Hydrocyanic Acid Content Research Articles

220 Effect of silage inoculants containing different combinations of homo- and heterofermentative strains on fermentation, aerobic stability, and hydrocyanic acid content of sorghum whole-plant silage

220 Effect of silage inoculants containing different combinations of homo- and heterofermentative strains on fermentation, aerobic stability, and hydrocyanic acid content of sorghum whole-plant silage

Study on Genetic Variability for Forage Yield and Quality Traits in Forage Sorghum [Sorghum bicolor L. Moench

The initial research related to germplasm screening was carried out in the experimental area of Instructional Dairy Farm, GBPUAT Pantnagar during kharif season 2018. The experimental material for this experiment consisted of two hundreds and eighty diverse germplasm lines of sorghum along with six checks viz., SSG 59-3, Pant Chari- 5, Pant Chari- 6, CSV-21 F, CSH-22S, and CSV-24SS. The germplasm lines were evaluated in Augmented Block Design for nineteen forage yield related traits and thirteen quality traits. The statistical analysis for genetic variability was done using analysis of variance (ANOVA), heritability (h2), genotypic coefficient of variation (GCV), phenotypic coefficient of variation (PCV), and genetic advance (GA). The analysis of variance revealed that the genotypes and checks were showing a highly significant differences for all the traits under study indicated existence of inherent genetic differences among genotypes for different characters. Mean performance of forage yield and quality related traits exhibited a wide range of variability. GCV and PCV values were observed low for most of the characters whereas high for anthracnose, zonate leaf spot and shoot fly incidence. The value of genetic advance was observed high for leaf area, green fodder yield per plant, dry fodder yield per plant, hydrocyanic acid content, plant height, anthracnose, and shoot fly incidence were relatively more than other characters. Genetic advance as per cent of mean was observed low for days to maturity, dry matter per cent, in-vitro dry matter disappearance, neutral detergent fiber, acid detergent fiber, cellulose content whereas high for leaf area, flag leaf width, panicle length, panicle width, 1000-grains weight, grain yield per plant, green fodder yield per plant, dry fodder yield per plant, total soluble solids, silica content, anthracnose, zonate leaf spot and shoot fly incidence. Heritability values were found high for all the traits under study. The genotypes bearing the desired values for different genetic variability parameters and mean performance for can be exploited in future breeding programmes for the improving forage genotypes. These genotypes can be used as donor parents in crop improvement programme for improving forage yield and quality related traits along with improved resistance against anthracnose, shooty fly and zonate leaf spot.

Variability, Heritability and Genetic Advance for Yield and Shoot Fly Resistance Associated Traits in Recombinant Inbred Lines (RILs) of Sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench

The present investigation was carried out with 210 Recombinant Inbred Lines (RILs) at the Instructional Dairy Farm of the Govind Ballabh Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar, Uttarakhand, India and the experiment was conducted during kharif season, 2018-19 in augmented design with three replications with the objective to access variability, heritability and genetic advance for 18 traits studied to select suitable shoot fly resistace RILs. The analysis of variance revealed highly significant differences for the trait viz., seedling height, days to 50 per cent flowering, plant height, stem diameter, number of nodes per plant, leaf length, leaf width, 1000 grain weight, dry fodder yield and green fodder yield, while significant differences were found in case of oviposition and dead heart per cent at 21 days after emergence. Eleven traits showed higher value of Genotypic coefficient of variation (GCV) than environment coefficient of variation (ECV). Total soluble solid (TSS) percent showed highest GCV followed by green fodder yield while dead heart per cent at 14 days after emergence showed highest ECV followed by days to emergence and Hydrocyanic acid content. Among the traits with high heritability, only plant height, dry fodder yield, and green fodder yield exhibited high genetic advance suggesting the additive gene action, making these traits suitable targets for effective selection in the RIL population. Further, molecular markers can be identified for key traits used in marker-assisted selection, and selected RILs can be evaluated in multi-environment trials for stability and adaptability.

Characterizing sorghum genotypes for forage yield, hydrocyanic acid and sugar contents under arid climate conditions

AbstractSorghum (Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench) is a dual nature crop, which is used for food as well as fodder, depending on plant ideotype. Sorghum forage is important for ruminants, but a major constraint is the anti-nutritional factor dhurrin, a hydrocyanic acid (HCN) producing glucoside. There are several additional effects of dhurrin, which reduce the nutritional value of sorghum fodder for livestock. This two-year study was aimed to evaluate the variation among diverse sorghum varieties, specifically for HCN content, forage yield and stem sugar content (brix value) under arid climate in Pakistan. Nine sorghum varieties were used for this experiment: JS-2002, Chakwal sorghum, Lines CS-17, Super late, PAK SS-2, Johar, JS-263, Sargodha-2011 and YSS-98. Results reveal that Sargodha-2011 had superior morphological traits for fresh forage and dry biomass yield, and stem brix value, compared to other varieties. Higher HCN contents were recorded in Super late compared to other varieties. Significant negative correlation of HCN with yield showed that improvement in yield will reduce the HCN content of sorghum. In conclusion, sorghum variety SGD-11 was shown best performing for higher biomass yield and brix value, and lower HCN content compared to other tested varieties under arid climate of Thal, Pakistan.

REDUCTION OF CYANIDE CONTENT IN PHYLOSTACHIS AUREA BAMBOO SHOOTS: OPTIMIZING THE PROCESSING CONDITIONS OF TEMPERATURE, HEATING TIME, AND NaCl CONCENTRATION

A Box-Behnken design was applied to evaluate the impact of temperature, heat treatment time, and NaCl concentration on the hydrocyanic acid (HCN) content in bamboo shoots of the Phyllostachys aurea species. A total of fifteen treatments with different combinations of the factors were carried out. For the quantification of HCN, a modification of the qualitative spectrophotometric technique of Guignard sodium picrate was followed. A calibration curve was constructed, which showed a quadratic form and high correlation (R2=0.965), and the resulting equation allowed quantifying the content of each of the treatments. The final concentration of HCN in samples was found to be between 0.007 and 0.015 mg/mL. Among the factors tested, only the temperature and time of heat treatment showed a significant impact on the reduction of HCN. Finally, contour plots were build up in order to identify the optimal treatment conditions for the most significant HCN reduction.

Nutritional value and agronomic traits of forage sorghum under drought stress

Drought negatively affects the crop yield and nutritional value of forage sorghum. The effect of drought on forage sorghum was investigated in a two-year, strip plot field experiment with a randomized complete block design. The vertical factor included four levels of drought stress (mild, moderate, severe, and extreme), and the horizontal factor consisted of four forage sorghum genotypes (Spidfid, Sugargraze, Jumbo, and Pegah). The results showed that drought stress negatively influenced plant height, number of leaves, biomass, leaf-to-stem ratio, and seed yield and yield components, as well as crude protein and prussic acid contents of sorghum. However, the different genotypes did not show the same responses to drought stress. The highest forage yield was observed in Spidfid genotype under mild stress by 121.6 ton/ha, the lowest related value (30.5) was obtained in Sugargraze genotype under extreme drought. The highest seed yields were recorded in the Spidfid genotype in mild and extreme stress treatments (7861 and 4839 kg/ha, respectively). The Sugargraze genotype showed the highest yield reduction under extreme stress. The nutritional value of forage was significantly higher in the Spidfid genotype, and the same genotype contained the lowest prussic acid content under mild and extreme stress conditions by 87 and 86 mg/kg, respectively. However, the crude protein content of the genotypes was not significantly different under severe stress. Therefore, using the Spidfid tolerant genotype and reducing the irrigation period in water shortage conditions, can be a promising solution to achieve the ideal quantitative and qualitative yield of sorghum forage.

Quality, hydrocyanic acid content and acceptability of cassava peels ensiled with brewers’ spent grains

In this study, the acceptability of 21-day-old cassava peels ensiled with spent brewer's grains was investigated along with its qualitative properties and hydrocyanic acid content. For the manufacture of silage diets, cassava peels (CPL) and brewers' wasted grain (BSG) were combined as follows: 100% CPL (Diet 1), 50% CPL + 50% BSG (Diet 2), and 40% CPL + 60% BSG (Diet 3). The pH of the silage ranged from 3.76 - 4.63. Diet 1 had a higher aroma of alcohol than the other silages, which were all typically alcoholic. The value of crude protein (CP) increased when more BSG was included. From the analysis, it was shown that the cyanide content of cassava peels reduced to 15.18 mg kg-1 when ensiled from 187.50 mg kg-1 of the unensiled cassava peels. This indicates that ensiling reduced the antinutritional factor present in the cassava peels. The result of acceptability trials showed that there was a significant difference (p < 0.05) in feed dry matter (DM) intake (ranged 311.0 – 514.5 g d-1) with diet 3 recording the highest significant (p < 0.05) value of 514.5 g d-1. Diet 3 showed good quality silage, enhanced crude protein composition and could support small ruminants during off periods as against sole feeding of cassava peels. Keywords: Cassava peels, brewers’ spent grains, silage, hydrocyanic acid.

Padrão histo-anatômico, degradabilidade e compostos secundários em diferentes acessoes de maniçoba (Manihot spp.) e diferentes estágios de maturação

ABSTRACT The objectives of this work were to characterize the histo-anatomical pattern and degradability and to determine the secondary compounds of maniçoba in the different accessions and maturation stages (young, mature and senescent). For the research, three accessions were selected (AC002, AC004 and AC038) from the municipalities of Barra de Santa Rosa, Monteiro and Boa Vista, respectively, which showed distinct genetic characteristics, such as morphological and agronomic characteristics, chemical composition and hydrocyanic acid content. The leaf blades showed a cuticle that covers the entire epidermis, with papillose cells in the abaxial region and in a tabular shape in the adaxial region. The cells on the abaxial side are thinner than on the adaxial side. In the phytochemical screening of maniçoba leaves, the presence of steroids, tannins, flavonoids and saponins was observed. The leaves of maniçoba (Manihot ssp.) showed absence of alkaloids in all stages and accessions evaluated. All accessions evaluated showed positivity for the presence of steroids, with superiority in accession 04 in all stages, while for the other accessions it decreased with the maturation of the plant, especially in accession 02. The presence and concentration of secondary metabolites vary between accessions and maturation stages.

Fine mapping of a major QTL qPA7-1 for low hydrocyanic acid content in sorghum-sudangrass hybrid.

The purpose of this study was to study the genetic mechanism of low hydrocyanic acid (HCN) content. The segregation of HCN content trait in fresh stems and leaves was determined in the sorghum (Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench)-sudangrass (Sorghum sudanense (Piper) Stapf) hybrid F2 population (N=1200), also used to detect a quantitative trait locus (QTL) for HCN content. Our hypothesis was that the additive effect of QTL was negative, showing that QTL was associated with low HCN. In the present research, a total of 11 simple sequence repeats (SSR) polymorphic primers were screened, and four SSR markers associated with low HCN content were developed based on the bulked segregant analysis method. A high-resolution genetic linkage group of the previously known qPA7-1 locus of the low HCN trait was constructed by analyzing different populations, families, and recombinants. Then, the QTL qPA7-1 of sorghum-sudangrass hybrid was fine-mapped to a 203.6kb region between markers SORBI4G4-120 and SORBI4G4-680, and seven candidate genes for low HCN were predicted in this region based on sequence comparison with the sorghum reference genome. According to gene annotation, the candidate genes related to low HCN content may be different from those involved in the known regulation mode of sorghum dhurrin biosynthesis and metabolism.

USE OF GRANULAR WIKI IN THE PRODUCTION OF FEED FOR BROILER CHICKENS

The article presents the results of research on the use of granulated vika of the "Lugovchanka" variety in the production of feed for broiler chickens. An analysis of literary sources shows that there is no information on the use of vika in the feed industry in Kazakhstan. The chemical, mineral and vitamin composition of the grain of wiki are defined. To reduce the anti-nutritional substances of the vika, granulation of the vika was carried out. Optimal technological regimes for granulation of vika have been established. Comparisons of the chemical composition of vika with the chemical composition of the legumes used showed that the protein content compared to chickpeas is higher by (22.6%), fodder beans (25.0%) are lower by 4.3%, and the fat content is compared to chickpeas. (1.7%) lower by 13.3%, and with fodder bean (1.50%) at the same level. In addition, vika contains vitamins A, B and mineral elements. The results of the study showed that vika varieties "Lugovchanka" contains an anti-nutritional substance - hydrocyanic acid 1.1 mg / 100 g. To reduce anti-nutritional substances and increase the nutritional value of mixed fodder, granulation of mixed fodder was carried out. The results of the research showed that during the granulation of the vika, the total bacterial contamination decreased by 22.5%, the fungal contamination by 11.2%, the content of hydrocyanic acid by 22.72%. Permissible storage periods for loose and granulated vika have been determined.

Combined effect of microwave and hydrothermal treatment on anti-nutritional factors, antioxidant potential and bioactive compounds of plum (Prunus domesticaL.) kernels

The effect of microwave heating (450 W for 6 min), hydrothermal treatment (45 °C for 6, 9, 12 h) and their combination on antioxidant potential, anti-nutritional factors, and phenolic compounds of plum kernels were studied. Amygdalin and hydrocyanic acid content were reduced to undetectable amounts, while the phytic acid and tannins were reduced to 89.50 and 84.71%, respectively, when combined effects of microwave and hydrothermal (45 °C for 12 h) treatments were employed. Antioxidant activity and phenolic content were higher in microwave treated samples than hydrothermal and combined treatments. HPLC results revealed that combined treated samples have considerable amounts of phenolic compounds, particularly gallic acid, chlorogenic acid, (+)-catechin, syringic acid, rutin, 3,4-dihydroxy benzoic acid, tannic acid, and quercetin.

Antioxidant potential, anti-nutritional factors, volatile compounds and phenolic composition of microwave heat-treated plum (Prunus domestica. L.) kernels: an analytical approach

PurposeThe study was aimed to explore the potential impact of microwave heating (450 W for 2, 4, 6 and 8 min) on antioxidant activity, anti-nutritional factors, volatile and phenolic compounds of the plum kernels.Design/methodology/approachPlum kernels are rich in proteins, lipids and bioactive compounds that are mostly underused and undervalued.FindingsThe results showed that microwave heating at 450 W for 6 min significantly (p < 0.05) increased the antioxidant activity, total phenolic and flavonoid content, while the longer treatment time (450 W for 8 min) adversely affected the phenolic compounds. Most importantly, the anti-nutritional factors like amygdalin, hydrocyanic acid, phytic acid and tannin content were reduced up to 87.1, 84.7, 20.9 and 46.2%, respectively at 450 W for 6 min treatment conditions, which was confirmed from the larger shifts observed in FT-IR spectra near 1,157 cm−1. Microwave heating at 450 W for 6 min also proved beneficial in improving the bioavailability of volatile and phenolic compounds including chlorogenic acid, gallic acid, syringic acid, (+)-catechin, caffeic acid, ß-carotene, trans-ferulic acid, rutin trihydrate, 3,4-dihydroxybenzoic acid, tannic acid and quercetin by liberating them from the plant matrix.Originality/valueThe results thus indicate that controlled microwave heating could be an effective approach for the reduction of anti-nutritional factors besides leading to an overall improvement in antioxidant potential and volatile and phenolic compounds. This novel technological approach can proliferate the use of plum kernels in different diversified food formulations.

Creation of a new breeding material for creeping clover (Trifolium repens L.) hay-pasture type using the hybridization method

The studies were carried out in the Moscow region in 2019-2021. In order to create a new breeding material for creeping hay-pasture clover, samples of the Lodian type (giganteum variety), characterized by high peduncles and longer leaf petioles, and a low content of hydrocyanic acid (0.3 mg%), were selected as parental forms. Reciprocal crossing was carried out. Hybrids F1 and F2 in the first year of life were assessed by the main economic and biological characteristics: the length of the peduncles, the number of inflorescences on the plant, fodder and seed productivity, early maturity, winter hardiness and other indicators. Based on the assessment results, the best hybrids and individual biotypes were identified.

​Assessment of Hydrocyanic Acid (HCN) Content during Different Stages of Growth in Johnson Grass (Sorghum helepensis)

Background: Johnson grass (Sorghum helepensis) is not a cultivated fodder crop but it is a wild variety seen on farm bunds after rainfall in which Sorghum vulgare (Gundrijowar) fodder crops were cultivated in kharif season in Saurashtra region of Gujarat state. At different stages of growth, Johnson grass contains cyanogenic glycosides of varying level which liberate hydrocyanic acid in rumen when it consumed by ruminant animals due to rumen microflora (Toxic level of HCN is 20 mg/ 100 gm dry matter). The current study aimed to estimate varying levels of HCN in Johnson grass to keep dairy farmers informed of safe level of HCN for harvesting. Methods: An investigation was carried out at Cattle Breeding Farm, Junagadh Agricultural University, Junagadh, Gujarat for three consecutive years 2013-2015 in kharif season. Non-cultivated (Sorghum helepensis) fodder samples were collected for quantitative HCN concentration from farm bunds nearby eight sown plots of Gundrijowar (Sorghum vulgare) from 15 DAS and sampling were continued at fortnightly intervals till the plots exhibit 25% flowering stage. Result: Result of obtained data in present study revealed that concentration of HCN in Johnson grass in kharif season decreased significantly (p less than 0.05) on attaining 25% flowering stage during the year 2013, 2014 and 2015. It was concluded that Green Johnson grass can be fed to ruminant animals safely at 25% flowering stage.

Variation in Toxicity and Physicochemical Parameters of Cassava Pulp (Manihot esculenta) during Storage

Background: A staple for about 800 million people in tropical countries, cassava contains a high content of hydrocyanic acid making it toxic.&#x0D; Objective: This study was proposed to test the conservation effectiveness on tuber toxicity. Materials and Methods: Tests were carried out on the varieties commonly known as Bonoua and Yacé. The conservation parameters studied were: the level of hydrocyanic acid, moisture content and hardness. The cassava tubers were stored at room temperature. The samples for analysis were taken on the pulp every 24 hours.&#x0D; Results: Results showed that hydrocyanic acid levels reached their minimum levels between 96 and 120 hours of storage with 5.87 ± 0.46 and 5.66 ± 0.50 mg/kg in Bonoua, then 9.53 ± 0.78 and 9.85 ± 0.93 mg/kg in IAC. Water levels are positively correlated with those of hydrocyanic acid in both cassava types. Proteins reach reveal in their maximum concentrations between 48 and 72 hours of storage (respectively to then drop. The ash and fat contents as well as the total carbohydrate contents generally decrease during storage. However, an increase is observed from 120 hours of storage, at the level of carbohydrate concentrations.&#x0D; Conclusion: For a non-toxic cassava pulp, a storage period of at least 48 hours at the Bonoua and 96 hours at the IAC would be advisable with however a lower biochemical quality.

Analyzing the effects of hydrothermal treatment on antinutritional factor content of plum kernel grits by using response surface methodology

In this study, response surface methodology was used to optimize the conditions of hydrothermal treatment and their effect on amygdalin, hydrocyanic acid (HCN), tannin, and protein content of plum kernels grits. The conditions examined were soaking times ranging from 6 to 18 h and soaking temperatures from 25 to 45°C, which caused a significant decrease in amygdalin, HCN, tannin, and protein content of the plum kernels. The results showed that optimized hydrothermal conditions were soaking temperature of 45°C and soaking time of 9 h, with lower contents of amygdalin (2.89 mg / g), HCN (121.21 mg/kg), tannin (3.72 mg /100 g), and protein content (32.02 g/ 100 g). Under these optimized conditions, the reduction of amygdalin content, HCN content and tannin were 68.72 %, 79.59 %, and 72.64 %, respectively and the protein content was decreased by 10.92 % as compared to the initial amount. The results suggested that the optimized hydrothermal treatment could be an effective tool for neutralizing the toxic effect of anti-nutritional factors and improving the quality of the plum kernel grits.

Composition of Two Local Cassava Varieties and the Effect of Processing on their Hydrocyanic Acid Content and Nutrient Digestibility by the Rat

Two common Nigerian cassava varieties Were subjected to proximate analysis with a view to assessing the relative potential nutrient composition of the roots, stems, leaves and seeds. The results obtained showed that the leaves, seeds and stems in that order are much richer than the roots in protein but higher in crude fibre. There was a relationship between the crude protein contents of the roots and stem and the hydrocyanic acid (HCN) content of the plant while that of the leaves and seeds did not appear to follow the same trend. HCN of the bitter cassava variety was considerably higher in the whole tuber, pulp and peel than in the sweet strain, sundrying and ensiling resulted in appreciable losses of HCN. Grated root lost about half its HCN content within six hours while stored whole roots showed a rapid decline in HCN from the fifth day after harvest. Apparent digestibility coefficients (A.D.C.) of the major nutrients of cassava roots were not significantly (P &lt;0.05) affected by the processes of boiling or sundrying.

Cassava Diets and Performance of Rats over Two Reproductive Cycles

FRESH and dried bitter (high HCN) cassava, dried sweet (low HCN) cassava and a commercial pellet diet were fed to rats during two life-cycles. First litter birth weights of rats on fresh Cassava diets were significantly (P&lt;0.05) lower than on other diets. Performance of rats on sun dried cassava diets were probably more affected by the fungal growth on the sundried chips, rather than influence of its hydrocyanic acid content. Histopathological examination of thyroid tissue revealed that thyroidal epithelial heights were significantly (P&lt;0,05) lower in the second litter offspring of the fresh cassava group than in others. Alopecia was also observed in these rats.

Effects of duration of cooking whole or crushed African Locust Bean (Parkia Filicoidea, Welw) seeds on the levels of some Anti Nutritional Factors and growth performance of young rabbits

Chemical analyses and a growth trial were carried out to determine the effect of duration of cooking whole or crushed African locust bean seeds on the proximate compositions, levels of some anti-nutritional factors and growth performance of young rabbits. Samples of whole or crushed African locust bean seeds subjected to 30. 45 or 60 minutes duration of cooking respectively, were analysed for proximate composition and levels of some anti-nutritional factors. In a completely randomized design, a 56-day feeding trial was also conducted using 63 young rabbits of mixed breeds with an average initial weight of 415.00g to evaluate the effect of cooking whole or crushed African locust bean seeds at 100°C for 30, 45 or 60 minutes on growth performance. The diets were formulated to be iso-nitrogenous (20% CP). Diet 1 with raw African locust bean seeds served as the control. The animals were offered feed and water ad libitum. At the end of the growth trial, 5 rabbits per treatment were selected and slaughtered for carcass analysis. The results showed that cooking African locust bean seeds whole or crushed for 30, 45 or 60 minutes had no significant (P&gt;0.05) effect on the proximate composition. However, cooking the seeds, either whole or crushed resulted in a significant (P&lt;0.05) decrease in trypsin inhibitors activity (TIA), phytic acid, tannin und hydrocyanic acid content of the raw seeds. Feed intake, average daily weight gain and feed conversion ratio were significantly (P&lt;0.05) improved as the duration of cooking increased. The cost per unit gain decreased significantly (P&lt;0.05) as the duration of cooking increased from 30 10 60 minutes. It was concluded that ruw African locust bean seeds contain some levels of anti nutritional factors which could limit their nutritional value in monogastric diet. Cooking whole or crushed African locust bean seeds at 100°C for 60 minutes was considered optimum for young rabbits. There was no significant (P&gt;0.05) advantage of crushing before cooking

Content of Prussic Acid and Production of Sorghum Brown Midrib by Adding Urea Fertilizer and Extending Harvesting Time

Abstract. The aimed of this study to determine the effect of adding urea fertilizer (0, 50, and 100 kg/ha) and harvesting time (50, 80 and days) on prussic acid content and production of the brown midrib (BMR) sorghum plants. This study design was completely randomized factorial 3 x 3. The variables measured were prussic acid content, fresh yield, the production of dry matter (DM) and organic matter (OM). The results showed that content of prussic acid increased and highly significant with the addition of urea. The fresh yield of BMR sorghum is highest in the fertilization of 50 kg/ha and at the harvesting time 80 days. The highest DM production at fertilization 0 kg/ha and harvesting time 110 day. OM production of the highest is the addition of fertilizer 0 kg/ ha and at the harvesting time on 80 days. From the results of this study concluded that on harvesting time 80 day sorghum BMR have produces optimum and addition of urea to a level of 100 kg/ha did not affect the content of prussic acid, fresh yield, DM and OM.