Psychiatric Disorders In Iran Research Articles

Relationship between Toxoplasma gondii infection and psychiatric disorders in Iran: A systematic review with meta-analysis.

Toxoplasma gondii, a ubiquitous parasitic protozoan, may be an important cause of neurological and psychiatric diseases. The present systematic review and meta-analysis, therefore, was conducted to investigate the scientific evidence regarding the potential association between T. gondii infection and psychiatric disorders in Iran. We systematically reviewed articles from world-wide databases, including PubMed, Scopus, Science Direct, Web of Science, Google Scholar, and Iranian national databases up to July 30th, 2021. The Newcastle Ottawa Scale (NOS) was used to assess the quality of included studies. The common odds ratio (OR) was estimated using inverse variance and a random-effects model. Heterogeneity was assessed using the χ2-based Cochrane test (Q) and the I2 index. Also, sensitivity analyses and publication bias were calculated. Moreover, subgroup analysis was performed based on the type of disorder and quality score of different eligible studies. 16 studies were included in this meta-analysis. Our meta-analyses found that the OR of the risk of anti- T. gondii IgG and IgM in psychiatric patients compared to the control group was 1.56 (95% CI; 1.23-1.99) and 1.76 (95% CI: 1.19-2.61), respectively. Subgroup analysis based on the type of disorder showed that the OR of the risk of anti- T. gondii IgG in Iranian schizophrenia patients and other psychiatric disorders compared to the control group were 1.50 (95% CI; 1.09-2.07) and 2.03 (95% CI: 1.14-3.60), respectively, which are statistically significant. Also, the OR of the risk of anti- T. gondii IgM in Iranian schizophrenia and depression patients compared to the control group was 1.54 (95% CI; 0.9-2.64) and 1.03 (95% CI: 0.2-5.24), respectively, which are not statistically significant. Additionally, subgroup analysis based on quality scores showed no significant influence on the results according to the moderate quality studies. However, this association was significant according to the high quality studies. The obtained results of Egger's test were 1.5 (95% CI; -0.62-3.73, P = 0.15) and 0.47 (95% CI; -0.82-1.76, P = 0.45), respectively, indicating publication bias. The significant results of the heterogeneity analysis confirmed a high level of heterogeneity in the IgG test (P = 0.000, I2 = 66.6%). However, no significant results from the test of heterogeneity were detected in the IgM test (P = 0.15, I2 = 27.5%). The results of the sensitivity analysis showed that the impact of each study on the meta-analysis was not significant on overall estimates. Despite the limited number of studies, these outcomes supported a possible link between T. gondii infection and psychiatric disorders in Iran. However, more high-quality investigations are needed in the future.

Mental Health System Responsiveness during COVID-19 in People with Pre-Existing Psychiatric Disorders: Experiences from Iran.

Mental health system responsiveness (MHSR) is one of the important indicators in measuring the performance of mental health systems. Recognizing this function can be effective in responding appropriately to the needs of People with Pre-Existing Psychiatric Disorders (PPEPD). This study aimed to investigate MHSR during the COVID-19 period in PPEPD in Iran. Using stratified random sampling, 142 PPEPD who were admitted to a Psychiatric Hospital in Iran one year before the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic were recruited for this cross-sectional study. Participants completed a demographic and clinical characteristics questionnaire as well as a Mental Health System Responsiveness Questionnaire through telephone interviews. The results show that the indicators of prompt attention, autonomy, and access to care were reported as the worst-performing and the confidentiality indicator as the best-performing. The type of insurance affected the access to care and the quality of basic amenities. MHSR has been reported to be poor in Iran in general and this problem worsened during the COVID-19 pandemic. Considering the prevalence of psychiatric disorders in Iran and the degree of disability of these disorders, structural and functional changes are needed for adequate MHSR.

Social Capital of Parents of Children and Adolescents and Its Relation to Psychiatric Disorders; A Population-Based Study.

Social capital is a complex concept that is considered an effective factor in the development of societies. Considering the importance of burdens of psychiatric disorders in Iran, we studied the relationship between various dimensions of social capital of parents of children and adolescents and psychiatric disorders among them. In this cross-sectional study, 18,940 parents of children and adolescents aged 6 to 18years old were randomly selected from all provinces of Iran and were evaluated by the Millon clinical multiaxial inventory-III (MCMI-III) and a modified version of Nahapiet and Ghoshal questionnaire. MCMI-III was designed as a self-report tool for investigating psychiatric clinical disorders and personality traits in the general population. Modified Nahapiet and ghoshal questionnaire has 20 items and measures four components of social capital included trust, values, communication, and collaboration. Validity and reliability of both questionnaires have been approved in Iran. In the regression model, the relationship between social capital components and clinical and sever clinical syndromes, in the form of regression weight and standard weight for trust was -0.558 and -0.062 with p value less than 0.0001, and for values was -0.466 and -0.057, respectively, with p value less than 0.0001. There was a reverse correlation between social capital components of parents of children and adolescents and psychiatric disorders in Iran. In regression statistical models, the two components of values and trust were negative predictors of psychiatric disorders. Considering the high prevalence of psychiatric disorders in Iran, it seems that the strengthening of cognitive and structural aspects of social capital of parents of children and adolescents is one of the effective factors in reducing the prevalence of these disorders among them.

Prevalence of Psychiatric Disorders in Iran: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis.

The prevalence of mental disorders in Iran is rising for many reasons including the population growth and its problems, the collapse of the family foundation, the economic problems, etc. Epidemiological studies of psychiatric disorders play an important role in determining the general mental health of the population and policy-making and future planning of service delivery. To identify the relevant studies, two authors independently searched different scholarly databases including Embase, PubMed/MEDLINE, ISI/Web of Science (WOS), Scopus, Psych INFO, and Iranian databases such as MagIran, SID, IranPsych, and Irandoc from 1st January 2007 up to 1st July 2018. The gray literature (through Google Scholar) was also mined. Studies written in English or in the Persian language were searched. After searching the databases and removing duplicates cases, a total of 10 studies were selected and included in the study, which reported a total of 14 prevalence rates. There were a total of 72,262 participants, of whom 32,925 were male and 39,337 were female. The prevalence of psychiatric disorders in studies which used screening tool was 31.03% (95% confidence interval: 25.99–36.07). The prevalence was 25.42% in studies which used clinical interviews (95% CI: 15.96–34.88). There is an undeniable fact that the prevalence of mental disorders in Iran has been increasing, and this could be a warning to policy-makers and health system managers. Hence, it is necessary to pay attention to this issue to maintain social capital, vitality, and efficiency of individuals and society as a whole.

An epidemiological survey of psychiatric disorders in Iran: Kermanshah.

There is no population based study about prevalence of psychiatric conditions in Kermanshah. A screening study reported the rate of 39.1% for psychiatric disorders. This is the second phase of a larger study. From those with a positive screening, 15% were randomly selected and interviewed face-to-face at home by trained clinical psychologists with Farsi version of the structured clinical interview for DSM-IV (SCID) I and II. The original sample was 2102 participants, from those 319 individuals were interviewed. Only 15 participants (4.7% of the positively screened sample) had a negative result. Major depressive disorder (8.3%), generalized anxiety disorder (4.7%), obsessive compulsive disorder (4.6%) and obsessive compulsive personality disorder (3.3%) were the most common disorders diagnosed within this sample. This population based study gives prevalence rates for psychiatric disorders in Kermanshah for the first time. Results can be the basis for health care policy makers and further studies.

Province-level Prevalence of Psychiatric Disorders: Application of Small-Area Methodology to the Iranian Mental Health Survey (IranMHS)

Objective: National surveys revealed a high prevalence of psychiatric disorders in Iran. Province-level estimates are needed to manage the resources and focus on preventive efforts more efficiently. The objective of this study was to provide province-level estimates of psychiatric disorders. Method : In this study, Iranian Mental Health Survey (IranMHS) data (n = 7886) was used to produce province-level prevalence estimates of any psychiatric disorders among 15-64 year old males and females. Psychiatric disorders were diagnosed based on structured diagnostic interview of the Persian version of Composite International Diagnostic Interview (CIDI, version, 2.1). The Hierarchical Bayesian (HB) random effect model was used to calculate the estimates. The mental health status of half of the participants was also measured using a 28-item general health questionnaire (GHQ). Results: A wide variation in the prevalence of psychiatric disorders was found among 31 provinces of Iran. The direct estimates ranged from 3.6% to 62.6%, while the HB estimates ranged from 12.6% to 36.5%. The provincial prevalence among men ranged from 11.9% to 34.5%, while it ranged from 18.4% to 38.8% among women. The Pearson correlation coefficient between HB estimates and GHQ scores was 0.73. Conclusion: The Bayesian small area estimation provides estimation with improved precision at local levels. Detecting high-priority communities with small-area approach could lead to a better distribution of limited facilities and more effective mental health interventions.

The Association between Parents’ Lifestyles and Common Psychiatry Disorders in Children and Adolescents: A Population-Based Study

Background: Family habits and the lifestyle of parents play an important role in the mental and social health of children. Objectives: Given the high prevalence of psychiatric disorders in Iran and the lack of information on the factors associated with these disorders, it is necessary to study the relationship between the lifestyle of parents with common psychiatric disorders in children and adolescents. Methods: The present analytical cross-sectional study was undertaken from 2016 to 2017. A total of 1,022 children and adolescents aged 6 - 18 in Ilam, Iran, were enrolled in the study. The participants were selected throughmulti-stage cluster sampling from urban and rural areas of the city. Data on children were collected by using a semi-structured interview with the Kiddie-SADS-Present and Lifetime Version (K-SADS-PL) Questionnaire, and the Life Style Questionnaire (LSQ). Using IBM-SPSS software V. 24, the chi-squared test, Student’s t-test, and multivariable logistic regression model were used to analyze the data. Results: There was a significant association between the mental health of parents with separation anxiety disorder (SAD) (adjusted odds ratio aOR = 0.86, P value P = 0.01). In addition, significant association was found between physical health (aOR = 1.17, P = 0.04), disease prevention (aOR = 1.22, P = 0.04), spiritual health (aOR = 0.83, P = 0.04), and avoidance of drugs, alcohol, and opiates (aOR = 0.87, P = 0.004) with obsessive-compulsive disorder. Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder with sports and fitness (aOR = 0.82, P = 0.01), social health (aOR = 1.33, P = 0.007), and social phobia with spiritual health (aOR = 0.76, P = 0.04) showed a statistically significant association. Conclusions: This study supports the hypothesis that the lifestyle of parents is an important determinant in the mental health of children. © 2018, Author(s).

The Study of Fear Comminication and its Compare in Tehran Islamic

communication is associated with fear of negative evaluation, decreased social activities and low self-esteem.Fear of communication is the fourth most prevalent psychiatric disorders in Iran, as elsewhere, is highlyprevalent among adolescents. Since communication apprehension have a significant negative impact onstudents' performance detection, diagnosis and early intervention t can be helpful. The aim of this study wasto determine the Fear of communication among medical and nursing students of Islamic Azad University ofMedical Sciences, Tehra, Irann.Method and materials: This study was a descriptive comparative study .The sample of the study consisted of500 students of Islamic Azad University, Tehran Medical Branch participated. Participants were included inthe study by cluster sampling method. Half of the students were sophomores and the other half were thirdyearstudents in the Faculty of Medicine and Nursing. Data were collected by a questionnaire which consistedof demographic information, and (PRCA) 24, a twenty-four statements concerning feelings aboutcommunication with others.Results: Most of the participants in the second year, were medical students and most of the third yearstudents were nursing students. The results showed that the most prevalent fear in second year and third yearstudents associated with frightening situations (group discussion, presentation, interpersonal, publicspeaking) .The scores of fear of communication were higher in second year students comparing to third yearstudents. Remarkably, a significant relationship between demographic characteristics such as the field ofeducation, occupation, marital status, parental education, parental occupation and family size were obtained inboth groups (P< 0.05).Conclusion: There is a need for early identification of the disorder providing information and education forstudents and their parents.Keywords: Fear of communication, communication apprehension, Nursing students, Medical students.

Twelve-month prevalence and correlates of psychiatric disorders in Iran: the Iranian Mental Health Survey, 2011.

No national information is available on the epidemiology of psychiatric disorders in Iran for the last decade. To estimate the 12-month prevalence of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition (DSM-IV) psychiatric disorders in Iranian population, and to investigate the severity and correlates of psychiatric disorders. The Iranian Mental Health Survey (IranMHS) was a nationally representative face-to-face household survey with a multistage, cluster sampling design that was carried out in 2011. A total of 7886 community dwelling residents aged 15-64 were recruited. 12-month diagnoses of DSM-IV psychiatric disorders including mood, anxiety, and substance use disorders were assessed using a validated Persian translation of the Composite International Diagnostic Interview (CIDI; version 2.1). The Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV Axis I disorders (SCID-I) was administered by a psychiatrist on subjects screened positive for the presence of a psychotic disorder. The severity of psychiatric disorders was determined using criteria that included markers for disability, particular diagnoses and suicide attempts. The response rate was 86.2%. The 12-month weighted prevalence of "any psychiatric disorder" was 23.6% [95% confidence interval (CI): 22.4-24.8] with 26.5% of women and 20.8% of men having one or more psychiatric disorders. The most common category of psychiatric disorders was any anxiety disorder (15.6%) and the most prevalent particular disorder was major depressive disorder (12.7%), followed by generalized anxiety disorder (5.2%) and obsessive-compulsive disorder (5.1%). A 12-month psychotic disorder was observed in 0.5% of the population (95% CI: 0.33-0.66). Almost two-thirds (63.8%) of individuals with a mental disorder had moderate or serious illness. Unemployment, being widowed/divorced and urban living were associated with a greater likelihood of 12-month disorders; while, higher socioeconomic status and having a university degree were associated with a lower likelihood. The high prevalence of psychiatric disorders, particularly major depression, merits further attention in the country's mental health policy and program planning.

2526 – Cultural understanding of stigma: a qualitative study in families of patients with severe psychiatric disorders in iran

Introduction The Stigmatization of psychiatric patients has been observed across the world, and the family members who care for them are the first-hand witnesses of any discriminatory attitudes. Little is known about how the problem manifests differently across cultures. Aims Study the cultural differences of the experience of stigma in families of patients in Iran. Methods The qualitative data obtained was based on the responses of 20 families to 10 open-ended questions about stigma. The effect of stigma was rated by two coders with high inter-rater reliability. The rating ranged from “no effect” to “severe effect” of stigma. Results In 40% of the interviews, family members reported that stigma had had a moderate effect on their lives. The content analysis of the data developed some various categories that showed the caregivers’ perceptions of stigma. Main categories included: concealment (unsupported network, blame for causing the illness, embarrassment); limitations (work, education, relation with other); genetic attribution (tainted other family members via genetic connection with patients); traditional beliefs in society about patient (patients seen as weak and unworthy people); God's wish, burden (burden because of covering and burden of caring) and the importance of gender differences in the stigma of the illness. Conclusions Patients with psychiatric disorder and their families suffer from stigma with a broad range of negative attributes which may interfere with various aspects of their lives. Concealment and limitations are common experiences in families. Gender differences and God's wish conception are specifically related to cultural factors.

AN EPIDEMIOLOGIC STUDY OF 389 CHILDREN WITH EPILEPSY IN SOUTHERN IRAN

AN EPIDEMIOLOGIC STUDY OF 389 CHILDREN WITH EPILEPSY IN SOUTHERN IRAN

Psychiatric Comorbidity Differences in Clinic-Referred Children and Adolescents With ADHD According to the Subtypes and Gender

There are controversial or even opposite findings about gender and prevalence of comorbid psychiatric disorders among different subtypes of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). The participants were children with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder. Gender, subtype of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder, and the interaction effects were evaluated by logistic regression. Of the 171 children, 73 (42.7%) were of the combined subtype, 45 (26.3%) inattentive, and 52 (31.0%) were hyperactive/impulsive. The prevalence of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder subtypes was not different between genders. There was no significant difference of gender by subtype interaction effects on the children's age. This study does not provide evidence supporting attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder subtypes as distinct clinical entities in terms of comorbidity. Association of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder subtypes and psychiatric disorders in Iran is somehow different from that in some studies conducted in the Western culture. It is more similar to that of other Asian countries.

P03-104 Regional survey of demographical and epidemiological of geriatric psychiatric disorders in Iran

Objectives:Today, about 10% of the world population are older than 65 and even it is about 30% in some of society. According to growing of population in the word and in Iran and also high prevalence of psychiatric disorders in this group, demographic and epidemiological studies are necessary.Methods:From 1422 subjects 59 years or older, who were live in Ekbatan district of Tehran, 313 subjects were chosen randomly. Finally 204 subjects were enrolled and completed the questionnaires of GDS-15, GHQ and CES-D. from study sample, 104 subjects were selected randomly and interviewed by CIDI to validate psychiatric disorders.Results:According to our study, 53.4% of subjects were women and 46.6% of them were male and 63% of the population were between 60-75. the life time prevalence for all psychiatric disorders were 35% and the period prevalence were 17.5%. 25.2% of subjects had only one psychiatric disorder and 6.8% and 2.9% of them had two and three or more psychiatric disorders, respectively. the most prevalence of psychiatric disorders were Major depressive disorder, Dysthymic disorder, OCD and PTSD, respectively. Some subjects had not engaged in treatment.Conclusion:The results of this study revealed that the psychiatric disorders in Iranian geriatric population are common. It seems that these results can be helpful for mental health services.

Prevalence of epilepsy and comorbidity of psychiatric disorders in Iran

To determine the lifetime prevalence of self- and other relative informants-reported epilepsy in nationwide study among Iranian adults of aged 18 years and over and to study the association of epilepsy with lifetime history of the psychiatric disorders. Twenty-five thousand one hundred and eighty individual were selected through a randomized clustered sampling method from all the Iranian households; interviewed and used epilepsy questionnaire face-to-face at home in year 2001. From 12,398,235 households residing in Iran, 7795 families selected from 1559 clusters, 997 clusters were in urban and 582 were in rural areas, each cluster with 5 households were studied. The response rate was 90%. The prevalence of epilepsy was 1.8%. Epilepsy was more common in females, unemployed and higher educational level. It was not significantly associated with the age group, marital status and residential areas. The most common psychiatric disorders in subjects with epilepsy were major depressive disorder and obsessive compulsive disorder. The rate of lifetime suicidal attempt was 8.1%. Lifetime prevalence of epilepsy in Iran is not low. As the other communities, it is more common in females and unemployed. However, in contrast with the other studies, it was not more common among some age groups and unmarried and low educated subjects.

Prevalence of social phobia and its comorbidity with psychiatric disorders in Iran

This study explored the prevalence of social phobia (SP) in the general population of Iran, the sociodemographic characteristics of subjects with SP, and its comorbidity with the other lifetime psychiatric disorders. Our study was part of the nationwide study on the prevalence of psychiatric disorders in Iran. Overall, 25,180 Iranian subjects, age 18 years and over, from urban and rural areas of Iran were selected by a clustered random sampling method and interviewed face-to-face by 250 trained clinical psychologists using DSM-IV diagnostic criteria. Out of 12,398,235 households, 7,795 households in the form of 1,559 clusters of five households were selected. The statistical framework was based on the household lists available from the Department of Health in the provinces. The response rate was 90%. The lifetime prevalence of SP was 0.82%. The rate was 0.4% in males and 1.3% in females. The rate was higher in younger age groups and widows/widowers. It was not related to educational level and residential area. Specific phobia (66.7%), obsessive-compulsive disorder (17.4%), major depressive disorder (15%), and panic disorder (12.1%) were the most common lifetime psychiatric disorders among subjects with SP. The rate of SP in Iran is more similar to that in other Asian countries, and it is lower than that in Western countries. The rate of other psychiatric disorders among subjects with SP is more than that in the general population, and the most common psychiatric disorders were the other anxiety disorders and major depressive disorder.

Suicidal Attempt and Psychiatric Disorders in Iran

This study is part of broader research aimed to determine the lifetime prevalence and pattern of comorbidity on self-reported suicidal attempts in the general population of Iran. Overall, 25,180 subjects were interviewed, face-to-face, at home; the lifetime prevalence was 1.4% (0.9% males and 2% females). The majority of attempters were 26-55 years of age, married, more highly educated, female, retired, and lived in urban areas. Many of the attempters (45.3%) reported at least one psychiatric disorder during their lifetime; major depressive disorder (22%), panic disorder (6.3%), and obsessive compulsive disorder (6%) was the most common. Because less than half of suicidal attempters reported a psychiatric disorder, the existence of other pathways to suicide may be important foci for prevention. Many of the demographic correlates of suicidal behavior in Iran are very similar to those seen in Western cutlures; however, the sociodemographic factors such as few working women and very low levels of divorce is quite different to that of Western populations.

An epidemiological survey of psychiatric disorders in Iran

BackgroundThe nation-wide epidemiological survey of psychiatric disorders in term of lifetime prevalence is not adequately known in Iran. The prevalence of lifetime psychiatric disorders was estimated among the population of aged 18 and over on gender, age group, educational level, occupational status, marital status, and residential area.MethodsThe subjects were 25,180 individuals selected through a clustered random sampling method. The psychiatric disorders were diagnosed on the bases of Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders-IV criteria. It is the first study in which the structured psychiatric interview administered to a representative sample of the Iranian population age 18 and over by the 250 trained clinical psychologist interviewers. The data was entered through EPI-Info software twice in an attempt to prevent any errors and SPSS-11 statistical software was also used for analyses. The odds ratios and their confidence intervals estimated by using logistic regression.Results and DiscussionThe prevalence of psychiatric disorders was 10.81%. It was more common among females than males (14.34% vs. 7.34%, P < 0.001). The prevalence of anxiety and mood disorders were 8.35% and 4.29% respectively. The prevalence of psychotic disorders was 0.89%; neuro-cognitive disorders, 2.78% and dissociative disorders, 0.77%. Among mood disorders, major depressive disorder (2.98%) and among anxiety disorders, phobic disorder (2.05%) had the higher prevalence. The prevalence of psychiatric disorders among divorced and separated 22.31%; residents of urban areas 11.77%; illiterates 13.80%; householders 15.48%; unemployed 12.33% that were more than other groups.ConclusionThe mental health pattern in Iran is similar to the western countries, but it seems that the prevalence of psychiatric disorders in Iran may be lower than these countries.It is estimated that at least about 7 millions of Iranian population suffer from one or more of the psychiatric disorders. It shows the importance of the role of the psychiatric disorders in providing preventive and management programs in Iran.