pseudo-3D Model Research Articles

Advanced Methodology for Simulating Local Operating Conditions in Large Fuel Cells Based on a Spatially Averaged Pseudo-3D Model

To address the performance and lifetime limitations of Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells, it is essential to have a comprehensive understanding of the operating heterogeneities at the cell scale, requiring the test of a wide range of operating conditions. To avoid experimental constraints, numerical simulations seem to be the most viable option. Hence, there is a need for time-efficient and accurate cell-scale models. In this intention, previous works led to the development and the experimental calibration of a pseudo-3D model of a full-size cell in a stack. To further reduce the computation time, a new spatially averaged, multi-physics, single-phase, non-isothermal, steady state pseudo-3D model is developed and calibrated with the results of the preceding model. Particularly, it captures the influence of the coolant on temperature and water mappings in the cell. Moreover, a new methodology is proposed to calibrate the electrochemical cell voltage law for new membrane-electrode assemblies. The emulation of the local operation conditions in large active surface area is realized with a small differential cell, avoiding the testing of large single cells or stacks. Subsequently, simulations are conducted to investigate the impact of the coolant temperature gradient, coolant outlet temperature and gas relative humidity.

Interleaved Electrode Structures for Enhanced Electrolyte Mass Transport in Li-Ion Batteries : A Numerical Study

The enhancement of energy and power density in Li-ion batteries remains a focal point in battery research. When Li-ion batteries are operated at high C-rates, mass transport limitations cause large concentration gradients of Lithium ions to form in the electrolyte. The resultant concentration overpotentials and underutilization of active material effectively imply a lower capacity for higher current rates, which creates a tradeoff between energy and power density. The integration of 3D interleaved electrode structures has been proposed to augment power density while preserving energy density. This work comprehensively analyzes the capacity improvement achieved by utilizing a wavy interleaved structure using electrochemical simulations. A pseudo-3D (P3D) model based on the Doyle-Fuller-Newman framework is employed to analyze the performance of various depths and frequencies of the wavy interleaved structure. Galvanostatic simulations are performed for NMC/Graphite-SiOx and LMO/Graphite cells at different C-rates, and the resultant voltage is systematically divided into component overpotentials to delineate the contribution of activation, ohmic, and mass-transfer overpotentials in both solid electrode and electrolyte. With the same amount of active material, simulations indicate a performance improvement of 7% in capacity at high C-rates. It is observed that using a wavy structure significantly reduces electrolyte concentration heterogeneities and resulting concentration gradients when compared to a conventional flat structure. The overpotential breakdown confirms that the improvement in voltage is indeed contributed precisely by the concentration overpotential. Concentration overpotential decreases with deeper interleaved structures as well as for more spatially frequent structures.Additionally, the impact of the interleaved electrode structure on cell degradation was also assessed. Lithium plating, which is the most prominent side reaction in the anode, was modeled using a Butler-Volmer kinetic equation, with deposition occurring locally when the solid phase potential drops below that of the electrolyte potential. The interleaved structure alleviates plating significantly due to higher uniformity in Li-ion concentration. With this work, we computationally demonstrate that interleaved structure works well for extracting higher capacity with the same active material, and also aids in suppressing Lithium plating.Figure Caption : Computed Li-ion concentration profile in the solid active material of an interleaved electrode Li-ion cell as a function of location (x, y) and distance from particle center (z) Figure 1

3D shear wave velocity imaging of the subsurface structure of granite rocks in the arid climate of Pan de Azúcar, Chile, revealed by Bayesian inversion of HVSR curves

Abstract. Seismic methods are emerging as efficient tools for imaging the subsurface to investigate the weathering zone. The structure of the weathering zone can be identified by differing shear wave velocities as various weathering processes will alter the properties of rocks. Currently, 3D subsurface modelling of the weathering zone is gaining increasing importance as results allow the identification of the weathering imprint in the subsurface not only from top to bottom but also in three dimensions. We investigated the 3D weathering structure of monzogranite bedrock near the Pan de Azúcar National Park (Atacama Desert, northern Chile), where the weathering is weak due to the arid climate conditions. We set up an array measurement that records seismic ambient noise, which we used to extract the horizontal-to-vertical spectral ratio (HVSR) curves. The curves were then used to invert for 1D shear wave velocity (Vs) models, which we then used to compile a pseudo-3D model of the subsurface structure in our study area. To invert the 1D Vs model, we applied a transdimensional hierarchical Bayesian inversion scheme, allowing us to invert the HVSR curve with minimal prior information. The resulting 3D model allowed us to image the granite gradient from the surface down to ca. 50 m depth and confirmed the presence of dikes of mafic composition intruding the granite. We identified three main zones of fractured granite, altered granite, and the granite bedrock in addition to the mafic dikes with relatively higher Vs. The fractured granite layer was identified with Vs of 1.4 km s−1 at 30–40 m depth, while the granite bedrock was delineated with Vs of 2.5 km s−1 and a depth range between 10 and 50 m depth. We compared the resulting subsurface structure to other sites in the Chilean coastal cordillera located in various climatic conditions and found that the weathering depth and structure at a given location depend on a complex interaction between surface processes such as precipitation rate, tectonic uplift and fracturing, and erosion. Moreover, these local geological features such as the intrusion of mafic dikes can create significant spatial variations to the weathering structure and therefore emphasize the importance of 3D imaging of the weathering structure. The imaged structure of the subsurface in Pan de Azúcar provides the unique opportunity to image the heterogeneities of a rock preconditioned for weathering but one that has never experienced extensive weathering given the absence of precipitation.

Performance uniformity analysis in polymer electrolyte fuel cell using long-term dynamic simulation

The temporal stability and spatial homogeneity of current density are key factors in Polymer Electrolyte Fuel Cell (PEFC) performance and durability. Temporal and spatial variations of relative humidity, fuel concentration, and water droplets in the channels are the principal causes of non-homogeneous current density. A dynamic pseudo-3D model was previously proposed by the authors and has been extended and improved to perform the long-term and intensive simulations of PEFC with low computational cost, which allows to study of the performances homogeneity with different experimental configurations and flow field topologies. The model considers important phenomena in the homogeneity analysis, such as gases and liquid water movement in diffusion layers and flow field, electrochemical reactions, and others. Model validation has been performed using experimental data obtained from a 25 cm2 cell with a single serpentine, which has allowed studying the model transient response and spatial representation. The simulations have been used to study the homogeneity and stability of 36 setups of PEFC, varying the rib/channel width ratio, the stoichiometric ratio, and the number of parallel serpentine channels. The results show the importance of a properly flow field design to control gas flow, remove the channels’ liquid water, and keep a homogeneous feeding. The study evaluated a set of channel configurations that show the improved temporal voltage stability and current density spatial homogeneity. The results show the impact of channel gas speed and ratio channel/rib width in liquid droplets removal and the proper fuel spatial distribution; and how configurations with a lesser number of channels in serpentine design require a lower stoichiometric ratio to perform better temporal and spatial uniformity. In the case of the cell configurations simulated, the optimum design was achieved using between 5 and 7 parallel serpentine channels and a channel/rib ratio 3/5.

Applying Deep Electrical-Resistivity Tomography Techniques for the Exploration of Medium- and Low-Geothermal Energy Resources

The growth of the geothermal industry demands the constant search of techniques with the aim of reducing exploration efforts whilst minimizing subsurface uncertainty. The exploration of geothermal resources is fundamental from the exploitation point of view, especially in those regions where this energy is not as widespread as the rest of renewable sources. This research shows how geoelectrical methods can contribute to the investigation and characterization of medium–low enthalpy geothermal resources until about 800 m of depth. A 2000 m long electrical-resistivity tomography profile was performed in a region of Southern Spain with previous evidence of moderate geothermal potential. Results of this geophysical campaign (together with a preliminary geological characterization) allowed for the obtainment of a 2D profile and a pseudo-3D model with extensive information about the subsoil in terms of geological composition and formations. The interpretation of geophysical results denotes the existence of a potential formation constituted by carbonate materials with thickness greater than 300 m, crossing different fractures. Once the ideal location for the geothermal exploitation is defined, the research evaluates the contribution of the possible energy source, deducing that the energy extraction in the potential fracturing area would be double that of the one in the vicinity of the site.

A comprehensive review of numerical simulation methods for hydraulic fracturing

AbstractHydraulic fracturing unlocks previously inaccessible hydrocarbons in unconventional reservoirs by creating artificial pathways in the unconventional reservoir. Numerical simulation expands the scope of hydraulic fracturing design for various reservoir conditions. This review paper explores the synergy between numerical simulation and hydraulic fracturing modeling, focusing on critical elements like geomechanical behavior, geological conditions, and fluid dynamics. Analytical models in hydraulic fracturing design are discussed to underscore their foundational importance. The assumption of constant fracture height limits the application of Perkins–Kern–Nordgren model (PKN) and Kristianovich‐Geertsma‐de Klerk model (KGD). Radial models assume 3D flow but lack reliability in nonradial settings, and the Pseudo 3D model (P3D) shares PKN's assumptions with variable fracture height, sacrificing some details for efficiency. Planar 3D model (PL3D) enhances accuracy by discarding PKN's elastic response assumption but requires extended computation. Unconventional fracture model is effective for complex scenarios but relies on DFN modeling parameters for accuracy. The choice of numerical simulation method in hydraulic fracturing depends on the specific aspect studied, each with its strengths and limitations. For instance, boundary element methods are efficient for exterior problems, finite element modeling suits 3D nonplanar fractures, and the extended finite element method excels in hydraulic and natural fracture interactions. Peridynamics shows potential but needs further development for cost‐effectiveness. PFC and UDEC/3DEC‐based simulations can explore microscopic mechanisms. Combining these methods with other approaches provides a comprehensive study of realistic reservoir conditions. This review guides the selection of a suitable numerical simulation methodology based on the study's scope.

Scaling Deep Learning for Material Imaging: A Pseudo-3d Model for Tera-Scale 3d Domain Transfer

Scaling Deep Learning for Material Imaging: A Pseudo-3d Model for Tera-Scale 3d Domain Transfer

Taking Advantage of the Operating Heterogeneities in PEMFC: Numerical Study with a Pseudo-3D Model

A Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell (PEMFC) is an open system. Its operation is therefore inherently heterogeneous. Indeed, in a cell, electrochemical reactions do not take place homogeneously on the active surface area. It has already been pointed out that operating heterogeneities over a large cell active area can cause a decrease of performance and durability. In fact, studies to date have focused on the relation between operating heterogeneities and local degradation on the active surface area for a small selection of operating conditions.The objective of our study is to find a way to control the current, temperature and water distributions by adjusting the operating conditions to, hopefully, optimize performance and improve durability. In order to define those control strategies, a better understanding of the heterogeneities for a wide range of operating conditions is necessary. To that end, a first numerical approach seems to be the most appropriate.This numerical study is based on a pseudo-3D multi-physics and single-phase model of a large cell, developed on COMSOL Multiphysics®. One novelty of our study, from a methodological point of view, is the calibration of the model. Instead of calibrating the model with the electrochemical response of a large cell for some chosen operating conditions as per usual, it has been calibrated with the electrochemical response of a small cell (1.8 cm²), called differential cell, emulating local operating conditions on a larger cell. Three areas of the large cell were emulated for different operating conditions: inlet, middle and outlet. Once calibrated, the pseudo-3D model was used to calculate the distributions for 108 operating conditions, which were chosen from a full factorial design of experiment defined according to the automobile application of PEMFC. The statistical analysis of these simulation results will give the influence of operating conditions (gases pressure, the magnitude and orientation of the thermal gradient of the cooling fluid, gases temperature and relative humidity) on the current density, temperature and water distributions on the active surface area. These results will later be useful for the design of strategies for controlling heterogeneities, which will be finally tested on PEM stack. Figure 1

A fast pseudo-3D model for inversion of full SH waves in layered half-spaces

SH and Love waves have certain advantages over P-SV and Rayleigh waves when inverting shear-wave velocity (VS) profiles. They can also supplement Rayleigh waves to provide better model constraints on characterizing anisotropic media. Since the true 3D forward solution of full SH waves requires intensive computation, we propose, in this paper, a simple 2D wavefield solution and further modify it as an efficient pseudo-3D solution. This is achieved by applying an empirical amplitude correction function for geometric attenuation. In the transformed domain, this newly proposed pseudo-3D solution yields a dispersion image (frequency-velocity spectrum, FVS) practically equivalent to that of the true 3D solution which is also developed by the authors. Furthermore, this pseudo-3D solution is significantly more accurate than the modal summation method. Thanks to its fast computation speed and accuracy, the pseudo-3D algorithm is demonstrated to be an excellent surrogate for full wavefield inversion based on FVS. The FVS of SH waves is shown to be much more sensitive to embedded thin weak layers than that of P-SV waves. The superiority of FVS inversion over fundamental mode inversion is further demonstrated by examining their corresponding error functions, showing that FVS provides a much stronger constraint on the possible VS models. Examples demonstrate that the FVS inversion based on the pseudo-3D model outperforms the modal summation approach in both accuracy and generalization. The proposed pseudo-3D solution is quite general. It takes into account the source-to-receiver geometry and deals with special layer profiles where Love-type wave does not exist.

Transformer-based deep learning denoising of single and multi-delay 3D arterial spin labeling.

To present a Swin Transformer-based deep learning (DL) model (SwinIR) for denoising single-delay and multi-delay 3D arterial spin labeling (ASL) and compare its performance with convolutional neural network (CNN) and other Transformer-based methods. SwinIR and CNN-based spatial denoising models were developed for single-delay ASL. The models were trained on 66 subjects (119 scans) and tested on 39 subjects (44 scans) from three different vendors. Spatiotemporal denoising models were developed using another dataset (6 subjects, 10 scans) of multi-delay ASL. A range of input conditions was tested for denoising single and multi-delay ASL, respectively. The performance was evaluated using similarity metrics, spatial SNR and quantification accuracy of cerebral blood flow (CBF), and arterial transit time (ATT). SwinIR outperformed CNN and other Transformer-based networks, whereas pseudo-3D models performed better than 2D models for denoising single-delay ASL. The similarity metrics and image quality (SNR) improved with more slices in pseudo-3D models and further improved when using M0 as input, but introduced greater biases for CBF quantification. Pseudo-3D models with three slices achieved optimal balance between SNR and accuracy, which can be generalized to different vendors. For multi-delay ASL, spatiotemporal denoising models had better performance than spatial-only models with reduced biases in fitted CBF and ATT maps. SwinIR provided better performance than CNN and other Transformer-based methods for denoising both single and multi-delay 3D ASL data. The proposed model offers flexibility to improve image quality and/or reduce scan time for 3D ASL to facilitate its clinical use.

An Electrothermal Model of an NMC Lithium-Ion Prismatic Battery Cell for Temperature Distribution Assessment

Charge time has become one of the primary issues restricting the development of electric vehicles. To counter this problem, an adapted thermal management system needs to be designed in order to reduce the internal thermal gradient, by predicting the surface and internal temperature responses of the battery. In this work, a pseudo 3D model is developed to simulate battery cell performance and its internal states under various operational scenarios such as temperature and convection conditions as well as the applied current during charge and discharge. An original mesh of the JR is proposed where heat exchanges in the three directions (radial, orthoradial and axial) are considered. The model represents one of the solutions that enable increasing the lifespan of batteries while decreasing charging time. It offers the opportunity to optimize operating parameters to extend battery life. In this paper, attention was paid not only to the core and non-core components, but also to the experiments required to parametrize the thermal and electrochemical models (heat generation). Unlike existing approaches documented in the literature, the model developed in this work achieves an impressive balance between computational efficiency and result accuracy, making it a groundbreaking contribution in the field of electric vehicle technology.

NEIM-03 A GRADUAL INTEGRATION MODEL BASED ON MRI TO PREDICT MOLECULAR PROFILES IN PATIENTS WITH GLIOMA

Abstract Glioma is the most common primary brain tumor. Molecular profiles, including IDH mutation, 1p/19q co-deletion, and MGMT promoter methylation, are highly correlated with the prognosis and clinical decision-making of glioma. To predict the molecular profiles from rough segmentation MRI, we developed and validated a gradual integration model. We proposed a multi-task pseudo-3D model based on rough segmented multiparametric MRI to predict molecular profiles. In this model, convolution along the depth axis was performed between convolution blocks. A total of 750 patients with glioma were retrospectively enrolled from Sun Yatsen University Cancer Center(n=576) and The Cancer Imaging Archive(n=167) to validate the performance of the framework. The model was developed and validated on the local dataset and tested on an independent external (TCIA) test set. For IDH, 1p/19q, and MGMT predictions on the TCIA set, the gradual fusion model achieves AUCs of 0.87, 0.80, and 0.71, respectively, outperforming both input or output integration models and 2D models. To conclude, our gradual fusion model demonstrated the potential to predict molecular profiles based on pre-treatment MRI. Gradual integration may be a reliable method to design 3D medical imaging models.

An Investigation of a Newly Developed Bistable Load-Type Supersonic Fluidic Oscillator for Generating Large-Amplitude Pressure Pulsations

Abstract Unique aspects in the development of bistable load-type fluidic oscillators that satisfy the requirement of producing large-amplitude pressure fluctuations during the charging of vessels for potential implementation in industrial processes such as the superplastic forming process are addressed in this paper. A pseudo-3D computational fluid dynamic model is shown to be capable of accurately predicting the experimental values of the dimensionless frequencies and pressure fluctuation amplitudes as well as the experimental Schlieren images of the flow field obtained over a wide range of operating conditions. The pseudo-3D model is also used to provide details of the fluid motion in the oscillator which could not be measured experimentally when investigating the operation of the device. The flow switching mechanism is identified as a consequence of a reduction of the flow deflection angle due to the increase of the downstream pressure load by the charging of feedback tanks. Some examples of the usefulness of the model as a cost-effective industrial design tool are also demonstrated. The effects of changing the number and size of the feedback tank volumes on the device frequency and amplitude of the oscillation are clearly shown using dimensionless variables.

A Mathematical Model to Predict Hydraulic Fracture Geometry in Shale Gas Formation

Shale gas represents a new abundance for natural gas, which could aid keeping up with increasing world demand for energy. Enormous quantities of shale gas reserves are in Africa and China; however the technology to extract natural gas from shale formations is not yet developed in these regions. Hydraulic fracturing is the most viable technique to recover shale gas in economical quantities. Designing and controlling fracture geometry are crucial to achieve economical production rates from shale gas formations. Currently there is no universal model that can be applied to predict the fracture height and half-length in shale gas formation. Earlier models have addressed the issue of fracture geometry that is induced by hydraulic fracturing operation in conventional formations. Models such as KGD (Khristianovich- Geertsma-DeKlerk) and PKN (Perkins-Kern-Nordgren) solving the problem by assuming fixed fracture height, while complicated 3D models (planar and pseudo) are used to describe fracture geometry. Pseudo-3D model suffers from unrealistic fracture height outputs when the assumptions are violated. In this paper new equations for both fracture’s height and half-length are developed using Bingham theory in combination with a statistical approach (Monte Carlo simulation). The equations can be applied for wide ranges of rock properties and operational conditions of hydraulic fracturing.Model’s outcomes validation was verified using available data in the literature. Moreover, a parametric study showed that fluids viscosity and Poisson’s ratio were the major parameters that control fracture half-length. On the other hand, fracture height has been found to predominantly be controlled by formation thickness. These results are in line with the previous models outcomes.

Coupling Lithium Plating with SEI Formation in a Pseudo-3D Model: A Comprehensive Approach to Describe Aging in Lithium-Ion Cells

The lifetime of a battery is affected by various aging processes happening at the electrode scale and causing capacity and power fade over time. Two of the most critical mechanisms are the deposition of metallic lithium (plating) and the loss of lithium inventory to the solid electrolyte interphase (SEI). These side reactions compete with reversible lithium intercalation at the graphite anode. Here we present a comprehensive physicochemical pseudo-3D aging model for a lithium-ion battery cell, which includes electrochemical reactions for SEI formation on graphite anode, lithium plating, and SEI formation on plated lithium. The thermodynamics of the aging reactions are modeled depending on temperature and ion concentration, and the reactions kinetics are described with an Arrhenius-type rate law. The model includes also the positive feedback of plating on SEI growth, with the presence of plated lithium leading to a higher SEI formation rate compared to the values obtained in its absence at the same operating conditions. The model is thus able to describe cell aging over a wide range of temperatures and C-rates. In particular, it allows to quantify capacity loss due to cycling (here in % per year) as function of operating conditions. This allows the visualization of aging colormaps as function of both temperature and C-rate and the identification of critical operation conditions, a fundamental step for a comprehensive understanding of batteries performance and behavior. For example, the model predicts that at the harshest conditions (< –5 °C, > 3 C), aging is reduced compared to most critical conditions (around 0–5 °C) because the cell cannot be fully charged.

Pseudo 3D topology optimization of microchannel heat sink with an auxiliary objective

This paper investigated the application of pseudo 3D (P3D) variable-density topology optimization to the design of microchannel heat sink (MHS). To mitigate the grey-element issue and improve the precision of P3D model, outside surface viscous dissipation, adaptive equivalent heat transfer coefficient and auxiliary objective was introduced. The effects of adaptive equivalent heat transfer coefficient, auxiliary objective and its corresponding weight factor on the optimal design were analyzed. The results showed that the new proposed topological model can effectively mitigate intermediate density, improved accuracy and produced a well-defined structure. Furthermore, to validate the design of topology optimization, full 3D numerical simulations were adopted to investigate the fluid flow and heat transfer performance of the topological model and the results were compared with the conventional straight MHS. It is found that the increase of average inlet velocity and temperature uniformity of the topological MHS can be up to 305% and 69%, respectively, under the same inlet pressure. While under the same pumping power consumption, the average heat source temperature of the topological microchannel heat sink can be 9.3°C lower than the conventional one.

HDC-Net: Hierarchical Decoupled Convolution Network for Brain Tumor Segmentation.

Accurate segmentation of brain tumor from magnetic resonance images (MRIs) is crucial for clinical treatment decision and surgical planning. Due to the large diversity of the tumors and complex boundary interactions between sub-regions, it is of a great challenge. Besides accuracy, resource constraint is another important consideration. Recently, impressive improvement has been achieved for this task by using deep convolutional networks. However, most of state-of-the-art models rely on expensive 3D convolutions as well as model cascade/ensemble strategies, which result in high computational overheads and undesired system complexity. For clinical usage, the challenge is how to pursue the best accuracy within very limited computational budgets. In this study, we segment 3D volumetric image in one-pass with a hierarchical decoupled convolution network (HDC-Net), which is a light-weight but efficient pseudo-3D model. Specifically, we replace 3D convolutions with a novel hierarchical decoupled convolution (HDC) module, which can explore multi-scale multi-view spatial contexts with high efficiency. Extensive experiments on the BraTS 2018 and 2017 challenge datasets show that our method performs favorably against state of the art in accuracy yet with greatly reduced computational complexity.

An ultrafast simulator for 3D propagation of a hydraulic fracture with rectangular shape

We build a new ultrafast simulator of a three-dimensional hydraulic fracture growth in a layered rock. To significantly enhance computational speed, we restrict the modeled fracture to a rectangular shape. The model solves all basic hydraulic fracture mechanics equations either analytically or numerically. All equations except for fracture tip growth are solved analytically using known linear elasticity solutions for a rectangular displacement discontinuity and plane strain. The analytical model allows extremely fast fracture simulations. The algorithm of fracture tip incrementation during the growth is relatively simple, numerically stable, and fast-running.With such a new implementation of fracture growth, we achieved high computation speed while retaining sufficient accuracy. This becomes evident in this work, where we compare the new model results with simulations performed with commercial planar 3D and pseudo-3D models. Previously developed two-dimensional and pseudo-3D models, which can achieve comparable speed, are known to be limited in properly predicting fracture height growth. Our model eliminates the drawbacks and at a fast runtime. That makes our model applicable for extensive bulk runs in the field development planning or for solving inverse problems in real time, for example, automatic pressure match and fracture simulation in the real time of the fracturing job.

Hydraulic Fracture Geometry Modeling Techniques for Extracting Unconventional Reservoirs

This study aims to provide a comprehensive review of all hydraulic fracture geometry modeling techniques available in the conventional and unconventional reservoirs. We are introducing a comparison study between major available hydraulic fracture modeling techniques, advantages, and disadvantages of each one according to the latest related studies. The study includes the three general families of models: 2D models, pseudo-3D models, and fully 3D models. Consequently, the results of this work can be used for selecting the proper model to simulate or stimulate the reservoir to enhance oil recovery using hydraulic fracturing. Also, these results can be used for any future updates related to hydraulic fracturing stimulation based on the comparisons that were conducted.

Enhanced Pseudo-Three-Dimensional Model for Multiple Hydraulic Fractures

Abstract Modeling the propagation of hydraulic fractures is a complex problem that involves solving the equations that describe the intimate coupling between the cracked and porous solid phase and the fracturing fluid that drives the process according to established crack extension criteria. Most of the existing computational techniques become prohibitively expensive if applied to three-dimensional configurations, especially those involving multiple fractures because their accuracy relies on extremely fine discretizations of the geometry. These include the standard finite element method and standard displacement discontinuity method, which require substantial mesh densities in the vicinity of the crack front to capture the complex nature of the singular fields associated with fluid-driven cracks. Models have recently been proposed that offer sufficient accuracy and a significant increase in computational efficiency. These include the enhanced pseudo-3D model that explicitly incorporates a non-local elasticity relation and known crack-front asymptotic solutions that capture the multiscale near-front behavior. Here, we present an enhanced pseudo-3D model for simulating the propagation of multiple planar and nonplanar hydraulic fractures in a linear elastic medium. The algorithm is built on a fixed mesh with an adaptive tip element, and it incorporates leak-off, as well as stress interaction between the fractures. The model is validated against reference solutions of plane strain, radial, and multi-planar fracture geometries, for various sets of parameters that cover the majority of the problem parametric space.