescent behavior. Thus, through this activity, participants are expected to acquire knowledge and avoid behaviors that could ruin their lives in the future&lt;/em&gt;&lt;em&gt;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

Комплексный подход в сопровождении ребенка с расстройством аутистического спектра на примере клинического случая

&lt;p style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Objectives. &lt;/strong&gt;The effects of the psycho-educational work in autism spectrum disorders (ASD) in preschool children is largely associated with timely comprehensive diagnostics. Present article aims to expound the possibilities of a mul&amp;shy;tidisciplinary diagnostical and psycho-educational approach using the analysis of a clinical case of a child with ASD as an example.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Methods&lt;/strong&gt;. Explored the clinical case of a 3 years 10 months old child with the registered ICD-10 DS F84.0 (Child&amp;shy;hood Autism). The child underwent a comprehensive developmental diagnostics and follow-up psycho-educational training sessions with a multidisciplinary team of specialists: a neuropsychologist, special teacher, speech therapist, ABA-therapist. Developmental diagnostics was attained using such methods as adapted Lurian neuropsychological tests, VB-MAPP and social skills assessment.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Results&lt;/strong&gt;. After the psycho-educational course child showed improvements in the following domains: communication, daily living skills, social interaction and cognitive functioning. Three factors influencing effects of work were identi&amp;shy;fied: a multidisciplinary approach to diagnosis and training; regularity and continuity of sessions until sustainable results are achieved (in case of severe disorders &amp;mdash; permanent work); using of various methods and tools for habilita&amp;shy;tion within the general psycho-educational framework.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Conclusions&lt;/strong&gt;. The complex diagnostics approach is relevant at all stages of psycho-educational work in order to indi&amp;shy;vidualize the programs used in accordance with the current level of development of the child. The authors suggest that the applied behavior analysis techniques can be integrated into the program of complex psycho-educational work.&lt;/p&gt;

Psycho-educational approaches regarding the organization of educational activities in the context of nonformal education

From the theoretical and praxeological perspective, non-formal education represents an important dimension of permanent education and an integral part of lifelong learning. This article analyzes the concept and characteristics of non-formal education and presents the psycho-pedagogical approaches related to the organization of educational activities in the context of non-formal education. The pedagogical approaches of non-formal education refer to the system of theories represented by the theory of cooperative learning, the humanistic theory of personality and the learner-centered approach of education, which provide theoretical directions for the efficient organization of extracurricular and extra-scholar activities. Non-formal education is also based on psychological theories such as behaviorist theory, constructivist theory, socio-cognitive theory approached in an integralist and postmodern vision.

Recommendations for treatmenf of unipolar depressive disorder

Depression is a common mental disorder with a high burden of disease worldwide and requires effective treatment. On behalf of the General Advisory Council for Psychiatry, clinical recommendations were formed to help clinicians make decisions to improve the treatment of patients with unipolar depressive disorder; several international guidelines served as the basis for developing these recommendations. In terms of therapeutic approaches, pharmacological treatment is discussed with additional recommendations on the management of a partial response to treatment and treatment resistance. Psychotherapy, psychoeducation, and other psychosocial approaches represent non-pharmacological interventions for the treatment of depressive disorder. Biological methods for treating depression include non-invasive brain stimulation methods. The second part of the recommendations addresses special populations: children and adolescents, the elderly, and the treatment of depression in the perinatal period.