PSY-5 Scales Research Articles

A Dimensional Understanding of Borderline Personality Disorder Using MMPI-2 PSY-5 Scales in Clinical Samples.

ObjectiveThis study aims to understand borderline personality disorder (BPD) features by employing the Personality Psychopathology Five (PSY-5) scales from the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory-2 (MMPI-2). MethodsA total of 156 psychiatric patients completed PSY-5 scales of MMPI-2 and Personality Assessment Inventory-Borderline Subscale (PAI-BOR). Pearson’s partial correlation analysis was conducted to control the impact of age and gender and to determine the relationship between PSY-5 scales and BOR. A hierarchical multiple regression analysis was implemented to examine whether PSY-5 scales predicted the BOR-total, and a path analysis was performed to determine whether PSY-5 scales predicted each PAI-BOR subscale. ResultsThe BOR-total score had a significant correlation with all PSY-5 scores, even after controlling for age and gender. However, only aggressiveness (AGGR), disconstraint (DISC), negative emotionality/neuroticism (NEGE), and introversion/low positive emotionality (INTR), excluding psychoticism (PSYC), significantly predicted BOR-total. The path analysis indicates that PSYC did not predict any BOR subscale, while NEGE predicted all BOR subscales. ConclusionThe study findings indicate that NEGE best reflects BPD features, while PSYC is far from the core domain that describes BPD. In addition, the influence of age should be considered when understanding BPD, since age predicted the BOR-total and two BOR subscales.

Construct validity of the personality inventory for ICD-11 (PiCD): Evidence from the MMPI-2-RF and CAT-PD-SF.

The Personality Inventory for ICD-11 (PiCD) was recently developed to assess the ICD-11 model of personality disorders. The purpose of this study was to examine the construct validity of the PiCD using the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI)-2-Restructured Form (MMPI-2-RF) and the Computerized Adaptive Test of Personality Disorders Static Form (CAT-PD-SF). We administered these tests to 328 college students (150 males, 178 females). We found that the PiCD had adequate internal consistency reliability. Correlations between scores from the PiCD scales and the criterion measures generally indicated adequate discriminant validity. Along the same lines, convergent validity was adequate for the PiCD Negative Affective, Disinhibition, and Dissocial scales. However, the evidence was more mixed for the PiCD Detachment and Anankastic domains, which may be due to limitations with the content domains for these scales. Consistent with other research and theoretical expectations, a conjoint exploratory factor analysis utilizing the PiCD and MMPI-2-RF PSY-5 scales also indicated that anankastic and disinhibition may be more appropriately conceptualized as measuring opposite poles of one construct. Implications of these findings for the PiCD and the ICD-11 model are discussed. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2020 APA, all rights reserved).

Drinking and driving relapse: Data from BAC and MMPI-2.

Road traffic injuries are the ninth cause of death across all age groups, globally (WHO, 2015). Many road traffic crashes are caused by Driving Under the Influence (DUI) of alcohol by persons who have previously had their license suspended for the same reason. The aim of this study was to identify specific risk factors and personality characteristics in repeat offenders. The sample was comprised of 260 subjects who were not repeat DUI offenders (DUI-NR), but had a single license suspension between 2010 and 2011; and 97 repeat offenders who received at least two DUI convictions within a period of 5 years. At the time of their first driving license suspension, participants provided their blood alcohol content (BAC) and completed a valid MMPI-2 test. ANOVA and MANOVAs were performed to determine whether there were significant differences in BAC and MMPI-2 profiles between DUI-NR and DUI-R participants and a logistic regression was run to identify whether BAC at the time of the first suspension and specific personality features could predict recidivism. A two-step cluster analysis was run to identify recidivist typologies. Results showed that, relative to DUI-NR participants, DUI-R participants had higher BAC at the time of their first conviction and more problematic MMPI-2 profiles, despite the presence of social desirability responding. The best predictors of recidivism were BAC and the scales of Lie (L), Correction (K), Psychopathic Deviate (4-Pd), Hypomania (9-Ma), and Low Self-Esteem (LSE). Two-step cluster analyses identified two recidivist profiles, according to 32 selected MMPI-2 validity, clinical, content, supplementary, and PSY-5 scales. Comparisons with previous research are discussed and ideas for further study are generated.

A dimensional understanding of borderline personality features in adolescence: The relationship between the MMPI-A PSY-5 scales and PAI-A borderline features

We explored the relationship between dimensions of the Personality Psychopathology Five (PSY-5; Harkness & McNulty, 1994) of the Adolescent Version of the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI-A; Butcher et al., 1992) and borderline personality features as measured by the adolescent version of the Personality Assessment Inventory (PAI-A; Morey, 2007) in a sample of 606 adolescents from an inpatient setting. Multiple regression analysis indicated that a combination of Neuroticism/Negative Emotionality, Disconstraint, Introversion/Low Positive Emotionality and Aggressiveness accounted for 54% of the variance in the PAI-A Borderline Features Scale. Neuroticism/Negative Emotionality emerged as the strongest predictor. Although females demonstrated higher mean scores across all PAI-A Borderline Scales, multivariate multiple regression within the path analysis framework revealed no marked gender differences in the relationships between PSY-5 predictors and borderline features. The combination of Neuroticism/Negative Emotionality and Aggressiveness was most strongly predictive of affective instability, identity problems and negative relations. Self-harm was best predicted by a combination of Disconstraint, Neuroticism/Negative Emotionality and Aggressiveness.

The Role of Dimensional Personality Psychopathology in a Forensic Inpatient Psychiatric Setting.

The Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory-2 Restructured Form is a widely used measure of psychopathology and includes the Personality Psychopathology Five (PSY-5) scales, which measure dimensional maladaptive personality traits similar to those in the DSM-5 alternative model for personality disorder (PD) diagnosis. The current study evaluated the role of these dimensional personality psychopathology characteristics in a sample of 1,110 inpatients in a forensic psychiatric setting, where personality psychopathology plays a significant but understudied role. The authors examined the extent to which dimensional personality psychopathology characteristics (as measured by the PSY-5) were associated with borderline and antisocial PD diagnoses and institutional aggression. Results support the usefulness of measuring dimensional personality traits for understanding PD diagnoses, as well as incidents of institutional aggression. More specifically, the PSY-5 scales appear to measure the core features of borderline and antisocial PDs. This study supports the inclusion of dimensional personality assessment in understanding aggressive behavior in inpatient settings.

Comparison Between the PSY-5 Scales in the MMPI-2 and the MMPI-2-RF

Comparison Between the PSY-5 Scales in the MMPI-2 and the MMPI-2-RF

Corrigendum: 다면적 인성검사 Ⅱ 재구성판(MMPI-2-RF)으로 살펴본 외상후스트레스장애군과 주요우울장애, 그리고 공병장애군의 임상 특성 비교 [Korean Journal of Clinical Psychology, 35, 1-20

외상후스트레스장애와 주요우울장애가 높은 공병을 보이는 것과 관련하여 이 두 장애를 ‘불쾌감’(dysphoria)이라고 하는 공통된 구인으로 설명할 수 있는지 혹은 명백히 구별되는 구인인지에 대한 논의와 연구가 이루어져왔다. 본 연구는 다면적 인성검사 II 재구성판을 사용하여 PTSD와 MDD의 구별되는 임상 양상 및 PTSD 단독 진단 집단과 PTSD와 우울장애가 공병하는 집단의 구별되는 임상 양상을 탐색하고자 하였다. 이를 위해 서울 및 경기도에 소재한 3개 대학병원 정신건강의학과에 내원하여 DSM-IV에 근거하여 진단 받은 공병없는 외상후스트레스장애군 59명, 공병없는 주요우울장애군 69명, 외상후스트레스장애와 우울장애가 공병하는 군 59명을 연구대상으로 하여MMPI-2-RF의 척도들을 비교하였다. 그리고 PTSD 집단 대 MDD 집단 및 PSTD 집단 대 PTSD와 우울장애의 공병 집단을 변별하는 척도들을 확인하기 위해 다항 로지스틱 회귀분석을 실시하였다. 그 결과, 상위차원 척도에서 정서적/내재화 문제(EID), 사고 문제(THD)가, 재구성 임상척도에서는 의기소침(RCd)이, 특정문제 척도에서는 신체적 불편감(MLS), 불안(AXY), 행동제약공포(BRF)가, 성격병리 5요인에서는 정신증(PSYC-r)과 부정적정서성(NEGE-r)이 PTSD와 MDD를 변별하는 유의한 척도였다. PTSD와 공병 집단을 변별하는 유의한 척도는 상위차원 척도에서 정서적/내재화 문제(EID)가 재구성임상척도에서는 의기소침(RCd), 특정문제척도에서는 신체적 불편감(MLS), 성격병리5요인 척도에서는 부정적 정서성(NEGE-r)이 유의한 척도였다. 이러한 결과를 바탕으로 각 집단의 임상적 특성과 관련하여 논의하였다.

대학생들의 정신건강과 자기용서 및 심리적 웰빙 간의 관계

우리나라는 경제적으로 풍요로워졌지만 여전히 행복지수는 낮다. 본 연구는 대학생들의 정신건강과 자기용서 및 심리적 웰빙 간의 관계를 분석하기 위해 수행되었다. 이를 위해 서울에 소재한 대학교에서 232명의 자료를 조사하여 분석하였다. 분석 방법은 분산분석, 상관관계분석, 다중회귀분석 및 경로분석을 하였다. 연구결과, 첫째, 심리적 웰빙과 유의한 상관관계가 나타난 MMPI-2의 임상척도는 건강염려증, 우울증, 반사회성, 편집증, 강박증, 정신분열증, 내향성이었다. 둘째, 심리적 웰빙과 유의한 상관관계가 나타난 성격병리 5요인 척도는 정신증, 부정적 정서성/신경증, 내향성/낮은 긍정적 정서성이었다. 셋째, 임상척도 중 심리적 웰빙에 대한 유의한 예측변수는 반사회성, 정신분열증, 내향성으로 나타났다. 넷째, 성격병리 5요인 중에서는 정신증, 부정적 정서성/신경증과 내향성/낮은 긍정적 정서성이 유의한 예측변수로 나타났다. 다섯째, 정신건강과 심리적 웰빙 간의 관계에서 자기용서는 유의한 매개효과가 있었다. 이러한 연구결과를 바탕으로 대학생들의 행복증진을 위한 정신건강과 자기용서의 중요성을 논의하였다. South Korea has become richer economically than the past, but still level of happiness is low. This research was conducted to verify the relationships among mental health, self-forgiveness, and psychological well-being. Participants were 232 college students in an university in Seoul. Methods of data analysis were ANOVA, regression analysis, and path analysis. As a result of analyses, first, MMPI-2 clinical scales which showed significant correlation with psychological well-being were as follows: Hs, D, Pd, Pa, Pt, Sc, Si. Second, PSY-5 scales which showed significant correlation with psychological well-being were as follows: PSYC, NEGE, INTR. Third, stepwise regression analysis revealed that Sc, Si and Pd among clinical scales of MMPI-2 were associated with psychological well-being. Fourth, PSYC, NEGE and INTR among clinical scales of PSY-5 scales were associated with psychological well-being. Fifth, self-forgiveness had a significant mediating effect in the relationship between mental health and psychological well-being. Based on the results, implications related to importances of mental health and self-forgiveness were discussed for increasing psychological well-being of college students.

Comparison of Clinical Characteristics among Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, Major Depressive Disorder, and Co-occurring PTSD and Depressive Disorder with MMPI-2-RF (Restructured Form)

The purpose of this study was to examine the similarities and distinctiveness among Postraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), Major depressive disorder (MDD), and co-occuring PTSD and Depressive disorder (DD) with MMPI-2-RF. Data of 190 patients (61 with PTSD, 69 with MDD, 60 with PTSD + DD) were collected from the Department of Psychiatry of three university hospitals. Using Minnesota Multiple Personality Inventory-2-Restructured Form (MMPI-2-RF), clinical characteristics were compared to determine which scale has utility in differentiating among the groups. Significant differences in all of the Higher-Order (H-O) Scales, almost of the Restructured Clinical Scales, and a few of the Specific Problems Scales were observed among three groups. Multinominal logistic regression analyses showed that Emotion/ Internalizing Dysfunction (EID) and Thought Dysfunction (THD) in H-O Scales were useful in differentiating between PTSD and MDD. Aggression (AGG) in Externalizing Scales and Disconstraint-Revised (DISC-r) in PSY-5 Scales were significant predictors in distinguishing Comorbid group from PTSD. The results suggest that there are distinct clinical characteristics among the three groups, although PTSD, MDD, and comorbid group share many symptoms.

마음챙김 명상과 이정변기요법을 이용한 PTSD 환자 치험례

The purpose of this study was to introduce a PTSD patient who experienced significant effects of mindfulness meditation and Ii-Gyeung-Byun-Qi therapy. Our psychotherapy was executed five times a week for the 14-year-old male patient who attended middle school and was diagnosed by DSM-IV Diagnostic Criteria for PTSD, and then the MMPI-A was evaluated to determine the effects after 3 months. The results showed normal profiles of MMPI-A validity scales and Clinical Scales profile after his treatment, positive changes in content scales, and significant decreases of PSYC (psychoticism) and NEGE (negative emotionality) in PSY-5 scales. This study made through a case report on the treated psychotherapy for PTSD by the applications of modern psychological techniques in the Korean psychotherapy. We expected that this case report will have a role in development of standardized psychotherapy programs for PTSD.

Comparative analysis of the PSY-5 and MCMI-III in assessing Personality Disorders

According to Harkness and McNulty (1994) the Personality Psychopathology-Five (PSY-5) including in the MMPI-2-RF is a dimensional model developed to conceptualize the traits underlying personality psychopathology. The present study examines the correspondence between PSY-5 scales and MCMI-III Personality Disorder (PD) scales. The current sample includes 377 clients (167 men and 210 women) from private practice settings who completed the MMPI-2-RF and MCMI-III. Besides correlation analysis, we performed several multiple regression analyses taking the PSY-5 scales as dependent variables and the MCMI-III PD scales as predictor variables to study the shared variance between both groups of scales. The analysis was performed using the stepwise method and the tolerance level was set at 0.60. The percentage of variance of each of PSY-5 scales explained by MCMI-III PD scales ranged between 40% and 50.8%, and several MCMI-III PD scales were significant in predicting the PSY-5 scales. Implications of the results will be discussed.

On the Convergence Between PSY-5 Domains and PID-5 Domains and Facets

The DSM-5 Personality and Personality Disorders workgroup and their consultants have developed the 220-item, self-report Personality Inventory for the DSM-5 (PID-5) for direct assessment of the proposed personality trait system for DSM-5; however, most practicing clinical psychologists will likely continue to rely on separate omnibus measures to index symptoms and traits associated with psychopathology. The Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory-2 Restructured Form (MMPI-2-RF) is one such measure and assesses the Personality Psychopathology Five (PSY-5) domains, which are conceptual cognates of the DSM-5 trait domains. The current study examined the associations between the MMPI-2-RF PSY-5 scales and the DSM-5 trait domains and facets indexed by the PID-5. A clear pattern of convergence was found indicating that each of the PSY-5 scales was most highly correlated with its conceptually expected PID-5 counterpart (rs = .44-.67; Mdn r = .53) and facet correlations generally showed the same pattern. Similarly, when each of the PSY-5 scales was regressed onto the PID-5 domains, the conceptually expected pattern of associations emerged even more clearly. Finally, a joint exploratory factor analysis with the PSY-5 and PID-5 trait facet scales indicated a five-factor solution that clearly resembled both of the PSY-5/DSM-5 trait domains. These results show clear evidence that the MMPI-2-RF has utility in the assessment of dimensional personality traits proposed for the upcoming DSM-5.

Predictive Validity of the MMPI-2 Clinical, PSY-5, and RC Scales for Therapy Disruptive Behavior

Impulsive acts, parasuicidal behavior, and other therapy disruptive incidents occur frequently in the treatment of patients with personality disorders and increase the risk that patients will drop out of treatment. This study examined the predictive validity of the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI)-2 Restructured Clinical (RC) and Psychopathology Five (PSY-5) Scales for therapy disruptive behavior and compared them with the original clinical scales. Using an inventory, the treatment staff recorded the therapy disruptive behavior of 104 patients with personality disorders who were receiving inpatient psychotherapy. Both the RC and the PSY-5 scales predicted several categories of therapy disruptive behavior, and both scales predicted more categories of therapy disruptive behavior than the original clinical scales. Anger outbursts were predicted especially well by a combination of two of the RC scales. The information about the MMPI-2 obtained in this study may be helpful in case formulation when initiating inpatient treatment for patients with personality disorders.

The Personality Psychopathology—Five (PSY–5): Recent constructive replication and assessment literature review.

The Personality Psychopathology-Five (PSY-5; Harkness & McNulty, 1994) is a model of individual differences relevant to adaptive functioning in both clinical and non-clinical populations. In this article, we review the development of the PSY-5 model (Harkness, 1992; Harkness & McNulty, 1994) and discuss the ways in which the PSY-5 model is related to and distinct from other 5-factor models. Using different methods and measures, the dimensions of the PSY-5 model have been constructively replicated (Lykken, 1968) by Tackett, Silberschmidt, Krueger, and Sponheim (2008) and by Watson, Clark, and Chmielewski (2008), and dimensions congruent with the PSY-5 have even been suggested for the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (5th ed.; Krueger et al., 2011). PSY-5 Scales can be scored from the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory-2 (MMPI-2; Butcher et al., 2001), the MMPI-Adolescent version (MMPI-A; Butcher et al., 1992), and the Restructured Form of the MMPI-2 (MMPI-2-RF; Ben-Porath & Tellegen, 2008). Because the largest body of research exists for the MMPI-2-based scales, we focus our review of the literature on the MMPI-2-based PSY-5 scales (Harkness, McNulty, & Ben-Porath, 1995), but we briefly cover the small, but growing, body of MMPI-A and MMPI-2-RF PSY-5 scales research. We show that the PSY-5 research literature includes a wide variety of psychometric methodologies as well as diverse samples and clinical problems. An integrative summary reprises the theory behind each PSY-5 construct and links it to the reviewed literature. Advantages and limitations of MMPI-2-based PSY-5 scales are discussed.

사상체질에 따른 신체화 기제의 차이에 대한 연구

Objectives : The purpose of this study was to investigate the difference of somatization psychological mechanism among Sasang constitution. Methods : Subjects were seventy four students of Won-Kwang university responded the questionnaire. We evaulated the subjects using Minnesota Questionnaire for the Sasang Constitution Classification II(QSCC II), Multiphasic Personality Inventory-2(MMPI-2), 20-item Toronto Alexithymia Scale (TAS-20), Somato-Sensory Amplification Scale(SSAS), Symptom Interpretation Questionnaire(SIQ) and The Ways of Stress Coping Questionnaire(SCQ). Results : From the results of Clinical scale of MMPI-2, the scores of 2nd, 9th, 10th scales was significantly difference. In Lesser Yin group 10th score was the significantly highest of the others, 1st, 3rd, 6th, 7th, 8th score were the highest but not significant. and From the results of PSY-5 scale(The Personality Psychopathology Five scale) of MMPI-2, In Lesser Yin goup, INTR(Introversion/Low Positive Emotion) score was significantly highest, PSYC(psychoticism), NEGE (Negative Emotionality/Neuroticism) was higher than the others. In TAS-20K, SSAS, SIQ and SCQ Lesser Yin group was not significantly difference. but Lesser Yin group had the tendency of difficulty describing feelings and externally oriented thinking and higher score in physical and psychological interpretation. We observed generally lower levels of stress coping strategy scores than the others. Conclusions : These results showed that Lesser Yin group tend to somatization compared other constitution.

The distinctiveness of hardiness, positive emotionality, and negative emotionality in National Guard soldiers

Exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses were used to investigate the distinctiveness of hardiness (using the Short Hardiness Scale; Bartone, 1995) from the broader personality traits of negative emotionality and positive emotionality (NEM and PEM; assessed with items from the MMPI-2 PSY-5 scales); in a sample of 981 Army National Guard soldiers. Exploratory factor analyses demonstrated that hardiness items loaded on a separate factor from PEM and NEM items, and confirmatory factor analysis suggested that hardiness is not simply a sub-facet of either PEM or NEM. However, subsequent regression analyses found that hardiness did not predict symptoms of PTSD or depression beyond the effects of PEM and NEM among combat exposed soldiers.

Development and validation of brief content scales for the psychological screening inventory‐2

This article describes the development of 21 brief content (BC) scales to supplement the existing scales of the Psychological Screening Inventory-2 (PSI-2), and three validity studies to support their use for both the PSI-2 and the original PSI. The BC scales comprise groups of four or more items that are statistically homogeneous in content and are replicated across three data sets: PSI and PSI-2 normative data and a PSI-based group of forensic respondents. Concurrent validity was shown in correlations with the following: (a) the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory-2 (MMPI-2) basic clinical scales, Content scales, PSY-5 scales, and Restructured Clinical (RC) scales; (b) family/friend observer ratings; and (c) therapist ratings in an outpatient substance abuse treatment program. Consistent with the purpose of the PSI/PSI-2, the BC scales are intended to provide additional screening information and not a comprehensive representation of psychopathology.

Predictive Validity of the MMPI-2 PSY-5 Scales and Facets for Law Enforcement Officer Employment Outcomes

Several Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory—2 Personality Psychopathology Five (PSY-5) scales and facets showed small to medium levels of predictive validity in identifying law enforcement officer applicants who would later be forced to leave their agencies ( n = 436 still employed, n = 164 forced to leave agency). The PSY-5 measures were moderately to strongly associated with measures of positive impression management (L and K scales), although the direction of these associations sometimes varied for facets of the same PSY-5 scale (e.g., Disconstraint, Introversion/Low Positive Emotionality). The predictive effects of the PSY-5 were often observed only in officers without significant levels of impression management (L ≤ 55T, K ≤ 65T). The PSY-5 scales and facets were not especially useful for predicting on-the-job misconduct.

Construct Validity of the MMPI-2 PSY-5 Scale for Assessing Personality Pathology

Construct Validity of the MMPI-2 PSY-5 Scale for Assessing Personality Pathology

Demoralization, Hypomanic Activation, and Disconstraint Scores on MMPI-2 Scales as Significant Predictors of Hypersexual Behavior

This article reports the findings of a study investigating which facets of psychopathology are most strongly associated with hypersexual behavior among a patient sample (N = 151). Psychopathology was measured using the Restructured Clinical scales and the PSY-5 scales of the MMPI-2, and hypersexual behavior was measured using the Sexual Compulsivity Scale. Regression analysis revealed that Demoralization was the strongest predictor of scores on a measure of hypersexuality, with Hypomanic Activation on the RC scales and Disconstraint on the PSY-5 scales making additional modest, but statistically significant, contributions. Although some MMPI-2 scales were significantly elevated, an important finding of the current investigation is the lack of elevations across many MMPI-2 scales. The results of these findings are addressed and recommendations for future research are discussed.