Pseudupeneus Maculatus Research Articles

Optimization of mechanically separated meat washing cycles and of corn starch addition in saramunete ( Pseudupeneus maculatus ) sausages

The objective of this study was to investigate the influence of mechanically separated meat (MSM) washing cycles (0, 1, or 2) of saramunete (Pseudupeneus maculatus) and percent inclusion of corn starch (0%, 1%, or 2%) on the chemical, physical, texture, microbiological and sensory characteristics, during fish sausage processing. The results showed that increased number of washing cycles increased moisture content and water holding capacity (WHC) and reduced fat levels and a* and b* color characteristics of the sausages. The inclusion of 2% corn starch increased WHC, and reduced moisture, fat, and a* and b* color. The microbial counts of all sausages were within the limits established by the Brazilian legislation. The products were well accepted by assessors, with sensory scores equivalent to “moderately liked”. The factorial experiment suggested optimized processing by no (0) MSM washing cycle, to minimize nutrient losses, and 2% inclusion of corn starch in the sausage formulation. Practical applications In the northeastern region of Brazil, artisanal fishing is the most commonly used method for the capture of fish, and saramunete (Pseudupeneus maculatus) stands out as the species with relevant production potential. This fish has a good sensory acceptance and is marketed in open markets, with an expressive demand in the foreign market. However, fish consumption per capita in Brazil is very modest when compared to other countries, with 10 kg per inhabitant per year, against 20 to 30 kg per inhabitant per year in developed countries. Due to its nutritional profile and market potential, fish sausages have been the object of research. The present study showed the great potential of saramunete, a fish species widely captured in Brazil, to be used in the manufacture of high value-added emulsion-type sausage products.

PARASITIC INFESTATIONS AND INFECTIONS IN MARINE FISH (ACTINOPTERYGII: LUTJANIDAE AND MULLIDAE) MARKETED IN BRAZIL – AN ANIMAL AND HUMAN HEALTH ISSUE

The objective of this study was to identify the parasitic fauna, the impact of the parasite-host relationship and the potential risk of transmission of zoonotic parasites in fish marketed in the Metropolitan Region of Recife (Northeastern of Brazil). Ectoparasites and endoparasites were collected in Pseudupeneus maculatus (n=34), Lutjanus synagris (n=23), and Ocyurus chrysurus (n=20). Organs and/or tissues with and without parasites were processed by routine histological techniques. Overall, 43 (55.8%) specimens were parasitized by: Rocinela signata; Lernanthropus sp.; Lernaeolophus sultanus; Goussia sp.; Haliotrema sp.; Raphidascaris (Ichthyascaris) sp.; Cucullanus sp.; larvae of Pseudoterranova sp., Contracaecum sp., Anisakis sp., and Trypanorhyncha. Macroscopic and/or histological alterations were associated with Lernantrhopus sp. (gills) and Pseudoterranova sp. (liver) in O. chrysurus; R. signata (gills) in P. maculatus; and Lernaeolophus sultanus (maxilla) of L. synagris. Histological analysis was shown to be a tool that provides important knowledge about the impact of the parasites on the health of studied marine fish. New records of parasites are presented (Lernanthropus sp. in O. chrysurus, Goussia sp. in P. maculatus, L. sultanus in L. synagris) and parasites of importance in Public Health are registered (Anisakis sp., Pseudoterranova sp., Contracaecum sp., and Trypanorhyncha), emphasizing the need for measures to avoid the risk of transmission to consumer. The information contributes to the knowledge about the parasitic fauna of fish and its distribution along the coast of Brazil.

Feeding habits and population aspects of the spotted goatfish, <em>Pseudupeneus maculatus</em> (Perciformes: Mullidae), on the continental shelf of northeast Brazil

This study provides information about the feeding habits, population aspects and spatial distribution of the spot­ted goatfish, Pseudupeneus maculatus, along the coast of the tropical Brazilian continental shelf. Distribution patterns are described using length frequencies and catch rates. Stable isotope ratios of carbon (δ13C) and nitrogen (δ15N), along with stomach contents, were analysed to determine the diet of the spotted goatfish. Multivariate analysis and numerical indicators of the diet, such as numerical frequency, frequency of occurrence and weight percentage, were computed to evaluate the diet composition. The mean trophic position was defined using both stable isotope ratios and stomach content analysis. The length at first maturity for the species was determined as 13.7 cm. A slight pattern in size distribution was observed, with mean size increasing with depth along the shelf. The diet was mainly composed of crustaceans, teleosts and Polychaeta. No clear dietary difference was found between habitat types, water depth or latitude. Both trophic positions estimated by stable isotopes and stomach contents analysis ranged between levels 3 and 4. P. Maculatus was found to be feeding on many rare and infrequent prey items, classifying it as a generalist zoobenthivorous predator, probably due to its efficient search strategy.

Gill metazoan parasites of the spotted goatfish Pseudupeneus maculatus (Ostheichthyes: Mullidae) from the Coast of Pernambuco, northeastern Brazil.

This study evaluated the parasite fauna on the gills of spotted goatfish Pseudupeneus maculatus captured in the dry and rainy seasons in the coast of the State of Pernambuco, Brazil. Eight parasite species were identified belonging to the following taxa: Monogenea (Haliotrema caraïbensis, Haliotrema caballeroi and Haliotrema golvani); Crustacea (Rocinela signata, Hamaticolax scutigerulus and Caligidae gen. sp.) and Cestoda (Nybelinia indica and Pseudolacistorhynchus noodti). The most prevalent parasites were: Monogenea (100%), H. scutigerulus (35%), N. indica (11.7%), R. signata (8.3%), Caligidae gen. sp. (3.33%) and P. noodti (0.83%). Values of infestation are compared to other studies, and the uncommon occurrence of Trypanorhyncha on the gills suggests that the spotted goatfish could be an intermediate host for the parasite.

Rocinela signata (Isopoda: Aegidae) parasitizing the gills of the spotted goatfish Pseudupeneus maculatus (Actinopterygii: Mullidae) in Northeastern Brazil.

Parasitic isopods of fishes usually show wide distribution and low host specificity. This study investigated the occurrence of gill parasites in 120 specimens of spotted goatfish Pseudupeneus maculatus, marine fish of great economic importance for fishery community. The fish were captured monthly in the Coast of Pernambuco State, Northeast Brazil, between October 2012 and September 2013. Eleven isopods were found and identified as Rocinela signata. We observed lower infections in the gills of P. maculatus (prevalence 8.3%, mean intensity 1.6±0.3 and mean abundance 0.1±0.3) when compared to other studies of different host fishes from geographically close locations. This parasite has been reported from a wide variety of fish species, not only in Brazil, but also in the eastern Atlantic and the Pacific oceans. This is the first report of R. signata in spotted goatfish.

<b>First record of Hamaticolax <i>scutigerulus</i> (Copepoda: Bomolochidae) in Brazil, ectoparasite of the spotted goatfish <i>Pseudupeneus maculatus</i> (Actinopterygii: Mullidae)

Bomolochidae Claus, 1875 is a copepod family with worldwide distribution that parasitizes marine fishes. This study provides the first report of Hamaticolax scutigerulus (Wilson, 1935) (Copepoda: Bomolochidae) in the spotted goatfish Pseudupeneus maculatus (Bloch, 1793), in the coastal waters of Pernambuco, northeastern Brazil. Prevalence of 35%, mean intensity of infestation of 1.9±1.3 and mean abundance of 0.7±1.2 were found. The setae and spines of the leg armor of the Hamaticolax species were analyzed to identify the present species.

RENDIMENTO CORPORAL DO SARAMUNETE, Pseudupeneus maculatus (BLOCH, 1793) SUBMETIDO A DIFERENTES MÉTODOS DE FILETAGEM

O objetivo do presente estudo foi avaliar o rendimento corporal do saramunete, Pseudupeneus maculatus, submetido a diferentes métodos de filetagem. A variação ocorreu na ordem de retirada da cabeça e vísceras, antes e depois do processo de filetagem, e na ordem de retirada da pele, antes e depois da remoção dos filés. As variáveis avaliadas foram: rendimento de filé, rendimento de pele, rendimento de espinhaço e rendimento dos demais resíduos (escamas, vísceras e cabeça). Os melhores rendimentos de filé foram obtidos nos tratamentos onde a pele foi retirada após a remoção dos filés. O maior rendimento de espinhaço foi verificado no método com menor rendimento de filé. Os maiores rendimentos de pele ocorreram quando a pele foi removida antes do filé. Os métodos de filetagem não influenciaram no rendimento dos demais resíduos. Observa-se, portanto, que o melhor método de filetagem do saramunete é aquele onde a pele é retirada após a remoção dos filés, podendo acontecer com o peixe inteiro sem escamas ou então com o peixe sem escamas, cabeça e vísceras.

Interactive Use of Barbels by Spotted Goatfish Pseudupeneus maculatus (Bloch, 1793) on the Reef of Bonaire, Lesser Antilles

New behavior by spotted goatfish Pseudupeneus maculatus (Bloch, 1793) was observed. Spotted goatfish interacted by wriggling, touching, and twisting each other's barbels. Detailed observations suggest agonistic encounters of two males as interpretation of this behavior. This observed use of barbels by goatfish differs from their common uses in feeding, and from their previously noted use in courtship. This new behavior also suggests an interpretation for the latter.

The goatfish Pseudupeneus maculatus and its follower fishes at an oceanic island in the tropical west Atlantic

The influence of a substratum‐disturbing forager, the spotted goatfish Pseudupeneus maculatus on the assemblage of its escorting, opportunistic‐feeding fishes was examined at Fernando de Noronha Archipelago (tropical west Atlantic). Followers attracted to spotted goatfish foraging singly differed from followers of spotted goatfish foraging in groups in several characteristics. The larger the nuclear fish group, the greater the species richness and number of individuals of followers. Moreover, groups of foraging spotted goatfish attracted herbivores, not recorded for spotted goatfish foraging singly. The size of follower individuals increased with the size and the number of foraging spotted goatfish. The zoobenthivorous habits of the spotted goatfish and its ability to disturb a variety of soft substrata render it an important nuclear fish for several follower species of the reef fish assemblage at Fernando de Noronha.

Foraging activity and behaviour of two goatfish species (Perciformes: Mullidae) at Fernando de Noronha Archipelago, tropical West Atlantic

The goatfishes (Mullidae) include about 50 bottom-foraging fish species. The foraging activity of the yellow goatfish, Mulloidichthys martinicus, and the spotted goatfish, Pseudupeneus maculatus, was studied comparatively at Fernando de Noronha Archipelago, off coast of Northeast Brazil tropical West Atlantic. Pseudupeneus maculatus fed over a larger variety of substrate types, had lower feeding rate, roamed more per given time, spent less time in a feeding event, and displayed a more diverse repertoire of feeding modes than M. martinicus. The differences in the foraging activity and behaviour between the two species possibly minimize a potential resource overlap, as already recorded for other sympatric mullids. Pseudupeneus maculatus had lower feeding rate most likely because it feeds on larger items, and roamed over greater distance per time. Possibly this is because it foraged over a greater variety of substrate distributed over a larger area than that used by M. martinicus. Notwithstanding the overall morphological and behavioural similarity of goatfishes in general, they do differ in their substrate preferences and foraging activity, which indicates that these fishes should not be simply considered generalized bottom foragers.

Age and growth of the spotted goatfish, Pseudupeneus maculatus (Bloch, 1793) in Brazil, validated through marginal increment and oxytetracycline dyes in the sagittae

A sample composed of 4973 specimens of the spotted goatfish, Pseudupeneus maculatus (4.5–29.2 cm fork length) was collected off northeastern Brazil from 1999 to 2002. Sagittae (398) were analyzed for age and growth estimation using both annuli and microincrements. For the first approach, the mean monthly marginal increment ratio analysis suggested that one band is formed annually from May to June. With the microincrements analysis, 15 specimens were reared (3–71 days) for validation of periodicity using oxytetracycline. Fluorescent dyes were observed in 10 specimens (7.5–16.9 cm). After testing, one microincrement was found to form daily. Otolith sections were polished and analyzed using a light microscope (100–1200× magnifications). Individuals larger than 22.6 cm (4 years) showed heavily overlaid increments on the otolith edge, which hampered the counts. There was agreement on the size from counts on an annual and daily basis. The von Bertalanffy function provided the following parameters: L∞ = 33.23 cm; K = 0.265; t0 = 0.0883 year. The sample was composed of 0+ to >5-year-old specimens. Age at first maturity was 3.6 years (20 cm), whereas the recruitment age for fisheries was 3.9 years. Juveniles represented about half of the catch (48.7%), which may have implications for population equilibrium.

Plankton‐picking by the goatfish Pseudupeneus maculatus(Mullidae), a specialized bottom forager

Although goatfishes (Mullidae) include c. 50 specialized bottom foraging species, juvenile and adult spotted goatfish Pseudupeneus maculatus were recorded feeding on plankton on rocky reefs off southern and north‐eastern Brazil, respectively.

Trypsin-like enzyme from intestine and pyloric caeca of spotted goatfish ( Pseudupeneus maculatus)

Trypsin-like enzyme was partially purified from the intestine and pyloric caeca of spotted goatfish ( Pseudupeneus maculatus) by a simple three steps procedure: heat treatment, ammonium sulphate precipitation and Sephadex G-75 filtration. The enzymes from the intestine and pyloric caeca were 96- and 57.7-fold purified with yield values of 68.1% and 26.1%, respectively. The pyloric caeca enzyme collected from the Sephadex G-75 filtration showed a single band in SDS–PAGE (24.5 kDa). Both enzymes presented identical optima pH (9.0) and temperature (55 °C). After incubation at 45 °C for 30 min, enzymes obtained from intestine remained fully activity while a loss of activity (10%) of enzyme extracted from pyloric caeca was registered. Michaelis constant was not significantly different for trypsin-like enzyme from pyloric caeca (1.82 ± 0.19 mM) and that from the intestine (1.94 ± 0.45 mM) acting on benzoyl- dl-arginine- p-nitroanilide (BAPNA). Finally, their activities were inhibited by the following ions in decreasing order: Al 3+ > Zn 2+ > Hg 2+ = Cu 2+ > Cd 2+. The effects of Ca 2+, Mg 2+, Mn 2+, Ba 2+, K 1+, Li 1+ and Co 2+ showed to be less intensive. The similarities between them provide basis for the proposition of obtaining an attractive protease preparation from the tons of intestine and pyloric caeca, that are usually discarded, from this fish which is an important species exported by North-eastern Brazilian fishery industry.

Trypanorhynch Cestodes of Commercial Fishes from Northeast Brazilian Coastal Waters

A large scale investigation on trypanorhynch cestode infestation of tropical marine fishes was carried out along the Northeast Brazilian coast in the summer of 1991 and 1993. A total of 798 fish specimens belonging to 57 species and 30 families were examined. Metacestodes of 11 different trypanorhynchs were found: Callitetrarhynchus gracilis, Dasyrhynchus giganteus, Grillotia sp., Nybelinia edwinlintoni, N. indica, N. senegalensis, Nybelinia c.f. lingualis, Otobothrium cysticum, Pseudolacistorhynchus noodti, Pseudotobothrium dipsacum and Pterobothrium kingstoni. Scanning electron microscopy was used to clarify details of the tentacular armature of some species. Rose-thorn shaped hooklets, regularly arranged like microtriches, are described from the bothridial surface of N. edwinlintoni. Of the 57 fish species, 15 harboured trypanorhynch cestodes. Of these the mullid Pseudupeneus maculatus was the most heavily infested fish species, harbouring 5 different trypanorhynch species. P. noodti in P. maculatus had the highest prevalence (87%) and intensity (maximum = 63) of infestation. C. gracilis was the parasite with the lowest host-specificity. It could be isolated from 10 fish species. The cestode fauna of the Northeast Brazilian coast appears to be similar to that of the West African coast. Five of the trypanorhynch cestodes found during this study are common to both localities. The two single cases of intra musculature infestation in Citharichthys spilopterus and Haemulon aurolineatum by trypanorhynch cestodes indicate that marketability of the investigated commercially exploited fish species is inconsequential.

Benefits of heterospecific foraging by the Caribbean wrasse, Halichoeres garnoti (Pisces: Labridae)

Terminal-phase yellowhead wrasses, Halichoeres garnoti, foraged alone or in association with foraging goatfish, Pseudupeneus maculatus and Mulloides martinicus. Whereas H. garnoti did not dig for benthic infauna, the goatfish foraged almost exclusively on and in sand substrata. Wrasses in the company of goatfish made significantly more strikes on sand substrata than did solitary wrasses, although there were no significant differences in the frequency of strikes on sand and hard substrata combined. The frequencies of other behaviors (searches, scratches, flights, chases, rests, yawns, and cleanings) were not significantly different between solitary and associated wrasses. H. garnoti are attracted to foraging goatfish, which provide access to an otherwise unavailable food resource.

Aspects of the biology and ecology of Caribbean reef fishes: Mullidae (goat–fishes)

The reef–dwelling goat–fishes, Pseudupeneus maculatus (Bloch) 1793 aand Mulloidichthys martinicus (C. & V.) 1829, form a small, but valuable, component of fish–trap catches in the Caribbean Sea and adjacent regions. Investigations of these species in Jamaican waters have covered relative and absolute growth rates, spawning seasons, sizes at maturity, distribution patterns, size compositions of populations, relative abundances and mortality rates. Previous literature concerning the biology and ecology of these species is reviewed.

Digenetic Trematodes of Fishes from Palawan Island, Philippines. IV. Some Immature Didymozoidae, a Bucephalid; A New Hemiuroid Genus and Subfamily

Abstract : Three immature didymozoids are reported from fishes of Palawan Island, Philippines: Torticaecum nipponicum Yamaguti, 1942, from Eleotris fusca; Immature Didymozoid A from Puntius binotatus; and Immature Didymozoid B from Euthynnus yaito. A review of didymozoids listed as Distomum fenestratum Linton, 1907, in the U. S. National Museum Helminthological Collection resulted in their separation into two district forms: D. fenestratum from Gymnothorax moringa, Haemulon plumieri, H. sciurus, H. parra, Remora remora, Scorpaena sp., and Pseudupeneus maculatus; and Immature Didymozoid C from Brevoortia tyrannus, Ammodytes americanus, and Etrumeus sadina. Bucephaloides sibi (Yamaguti, 1940) Hopkins, 1954 (Bucephalidae) is reported from Euthynnus yaito; and Pelorohelmins palawanensis gen. n., sp. n. (Hemiuroidea) from Gazza minuta is described. A new subfamily, Pelorohelminthinae, is created for the latter genus and appears to be most closely related to the family Isoparorchiidae. (Author)