PSS Samples Research Articles

Autoantibody against aquaporin-5 may be a new diagnostic biomarker for primary Sjögren’s syndrome

The study aims to assess the diagnostic and clinical significance of autoantibodies against aquaporin-1 (anti-AQP1) and aquaporin-5 (anti-AQP5) in primary Sjögren’s syndrome (pSS). A total of 163 participants were categorized into three groups: pSS group, other connective tissue diseases (CTD) group, and healthy control (HC) group. The levels of anti-AQP1 and anti-AQP5 autoantibodies in serum were determined using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), and clinical data from patients were collected for statistical analysis. Our results showed that the level of anti-AQP1 in the pSS group was higher than in the HC group (P < 0.05), and no significant difference was observed between the pSS group and the CTD group (P > 0.05). ROC showed that the anti-AQP1 had no diagnostic value for pSS (P > 0.05). The anti-AQP5 level of 39 healthy adults was all below the cut-off value (14.10 ng/ml) (P < 0.05). The level of anti-AQP5 in the pSS group was higher than the CTD group (P < 0.05), the AUC was 0.86 (95% CI 0.80–0.93), with a sensitivity of 0.95 (95% CI 0.87–0.99) and a specificity of 0.70 (95% CI 0.58–0.84). No correlation was found between anti-AQP5 levels and the EULAR primary Sjögren’s syndrome disease activity index score, anti-SSA, anti-SSB, antinuclear antibodies, rheumatoid factor, anti-ds-DNA, salivary gland flow rate, complement 3, and lymphocyte count in pSS samples (P > 0.05), respectively. Therefore, the elevated anti-AQP5 may emerge as a novel diagnostic biomarker for pSS patients due to high sensitivity and specificity.Key Points• The elevated anti-AQP5 may emerge as a novel diagnostic biomarker for pSS patients due to high sensitivity and specificity.

Implications of IFNγ SNP rs2069705 in primary Sjögren's syndrome: transcriptional activation and B cell infiltration.

Primary Sjögren's syndrome (pSS) is characterized by its autoimmune nature. This study investigates the role of the IFNγ SNP rs2069705 in modulating the susceptibility to pSS. Differential expression of IFNγ and BAFF was analyzed using the GEO database's mRNA microarray GSE84844. Genotyping of the IFNγ SNP rs2069705 was conducted via the dbSNP website. The JASPAR tool was used for predicting transcription factor bindings. Techniques such as dual-luciferase reporter assays, Chromatin immunoprecipitation, and analysis of a pSS mouse model were applied to study gene and protein interactions. A notable increase in the mutation frequency of IFNγ SNP rs2069705 was observed in MNCs from the exocrine glands of pSS mouse models. Bioinformatics analysis revealed elevated levels of IFNγ and BAFF in pSS samples. The model exhibited an increase in both CD20+ B cells and cells expressing IFNγ and BAFF. Knocking down IFNγ resulted in lowered BAFF expression and less lymphocyte infiltration, with BAFF overexpression reversing this suppression. Activation of the Janus kinase (JAK)/STAT1 pathway was found to enhance transcription in the BAFF promoter region, highlighting IFNγ's involvement in pSS. In addition, rs2069705 was shown to boost IFNγ transcription by promoting interaction between its promoter and STAT4. SNP rs2069705 in the IFNγ gene emerges as a pivotal element in pSS susceptibility, primarily by augmenting IFNγ transcription, activating the JAK/STAT1 pathway, and leading to B-lymphocyte infiltration in the exocrine glands.NEW & NOTEWORTHY The research employed a combination of bioinformatics analysis, genotyping, and experimental models, providing a multifaceted approach to understanding the complex interactions in pSS. We have uncovered that the rs2069705 SNP significantly affects the transcription of IFNγ, leading to altered immune responses and B-lymphocyte activity in pSS.

Investigation of pyroptosis-related hub genes and the immune microenvironment in primary Sjögren's syndrome.

Primary Sjögren's syndrome (pSS) is an inflammatory systemic autoimmune disease, while the role and mechanisms of pyroptosis in pSS remain largely undefined. Pyroptosis-related genes and gene expression data were obtained from the Molecular Signatures Database and NCBI GEO databases. Differentially expressed genes (DEGs) and pyroptosis-related hub genes were identified by R software. Functional enrichment analyses were conducted using the "ClusterProfiler" R package and WebGestalt7. CIBERSORTx was used to calculate the correlations between immune cells and pyroptosis. Subsequently, histological staining was performed on salivary gland samples from non-pSS and pSS patients to identify the expression of pyroptosis-related genes. Immunofluorescence double staining was conducted to validate the correlation between immune cells and pyroptosis. A total of 1494 DEGs were identified between eight pSS samples and 10 healthy volunteer samples. Five pyroptosis-related hub genes (AIM2, CASP1, CASP3, IL6, TNF) were recognised. DEGs were mostly enriched in immunity-related terms and several immune cells were associated with the hub genes in pSS. Among them, delta gamma T cell was significantly positively correlated with CASP3. Finally, the protein levels of these hub genes were validated to be elevated in the labial minor salivary gland biopsies of pSS patients compared to those of healthy volunteers using immunohistochemical staining. Immunofluorescence double staining further showed that IL-6, AIM2, CASP1and CASP3 were related to delta gamma T cells, and TNF was related to dendritic cells. This study uncovered a significant interaction between pyroptosis and the immune microenvironment in pSS patients. Besides, we identified five pyroptosis-related hub genes that might play a role in the pathogenesis of pSS. These findings could offer valuable insights for the development of novel treatment strategies for pSS.

Identification of ferroptosis-related diagnostic markers in primary Sjögren's syndrome based on machine learning.

Primary Sjogren's syndrome (pSS) is a common autoimmune disorder that affects up to 0.3-3% of the global population. Ferroptosis has recently been identified to play a significant role in autoimmune diseases. However, the molecular mechanisms of ferroptosis in the initiation and progression of pSS remains unclear. To investigate the molecular mechanisms underlying the occurrence and progression of pSS, we utilized a comprehensive approach by integrating data obtained from the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database with data from the FerrDb database to identify the ferroptosis-related differentially expressed genes (DEGs). Furthermore, we implemented an innovative transcriptomic analysis method utilizing a computer-aided algorithm to establish a network between hub genes associated with ferroptosis and the immune microenvironment in pSS patients. Our results revealed significant differences in the gene expression profiles of pSS samples compared to normal tissues, with 1,830 significantly up-regulated genes and 1,310 significantly down-regulated genes. In addition, our results showed a significant increase in the proportions of B cells and CD4+ T cells in pSS samples compared to normal tissues. AND then, our analysis revealed that a combination of six ferroptosis-related genes, including TBK1, SLC1A4, PIK3CA, ENO3, EGR1, and ATG5, could serve as optimal markers for the diagnosis of pSS. The combined analysis of these six genes accurately diagnosed the occurrence of pSS. This study offers valuable insights into the pathogenesis of pSS and highlights the importance of targeting ferroptosis-related DEGs, which suggests a novel treatment strategy for pSS.

Characterisation of macrophage infiltration and polarisation based on integrated transcriptomic and histological analyses in Primary Sjögren's syndrome.

Primary Sjögren's syndrome (pSS) is a progressive inflammatory autoimmune disease. Immune cell infiltration into glandular lobules and ducts and glandular destruction are the pathophysiological hallmarks of pSS. Macrophages are one of the most important cells involved in the induction and regulation of an inflammatory microenvironment. Although studies have reported that an abnormal tissue microenvironment alters the metabolic reprogramming and polarisation status of macrophages, the mechanisms driving macrophage infiltration and polarisation in pSS remain unclear. Immune cell subsets were characterised using the single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) data of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from patients with pSS (n = 5) and healthy individuals (n = 5) in a public dataset. To evaluate macrophage infiltration and polarisation in target tissues, labial salivary gland biopsy tissues were subjected to histological staining and bulk RNA-seq (pSS samples, n = 24; non-pSS samples, n = 12). RNA-seq data were analysed for the construction of macrophage co-expression modules, enrichment of biological processes and deconvolution-based screening of immune cell types. Detailed mapping of PBMCs using scRNA-seq revealed five major immune cell subsets in pSS, namely, T cells, B cells, natural killer (NK) cells, dendritic cells (DCs) and monocyte-macrophages. The monocyte-macrophage subset was large and had strong inflammatory gene signatures. This subset was found to play an important role in the generation of reactive oxygen species and communicate with other innate and adaptive immune cells. Histological staining revealed that the number of tissue-resident macrophages was high in damaged glandular tissues, with the cells persistently surrounding the tissues. Analysis of RNA-seq data using multiple algorithms demonstrated that the high abundance of pro-inflammatory M1 macrophages was accompanied by the high abundance of other infiltrating immune cells, senescence-associated secretory phenotype and evident metabolic reprogramming. Macrophages are among the most abundant innate immune cells in PBMCs and glandular tissues in patients with pSS. A bidirectional relationship exists between macrophage polarisation and the inflammatory microenvironment, which may serve as a therapeutic target for pSS.

Isotropic and Anisotropic Complex Refractive Index of PEDOT:PSS.

In this work, the complex refractive indexes of seven PEDOT:PSS samples, three with isotropic behavior and four with optical anisotropy, were determined. For the anisotropic samples, the ordinary and extraordinary components of the refractive index were described. The effect of the film thickness, measurement technique and preparation method on the extinction coefficient (k) and refractive index (n) of each sample was also discussed. Important differences (up to 20% in the average n) were found among the samples investigated. In most anisotropic films, the mean value of the extraordinary component was between 7 and 10% higher than that of the ordinary. In the three isotropic films, the average k rose when the film thickness increased. Moreover, the different sets of refractive index data were fitted to three different models: the original Forouhi-Bloomer model, the Liu (2007) model and the revised version of the Forouhi-Bloomer model (2019). In general, Liu's model gave better results, with small errors in n and k (<7.81 and 4.68%, respectively, in all the cases). However, this model had seven fitting parameters, which led to significantly longer computation time than the other two models. The influence of the differences in the measurement of the complex refractive index on the simulation of the optical properties of PEDOT:PSS multilayers was discussed. The results showed that n must be known precisely to accurately calculate the light absorption in a multilayer, without ignoring the isotropic or anisotropic behavior of the material or the influence of the layer thickness on its optical properties. This study aids in the development of simulation and optimization tools that allow understanding the optical properties of PEDOT:PSS films for their potential applications in organic optoelectronic devices, such as organic solar cells.

Improving open-circuit voltage and short-circuit current of high-efficiency silicon-based planar heterojunction solar cells by combining V2O5 with PEDOT:PSS

In recent years, a novel PEDOT:PSS/n-Si planar heterojunction solar cell has been extensively studied in the photovoltaic field. Different V2O5-IPA concentrations mixed in PEDOT:PSS samples as hole transport layer were prepared by means of spin coating technique and mechanical mixing of organic and inorganic materials. V2O5 was studied for its effects on the surface morphology, chemical composition, and optical transmittance of PEDOT:PSS films. The findings of the study show that the addition of V2O5 particles changes the surface morphology of PEDOT:PSS films and promotes its superior ohmic contact with the Si interface. Furthermore, PEDOT:PSS incorporated with V2O5 particles that have outstanding optical and semiconductor properties reduces the rate of carrier recombination at the device interface and blocks electron transport to the anode in the fabricated Si-based solar cells. When compared to conventional PEDOT:PSS/Si planar heterojunction solar cells, the fill factor, photoelectric conversion efficiency, open-circuit voltage, and short-circuit current density of the devices prepared in this study can be significantly improved, reaching up to 70.98%, 15.17%, 652 mV and 32.8 mA/cm2, respectively. This research provides a promising and effective method for improving the photoelectric conversion performance of PEDOT:PSS/Si heterojunction solar cells, which enables the application of V2O5 in Si solar cells.

PSMC6 induces immune cell infiltration and inflammatory response to aggravate primary Sjögren's syndrome.

Increasing evidence suggests that immune cell infiltration is involved in primary Sjögren's syndrome (pSS), while the underlying molecular mechanisms remain elusive. Herein, this study aims to explore the key molecular mechanism in immune cell infiltration in pSS based on Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database. Differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were obtained, followed by weighted gene co-expression network analysis to acquire the pSS-related module genes. Moreover, pSS-related DEGs and module genes were intersected. Additionally, the correlation between key genes and immune cell infiltration was analyzed by CIBERSORT algorithm. Furthermore, pSS mouse models were established to explore the effects of PSMC6 on immune cell infiltration and inflammatory responses in pSS. A total of 51 DEGs and 334 key module genes were involved in the occurrence of pSS. The immune cell infiltration was correlated with pSS, and PSMC6, highly expressed in pSS samples, may be the key immune gene. In vivo animal experiments demonstrated that PSMC6 was upregulated in pSS, and PSMC6 knockdown could reduce lymphocytic infiltration in salivary glands and lacrimal glands and the levels of related inflammatory factors in the pSS and increase the proportion of Treg cells. Collectively, PSMC6 could induce immune cell infiltration and inflammatory responses to promote the occurrence of pSS, providing us with a potential therapeutic target for treating pSS.

A Link Between Mitochondrial Dysfunction and the Immune Microenvironment of Salivary Glands in Primary Sjogren's Syndrome.

BackgroundPrimary Sjogren’s syndrome (pSS) is a slowly progressive, inflammatory autoimmune disease characterized by lymphocytic infiltration into salivary and lacrimal glands. It becomes more recognized that morphology alterations of epithelial mitochondria are involved in altered cellular bioenergetics in pSS patients. The integrated analysis of the mitochondrial role in the pathogenesis and aberrant immune microenvironment in pSS remains unknown.MethodsThe mitochondria-related genes and gene expression data were downloaded from the MitoMiner, MitoCarta, and NCBI GEO databases. We performed novel transcriptomic analysis and constructed a network between the mitochondrial function and immune microenvironment in pSS-salivary glands by computer-aided algorithms. Subsequently, real-time PCR was performed in clinical samples in order to validate the bioinformatics results. Histological staining and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) were further studied on labial salivary gland samples of non-pSS and pSS patients characterized for mitochondria-related phenotypic observation in the different stages of the disease.ResultsThe bioinformatic analysis revealed that the expression of several mitochondria-related genes was altered in pSS. Quantitative real-time PCR showed that four hub genes, CD38, CMPK2, TBC1D9, and PYCR1, were differentially expressed in the pSS clinical samples. These hub genes were associated with the degree of immune cell infiltration in salivary glands, the mitochondrial respiratory chain complexes, mitochondrial metabolic pathway in gluconeogenesis, TCA cycle, and pyruvate/ketone/lipid/amino acid metabolism in pSS. Clinical data revealed that the gene expression of fission (Fis1, DRP1, and MFF) and fusion (MFN1, MFN2, and OPA1) was downregulated in pSS samples, consistent with the results from the public validation database. As the disease progressed, cytochrome c and Bcl-2 proteins were regionally distributed in salivary glands from pSS patients. TEM revealed cytoplasmic lipid droplets and progressively swollen mitochondria in salivary epithelial cells.ConclusionOur study revealed cross talk between mitochondrial dysfunction and the immune microenvironment in salivary glands of pSS patients, which may provide important insights into SS clinical management based on modulation of mitochondrial function.

Influence of the molecular weight and size distribution of PSS on mixed ionic-electronic transport in PEDOT:PSS.

The commercially available polyelectrolyte complex poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene):poly(styrene sulfonate) (PEDOT:PSS) is ubiquitous in organic and hybrid electronics. As such, it has often been used as a benchmark material for fundamental studies and the development of new electronic devices. Yet, most studies on PEDOT:PSS have focused on its electronic conductivity in dry environments, with less consideration given to its ion transport, coupled ionic-electronic transport, and charge storage properties in aqueous environments. These properties are essential for applications in bioelectronics (sensors, actuators), charge storage devices, and electrochromic displays. Importantly, past studies on mixed ionic-electronic transport in PEDOT:PSS neglected to consider how the molecular structure of PSS affects mixed ionic-electronic transport. Herein, we therefore investigated the effect of the molecular weight and size distribution of PSS on the electronic properties and morphology of PEDOT:PSS both in dry and aqueous environments, and overall performance in organic electrochemical transistors (OECTs). Using reversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) polymerization with two different chain transfer agents, six PSS samples with monomodal, narrow (Đ = 1.1) and broad (Đ = 1.7) size distributions and varying molecular weights were synthesized and used as matrices for PEDOT. We found that using higher molecular weight of PSS (M n = 145 kg mol-1) and broad dispersity led to OECTs with the highest transconductance (up to 16 mS) and [μC * ] values (~140 F·cm-1V-1s-1) in PEDOT:PSS, despite having a lower volumetric capacitance (C * = 35 ± 4 F cm-3). The differences were best explained by studying the microstructure of the films by atomic force microscopy (AFM). We found that heterogeneities in the PEDOT:PSS films (interconnected and large PEDOT- and PSS-rich domains) obtained from high molecular weight and high dispersity PSS led to higher charge mobility (μ OECT ~ 4 cm2V-1s-1) and hence transconductance. These studies highlight the importance of considering molecular weight and size distribution in organic mixed ionic-electronic conductor, and could pave the way to designing high performance organic electronics for biological interfaces.

Switching characteristic of fabricated nonvolatile bipolar resistive switching memory (ReRAM) using PEDOT: PSS/GO

In this study, a bipolar resistive switching random access memory cell (ReRAM) by blending PEDOT: PSS into Graphene Oxide (GO) with 1:1 wt% is reported. To compare the switching mechanism, the memory devices based on GO and PEDOT: PSS are distinctly fabricated and characterized too. The spin coated active layers are sandwiched between ITO and Al as the bottom and top electrodes, respectively. The resistive switching mechanism in PEDOT: PSS/GO memory is based on filamentary type. The SET and RESET operation of the PEDOT: PSS/GO memory is relatively symmetric but GO and PEDOT: PSS samples have a significant asymmetric hysteresis curve. The carrier transport mechanism of the bistable behaviour for the fabricated non-volatile ReRAM is described based on space charge limited current (SCLC). In our experiments, the structure ITO/PEDOT:PSS-GO/Al demonstrated good switching behaviour with approximately 100 on/off current ratio, 3.5 V set/reset voltage and, a high retention time of 6000 s. In addition, the crystallinity and surface topography of the deposited thin film was characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), atomic force microscopy (AFM), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The simple structure and low-cost fabrication offer embedding in data storage and computing application as future electronics and printed electronics.

Characterization of Extracellular Vesicle Cargo in Sjögren's Syndrome through a SWATH-MS Proteomics Approach.

Primary Sjögren’s syndrome (pSS) is a complex heterogeneous disease characterized by a wide spectrum of glandular and extra-glandular manifestations. In this pilot study, a SWATH-MS approach was used to monitor extracellular vesicles-enriched saliva (EVs) sub-proteome in pSS patients, to compare it with whole saliva (WS) proteome, and assess differential expressed proteins between pSS and healthy control EVs samples. Comparison between EVs and WS led to the characterization of compartment-specific proteins with a moderate degree of overlap. A total of 290 proteins were identified and quantified in EVs from healthy and pSS patients. Among those, 121 proteins were found to be differentially expressed in pSS, 82% were found to be upregulated, and 18% downregulated in pSS samples. The most representative functional pathways associated to the protein networks were related to immune-innate response, including several members of S100 protein family, annexin A2, resistin, serpin peptidase inhibitors, azurocidin, and CD14 monocyte differentiation antigen. Our results highlight the usefulness of EVs for the discovery of novel salivary-omic biomarkers and open novel perspectives in pSS for the identification of proteins of clinical relevance that could be used not only for the disease diagnosis but also to improve patients’ stratification and treatment-monitoring. Data are available via ProteomeXchange with identifier PXD025649.

Fabrication of reduced graphene oxide modified poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) polystyrene sulfonate based transparent conducting electrodes for flexible optoelectronic application

Present article reports on reduced graphene oxide (rGO) modified poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) polystyrene sulfonate (PEDOT: PSS) based transparent conducting electrodes for flexible optoelectronic applications. PEDOT: PSS samples embedded with different rGO concentrations i.e. 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 wt% were prepared and later on, bar coated on polyethylene terephthalate substrate using a 30 μm wire size bar. Various parameters including sheet resistance, bending test (outside and inside bending), optical transmittance etc. were estimated. Our analysis indicates that the samples with 1 wt% rGO possess improved results i.e. low sheet resistance (315 ± 8 Ω/sq.) and high transmittance (~ 74%). Additionally, the sample shows low electrical resistance variation up to 12% (maximum increase) during outward bending and 9% (maximum decrease) during inward bending of the sample for bending curvature from 20 to 100 m−1.

The complement system in primary Sjögren's syndrome: the expression of certain cascade and regulatory proteins in labial salivary glands - observational study.

IntroductionThe complement cascade and regulatory proteins are involved in the pathogenesis of the Sjögren’s syndrome and other autoimmune diseases. The complement activation via the alternative pathway was recognized as a major pathogenic mechanism in autoimmune conditions. The aim of this study was to assess expression of complement cascade components and regulatory proteins in minor salivary glands in patients with primary Sjögren’s syndrome (pSS).Materials and methodsThe expression of C1q and C5b-9 – membrane attack complex and regulatory proteins such as: membrane cofactor protein (MCP), decay-accelerating factor (DAF) and protectin were examined using immunochemistry method in specimens from biopsy of minor salivary glands in pSS patients. The biopsy material was obtained from 20 pSS patients, 5 patients with non-specific sialadenitis and from 5 patients with suspicion of dryness syndrome without sialadenitis confirmation.ResultsNone of the examined samples showed the expression of C1q or the effector C5b-9. Membrane cofactor protein expression was lower in pSS group than in both non-specific sialadenitis and noninflamed salivary glands. The inflammatory cells in pSS samples partially expressed MCP. There were differences in the sites and intensity of membrane protectin expression exclusively on the luminal surfaces in pSS; on the luminal and, partially, antiluminal surface in non-specific inflammation, and on the entire cell surface in unaffected salivary glands. There were no DAF expression in salivary gland tissue in biopsy specimens in all studied subjects.ConclusionsThe study demonstrated the absence of complement-cascade proteins (C1q, MAC) in the salivary glands of pSS patients, which may indicated a lack of local complement activation via the classical pathway and the observed gland tissue damage being due to a mechanism other than MAC-induced cytolysis. The differences in the expression of complement regulatory proteins between pSS, non-specific sialadenitis, and normal salivary glands may indicate that alternative functions of these regulatory proteins may be of greater significance in pSS. Low MCP expression in pSS in comparison with non-specific sialadenitis and normal salivary glands, may suggest altered modulation of cell-mediated immunity in pSS. The differences in the location and intensity of protectin (CD59) expression indicates a possibility of reducing the proinflammatory effect of protectin in pSS.

Characterization of antiapoptotic microRNAs in primary Sjögren's syndrome.

During the development of primary Sjögren's syndrome (pSS), aberrant expression of autoantigen is a hallmark event. To explore the regulation of autoantigen tripartite motif containing 21 (Ro/SSA, TRIM21), microRNA profiling was performed in our previous study. In which, two TRIM21-targeting microRNAs were identified, namely miR-1207-5p and miR-4695-3p. To further pursue their roles in the development of pSS, assays were performed with cultured human submandibular gland (HSG) cells, and salivary gland tissues. Results showed that transfection of miR-1207-5p or miR-4695-3p mimics down-regulated not only the expression of TRIM21, but also the levels of pro-apoptotic genes B cell lymphoma 2 associated X (BAX), Caspase 9 (CASP-9) and Caspase 8 (CASP-8). This finally led to antiapoptotic phenotypes in HSG cells. Consistent with the antiapoptotic activity, transfection of microRNA inhibitors up-regulated the expression of TRIM21 and led to a pro-apoptotic phenotype. These therefore propose miR-1207-5p and miR-4695-3p as two antiapoptotic microRNAs functioning through apoptosis pathway. Supporting this speculation, assays performed with salivary gland tissues revealed down-regulation of miR-1207-5p and miR-4695-3p, as well as up-regulation of TRIM21 and pro-apoptotic CASP-8 gene in pSS samples. SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY: For pSS patients, apoptosis of acinar and ductal epithelial cells has been proposed to be a potential mechanism that impairs the secretion of salivary glands. In our study, two autoantigen-targeting microRNAs were characterized as antiapoptotic microRNAs functioning through apoptosis pathway, which may be potential targets for the treatment of pSS.

Decrease in alpha-1 antiproteinase antitrypsin is observed in primary Sjogren’s syndrome condition

Primary Sjogren’s syndrome (pSS) is a systemic autoimmune disease that is characterized by the infiltration of immune cells. Although the loss of salivary gland function is a major manifestation observed in pSS, the factors that could promote these changes in salivary gland tissue in pSS is not yet determined. Herein, we provide evidence that loss of alpha-1 antiproteinase antitrypsin could contribute to the induction of pSS. Alpha-1 antiproteinase antitrypsin belongs to the family of serpin proteins that function as protease inhibitors and protect secretory cells against proteases, especially to elastases that is secreted from lymphocytes. Importantly, expression of alpha-1 antiproteinase antitrypsin was decreased (more than 3-fold), along with an increase in elastase expression, in pSS samples when compared with age-matched non-SS-SICCA patients. Consistent with the human data, loss of alpha-1 antiproteinase antitrypsin, as well as an increase in immune infiltration, was observed in IL14α transgenic mice that exhibit SS like symptoms. Moreover, an age-dependent increase in elastase expression was observed in IL14α transgenic mice along with a decrease in total saliva secretion. Importantly, a 4-fold increase in microRNA132 expression, but not in other microRNAs, and increased DNA methylation in the promoter/noncoding region of serpina gene was observed in pSS, which could be responsible for the inhibition of alpha-1 antiproteinase antitrypsin expression in salivary gland cells of pSS patients. Together, these findings demonstrate that epigenetic regulations that include DNA methylation and microRNAs that could modulate the expression of alpha-1 antiproteinase antitrypsin in salivary glands and could be involved in the onset of pSS.

Direct Observations of Surface Plasmon Polaritons in Highly Conductive Organic Thin Film.

Plasmonic effect plays a significant role in many optoelectronic devices and enables various innovative applications. It has been widely studied in metallic materials, for example, Ag and Au, and later was expanded to transparent conductive oxides, etc. However, such plasmonic structures have limitations in many emerging optoelectronics including flexible optoelectronics, organic optoelectronics, and so on, due to their inorganic natures. In this manuscript, we discovered that the acid-modified highly conductive organic PEDOT:PSS film shows interesting plasmonic properties in the vis-NIR region and exhibits great potentials for activating surface plasmon polaritons. The dispersion curves of dielectric permittivity and optical constants of two modified PEDOT:PSS samples are obtained by inversion calculation of the spectroscopic ellipsometry data with the Drude-Lorentz dispersion model. The permittivity crossover wavelengths λC and the surface plasmon wavelengths λsp are found to be located squarely in the 650-900 nm range, which will enable future plasmonic device applications in the vis-NIR region. The activation of surface plasmon polaritons propagation mode of modified PEDOT:PSS is directly observed and confirmed by prism coupling experiments. In addition, further quantitative analysis revealed that our modified PEDOT:PSS samples have comparable abilities to generate, propagate, and confine surface plasmon polaritons as indium tin oxide (ITO). To the best of our knowledge, this is the first direct demonstration of an organic structure showing equivalent plasmonic properties to the inorganic ones. We believe it will open up much more possibilities for the optoelectronic devices, due to the flexibility, lightness, biological compatibility, and solution processability of the organic plasmonic materials.

Effect of solvents treatment on the electrical stability and surface wetting properties of PEDOT:PSS thin films

Solvent post-treatment of PEDOT:PSS conductive thin films have been shown to be an effective way to improve their electrical conductivity. However, such treatment could also have an impact on the performance stability and surface properties of PEDOT:PSS films. In the current work, PEDOT:PSS samples were prepared with different thicknesses and treated using a simple solvent post-treatment method. The electrical performance stability of the solvent post-treated films was investigated over prolonged time period. The electrical stability of the studied samples shows some dependence on their thickness. Moreover, reduced electrical performance degradation was noticed after solvent treatment. An alteration in the films wetting-dewetting properties after the treatment was also observed. The correlation between the surface properties and the improved performance stability of the treated PEDOT:PSS films is discussed in the light of the obtained results. Some remarks on the impact of solvent treatment on the performance of the treated-PEDOT:PSS films based devices are also given.

MicroRNA-mediated Regulation of Mucin-type O-glycosylation Pathway: A Putative Mechanism of Salivary Gland Dysfunction in Sjögren Syndrome.

To investigate microRNA (miRNA) that is potentially implicated in primary Sjögren syndrome (pSS)-related salivary hypofunction in labial salivary glands and to study miRNA-mediated mechanisms underlying oral dryness and altered rheology, focusing on the mucin O-glycosylation pathway. We performed miRNA expression profiling in minor salivary gland samples of patients with pSS presenting a different impairment in their unstimulated salivary flow rate. A computational in silico analysis was performed to identify genes and pathways that might be modulated by the deregulated miRNA that we had identified. To confirm in silico analysis, expression levels of genes encoding for glycosyltransferases and glycan-processing enzymes were investigated using Human Glycosylation-RT2 Profiler PCR Array. Among 754 miRNA analyzed, we identified 126 miRNA that were significantly deregulated in pSS compared to controls, with a trend that was inversely proportional with the impairment of salivary flow rates. An in silico approach pinpointed that several upregulated miRNA in patients with pSS target important genes in the mucin O-glycosylation. We confirmed this prediction by quantitative real-time PCR, highlighting the downregulation of some glycosyltransferase and glycosidase genes in pSS samples compared to controls, such as GALNT1, responsible for mucin-7 glycosylation. Collectively, our data suggest that the expression of different predicted miRNA-target genes in the mucin type O-glycan biosynthesis pathway is altered in pSS patients with low salivary flow and that the miRNA expression profile could influence the glycosidase expression levels and consequently the rheology in pSS.

Semi‐crystalline polypyrrole: Polystyrene sulfonate synthesized through the pores of filter paper

Semi‐crystalline polypyrrole:polystyrene sulfonate (PPy:PSS) composites were synthesized successfully after passing through the micro‐pores of filter paper. Filter paper was used as a tunnel to channel the diffusion speed of the initiator and to separate the PSS chains as a function of the occupied pore volume. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT‐IR) suggested the specific bonding structures of the formed PPy:PSS. The crystallographic structures of the PPy:PSS composites were analyzed by X‐ray diffraction based on various pore sizes of the filter paper used. The crystallinity dependence of the conductivity was evaluated using a standard four‐point probe. A series of PPy:PSS samples with different crystallinity exhibited electrical conductivity ranging from 0.007 S/cm to 0.062 S/cm. POLYM. ENG. SCI., 58:1033–1036, 2018. © 2017 Society of Plastics Engineers