Prussian Blue Research Articles

Impact of Sodium on the Water Dynamics in Prussian Blue Analogues

Impact of Sodium on the Water Dynamics in Prussian Blue Analogues

Peroxynitrite-Free Nitric Oxide-Embedded Nanoparticles Maintain Nitric Oxide Homeostasis for Effective Revascularization of Myocardial Infarcts.

Revascularization is crucial for treating myocardial infarction (MI). Nitric oxide (NO), at an appropriate concentration, is recognized as an ideal and potent pro-angiogenic factor. However, the application of NO in the treatment of MI is limited. Improper NO supplementation is harmful to revascularization because NO is converted into harmful peroxynitrite (ONOO-) in MI tissues with high reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels. We overcome these obstacles by embedding biliverdin and NO into Prussian blue (PB) nanolattices to obtain an ONOO--free NO-embedded nanomedicine (OFEN). Unlike previous NO donors, OFEN provides NO stably and spontaneously for a longer time (>7 days), which makes it possible to maintain a stable concentration of NO, suitable for angiogenesis, through dose optimization. More importantly, based on the synergy between PB and biliverdin, OFEN converts ROS into beneficial O2 and inhibits the production of ONOO- from the source. OFEN specifically targets MI tissues and achieves sustained and stable NO delivery at the MI site. OFEN effectively promotes revascularization in the MI tissue, significantly reduces myocardial death and fibrosis, and ultimately promotes the complete recovery of cardiac function. Our strategy provides a promising approach for the treatment of myocardial and other ischemic diseases.

Enhanced decontamination of surface radioactive contamination using a hydrogel coating composited with Prussian blue

Enhanced decontamination of surface radioactive contamination using a hydrogel coating composited with Prussian blue

Fe3C@Fe decorated carbonized wood Fiber catalyst for organic dyes degradation: Preparation, characterization and mechanism

The extensive use of organic dyes has led to significant water pollution. Using lignocellulosic waste as a precursor for catalysts preparation for sewage remediation presents an effective alternative with numerous advantages in sustainability, cost-effectiveness, and environmental compatibility. In this work, wood fiber waste collected from wood processing plants was decorated with Prussian blue (PB) and then annealed to produce carbonized wood fiber catalyst (Fe3C@Fe-CB). In the presence of peroxymonosulfate (PMS), the prepared catalyst could achieve over 98.69 % efficiency in degrading methylene blue (MB) solutions (20 mg/L) in 60 min across a pH range of 3 to 11. Electrochemical test and electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) analysis respectively verified that electron transfer pathway and radical pathway were the key factors for the degradation of MB. Cyclic degradation tests demonstrated that the degradation efficiency remained above 93.67 % after five recycling experiments. Moreover, the used magnetic catalyst can be easily recycled by magnet. This study proposed a facile and sustainable carbonized wood fiber catalyst decorated by Fe3C@Fe-CB, which could realize efficient elimination of organic dyes. Moreover, we offered a novel choice for dyes-polluted water treatment and paving a new route for converting low-value lignocellulosic waste to high-value utilizations.

Defect-Engineered Coordination Compound Nanoparticles Based on Prussian Blue Analogues for Surface-Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy.

Surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) is a powerful tool for label-free chemical analysis. The emergence of nonmetallic materials as SERS substrates, offering chemical signal enhancements, presents an exciting direction for achieving reproducible and biocompatible SERS, a challenge with traditional metallic substrates. Despite the potential, the realm of nonmetallic SERS substrates, particularly nanoparticles, remains largely untapped. Here, we present defect-engineered coordination compounds (DECCs) based on Prussian blue analogues (PBAs) as a class of nonmetallic nanoparticle-based SERS substrates. We demonstrate the utility and flexibility of the DECC template by incorporating various metal (M) elements into PBAs to synthesize nanoparticles that deliver substantial chemical mechanism (CM)-based enhancements to the Raman signal with a ∼ 108-fold increase. The introduction of the M-PBA-based DECC nanoparticles as a class of SERS substrates represents a pioneering stride, enabling the straightforward and systematic exploration of a library of compounds for SERS-based analysis of a wide range of target molecules, especially biomolecules.

Perfect Is Perfect: Nickel Prussian Blue Analogue as A High‐Efficiency Electrocatalyst for Hydrogen Peroxide Production

AbstractPrussian blue analogues (PBA) are a large family of functional materials with diverse applications such as in electrochemical fields. However, their use in the emerging two‐electron oxygen reduction reaction for clean production of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) is lagging. Herein, a general solvent exchange induced reconstruction strategy is demonstrated, through which an abnormal NiNi‐PBA superstructure is synthesized as a high‐performance electrocatalyst for H2O2 generation. The resultant NiNi‐PBA superstructure has a stoichiometric composition with saturated lattice water, and a leaf‐like morphology composed of interconnected small‐size nanosheets with identical orientation and predominate {210} side surface exposure. Our studies show that the Ni−N centers on {210} facets are the active sites, and the saturated lattice H2O favors a six‐coordinated environment that results in high selectivity. The “perfect” structure including stoichiometric composition and ideal facet exposure leads to a high selectivity of ~100 % and H2O2 yield of 5.7 mol g−1 h−1, superior to the reported MOF‐based electrocatalysts and most other electrocatalysts.

A Bacterial Capturing, Neural Network-Like Carbon Nanotubes/Prussian Blue/Puerarin Nanocomposite for Microwave Treatment of Staphylococcus Aureus-Infected Osteomyelitis.

Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus)-infected osteomyelitis is a deep tissue infection that cannot be effectively treated with antibiotics. Microwave (MW) thermal therapy (MTT) and MW dynamic therapy (MDT) based on MW-responsive materials are promising for the therapy of bacteria-infected osteomyelitis occurring in deep tissues that cannot be effectively treated with antibiotics. In this work, the MW-responsive system of carbon nanotubes (CNTs)/Prussian blue (PB)/puerarin (Pue) with stable network-like structures is constructed. The PB is grown in situ on the CNTs, and its introduction not only reduces the aggregation of the network-like structures of the CNTs, but the large specific surface area and mesoporous structure can also provide many active sites for the adsorption of oxygen and polar molecules. Pue is a natural anti-inflammatory material that reduces inflammation at the infection site. The composite of the CNTs and PB avoids the skin effect and thus can improve dielectric and reflection losses. The MW thermal response of CNTs/PB/Pue is mainly due to the occurrence of reflection loss, dielectric loss, multiple reflections and scattering, interface polarization, and dipole polarization. In addition, under MW irradiation, the CNTs/PB/Pue can produce reactive oxygen species (ROS), such as singlet oxygen (1O2), hydroxyl radical (·OH).

Teratoid hepatoblastoma with small cell undifferentiated histology in polysplenia patient: a case report

Abstract Introduction/Objective Hepatoblastoma (HB) with teratoid is a uncommon variant of mixed epithelial and mesenchymal components. Conversely, HB with small cell undifferentiated (SCUD) is extremely rare, with only nine documented cases showing retained INI-1 expression in the literature. The prognosis of SCUD remains debatable. In this report, we describe the first case of combined teratoid HB with a SCUD component that preserved INI-1 expression with a favorable outcome. Methods/Case Report A 2-year-old girl with polysplenia syndrome presented with a right liver mass detected during ultrasound screening. The alpha fetoprotein levels were significantly elevated to 148,000. MRI revealed a 7.2 cm lesion, staged as Pre-Treatment Extent 2 (PRETEXT) in the right anterior liver. She underwent cholecystectomy and right hepatectomy. Resection specimen revealed a mixed neoplasm comprising epithelial components (fetal and embryonal) and mesenchymal components. Additionally, notable findings include small cell component and teratoid features, characterized by melanin pigment and neuroectodermal elements. All the neoplastic cells showed reactivity with CD34, reticulin, SALL4, beta-catenin, GPC-3, arginase-1, chromogranin, and glutamine synthetase. Notably, the teratoid area only displayed positivity for CD56 and NSE, while vimentin highlighted capillaries, vessels and focally staining small cells. Furthermore, CK19 highlighted the small cell components and the bile ducts in the background liver. Importantly, INI-1 staining was retained in all tumor cells, including the small cell component. Synaptophysin and Prussian blue were negative in all lesional cells. After a 2-year follow-up, no recurrence was observed. Results (if a Case Study enter NA) NA Conclusion This case underscores the diagnostic challenge posed by small cell undifferentiated (SCUD) hepatoblastoma. Moreover, it contributes to the understanding of this rare variant of hepatoblastoma and suggests a potential favorable prognosis associated with retained INI-1 staining in the SCUD component.

Organic Dye Molecule Intercalated Prussian Blue for Simultaneously Enhancing Coloration Efficiency and Energy Storage Capacity in Electrochromic Battery.

The dual-functional device combining electrochromic properties and energy storage has gained numerous attentions in the field of energy-saving smart electronics. However, achieving simultaneous optimization of coloration efficiency and energy storage capacity of materials poses a significant challenge. This study presents a novel approach by incorporating methyl orange into Prussian blue channels (PB-MO films) to adjust the internal electronic structure of Prussian blue. This modification allows the active layer to simultaneously improve the electrochromic and energy storage performance. The introduction of methyl orange not only alters the ratio of Fe3+/Fe2+ within the framework through the coordination reaction of Fe3+ with methyl orange, but also improves the reaction kinetics after intercalating organic dye molecules, including charge transfer resistance, diffusion capability of ions and capacitive contribution. The PB-MO films demonstrate remarkable properties: high optical contrast (81.4% at 670nm), excellent coloration efficiency (265 cm2C-1), and significant specific capacity (84 mAh m-2 at 0.05 A m-2), outperforming pure PB films. The PB-MO films are ideally suited for applications in displays and intelligent energy storage fields, boasting both high coloration efficiency and substantial energy storage capacity, thus advancing promote the development of dual-functional electrochromic devices.

Little-Cost Potentiometric and Spectrophotometric Procedures for Cephalothin Assessment in Pure and Biological Fluids.

Low-cost potentiometric and spectrophotometric procedures for cephalothin (CPI) determination in pure and biological fluids were investigated. The potentiometric technique is created through titration of CPI with an aqueous medium of 0.1 M NaOH at an ionic strength of μ = 0.3 M sodium chloride and room temperature by a combined glass pH electrode. Using the standard addition method, we found that the detection and quantitative limits were 0.042 mg/mL, with the standard deviation SD = 0.011, correlation coefficient R = 0.9880 (n = 5), and linear concentration ranges from 0.042 to 0.82 mg/mL. This technique was utilized to assess CPI in pure solutions, urine, and serum with suitable results. No interference was exposed in the presence of public components of the samples under study. Recovery of CPI for pure and biological fluids is in the range of 98.2-101%. Also, the spectrophotometric method has been performed through the formation of the Prussian Blue (PB) complex. The reaction between the acidic hydrolysis product of CPI (T = 60 °C) and the mixture of Fe3+ with hexacyanoferrate (III) ions (HCF(III)) was detected for the spectrophotometric determination of the drug. The maximum absorbance of the formed complex was measured at λ = 283 nm with 2.0 × 103 L mol-1 cm-1 molar absorptivity. Reaction states have been advanced to acquire the PB complex of great sensitivity and longer stability. In optimal states, the absorbent of the PB compound was attained to grow linearly with the increase in the concentration of CPI, which agrees with the correlation coefficient values. The detection and quantitative limits were 0.000036 and 0.0012 mg/mL, respectively, with the standard deviation, SD = 0.0005, correlation coefficient, R = 0.9955 (n = 5), and the linearity range of the calibration plot 0.0005-0.02 mg/mL CPI. The planned technique was positively utilized for the detection of CPI in both urine and serum models. The results fit well with the data found from the potentiometric method.

Copper hexacyanoferrate cathode as a selective adsorbent for ammonium ions in sodium-rich solutions

Abstract Ammonium ion remediation has led to innovative methods, such as Faradaic redox reaction using Prussian blue. Our approach uses an adsorption reaction that is controlled by electric current instead of potential. By sweeping the potential through current control, selective adsorption of NH4+ was achieved in solutions with high concentrations of Na+ (ca. 1:50). The use of thick electrodes enabled ammonium levels to be reduced to environmentally acceptable levels in 3 steps, even from highly concentrated solutions of NH4+ (200 mmol/L).

Robust and washable silk fiber-based electrochemical biosensor for high-performance sensing of hydrogen peroxide

Wearable electronics, especially fiber-based biosensors, show promise in large-scale production and reusability compared with conventional wafer-based electronics. However, it is challenging to use wearable electronics, with less intensity and non-wash ability, to produce fiber-based biosensors for textiles. Here, a robust and washable Prussian blue (PB)-functionalized silk fiber (PB-SF) flexible electrode is reported. Modified cyanotype is successfully employed to immobilize PB nanoparticles (∼18.32 nm) onto silk fibers for hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) detection. The intrinsic mechanical properties of silk fibers are well maintained with slight increases in stress (∼10%) and strain (∼16%). Furthermore, the PB-SF electrode displays good electrochemical H2O2 sensing performance with sensitivity of 716.54 μA/mM·cm2, a linear range of 0.01∼0.6 mM and a low detection limit of 10 μM (S/N=3). Notably, the hybrid PB-SF electrode adapts to mechanical deformations with a series of angles and the electrical signals are not compromised obviously even after 100 home laundry washing cycles. PB modified silk fibers is simple, easy-operating and cost-effective electrode that is suitable for large-scale production as it can be integrated onto e-textiles through typical textile processing methods.

Optimization of sodium-ion battery cathode performance by nickel-based Prussian blue epitaxial growth with iron-based Prussian blue core-shell structure

To address the structural defects and poor electrical conductivity of conventional Prussian blue analogues (PBAs) samples, in this study, nickel hexacyanoferrate (NiHCF) and nickel hexacyanoferrate epitaxially grown with iron hexacyanoferrate (Ni@FeHCF-X) series of samples were successfully synthesized by co-precipitation combined with epitaxial growth technique, and their structural and electrochemical properties were systematically characterized. X-ray powder diffractometer (XRD) results show that all the samples maintain a cubic crystal system structure, and the diffraction peaks of the (220) and (400) crystal planes are shifted to a lower angle with the epitaxial growth of ferric hexacyanoferrate (FeHCF). The successful embedding of Fe was confirmed by inductively coupled plasma (ICP) measurement data. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) images show that the samples are in a cubic morphology, and the surfaces gradually become rounded from sharp to rounded with the increase of the Fe content. High-resolution transmission electron microscope (HRTEM) and energy-dispersive spectrometer (EDS) analyses confirm the successful construction of the core-shell structure and the homogeneous distribution of the elements. Electrochemical testing showed that the Ni@FeHCF-X samples exhibited higher specific capacities and superior rate performance compared to NiHCF, particularly the Ni@FeHCF-4 sample, which delivered a high specific capacity of 73.4 mAh·g⁻¹ at a current density of 100 mA·g⁻¹, significantly outperforming the 38.2 mAh·g⁻¹ achieved by NiHCF. Additionally, the capacity retention rate of Ni@FeHCF-4 reached 42.16 %. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) further confirmed the reduced charge transfer resistance and enhanced reversibility of the electrochemical reactions in the Ni@FeHCF-X samples. These results demonstrate that Ni@FeHCF-4 significantly enhances the electrochemical performance of the samples in aqueous sodium-ion battery, providing new insights into the design of cathode materials for sodium-ion batteries.

Prussian Blue-Carbonized wood photothermal composites for efficient solar evaporation and seawater desalination

Freshwater scarcity, exacerbated by environmental pollution, poses a significant global challenge. This study addresses these challenges by developing a Prussian blue/carbonized wood (PB/CW) photothermal composite for solar desalination. The PB/CW composite exhibits enhanced solar absorption and photothermal conversion. The integration of Prussian blue (PB) on the honeycomb structure of wood facilitates efficient water transport and minimizes heat loss, underscoring the composite’s potential in practical solar desalination applications. Under natural sunlight, the PB/CW system achieves an evaporation rate of 4.39 kg m-2h−1, demonstrating its high efficiency in converting solar energy into water evaporation. This work offers a novel and effective approach to designing low-cost, high-efficiency solar evaporators, advancing the field of sustainable desalination technology.

Solid Contact Microfabricated Electrode for Point-of-Care Electrochemical Determination of a Parasitic Infection Managing Medication Based on a Transducer Layer Prussian Blue Analogue Decorated with Multi-Walled Carbon Nanotubes

Point-of-care diagnostics (POC), often known as on-site testing has evolved as a quick and accurate methodology for analyzing and therapeutic monitoring of drugs. The aim of this study is to provide cost-effective, simple, portable, reliable, and ecofriendly methodology for determination of Tinidazole (TD); potentiometric sensors are found to be an ideal fit for achieving these goals. An advanced microfabricated ion selective electrode is provided employing two-steps procedure. The first is selecting the most selective ionophore for TD determination while the second is to improve the stability and detection limit upon doping the nanoparticles as ion to electron transducer layer between the microfabricated copper electrode and the ion selective media as it can decrease potential drift from 8.0 to ∼1.0 mV h−1. Nernstian potentiometric results were obtained for TD in range of concentration 1.0 × 10−3 to 1.0 × 10−8 M, its slope was −57.43 mV/decade with lower detection limits 2.55 × 10−9 M. Essential values of the adopted sensor are fast and stable response time (9 ± 2 s). The provided potentiometric approach succeeds to asses TD in its pure and pharmaceutical forms, furthermore in different biological fluids with satisfactory results.

A Label-Free Electrochemical Aptamer Sensor for Sensitive Detection of Cardiac Troponin I Based on AuNPs/PB/PS/GCE.

Cardiac troponin I (cTnI) monitoring is of great value in the clinical diagnosis of acute myocardial infarction (AMI). In this paper, a highly sensitive electrochemical aptamer sensor using polystyrene (PS) microspheres as the electrode substrate material in combination with Prussian blue (PB) and gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) was demonstrated for the sensitive and label-free determination of cTnI. PS microspheres were synthesized by emulsion polymerization and then dropped onto the glassy carbon electrode (GCE); PB and AuNPs were electrodeposited on the electrode in corresponding electrolyte solutions step by step. The PS microsphere substrate provided a large surface area for the loading mass of the biological affinity aptamers, while the PB layer improved the electrical conductivity of the modified electrode, and the electroactive AuNPs exhibited excellent catalytic performance for the subsequent electrochemical measurements. In view of the above mentioned AuNPs/PB/PS/GCE sensing platform, the fabricated label-free electrochemical aptamer sensor exhibited a wide detection range of 10 fg/mL~1.0 μg/mL and a low detection limit of 2.03 fg/mL under the optimal conditions. Furthermore, this biosensor provided an effective detection platform for the analysis of cTnI in serum samples. The introduction of this sensitive electrochemical aptamer sensor provides a reference for clinically sensitive detection of cTnI.

Interface/Dipole Polarized Antibiotics-Loaded Fe3O4/PB Nanoparticles for Non-Invasive Therapy of Osteomyelitis Under Medical Microwave Irradiation.

Due to their poor light penetration, photothermal therapy and photodynamic therapy are ineffective in treating deep tissue infections, such as osteomyelitis caused by Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus). Here, a microwave (MW)-responsive magnetic targeting composite system consisting of ferric oxide (Fe3O4)/Prussian blue (PB) nanoparticles, gentamicin (Gent), and biodegradable poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) is reported. The PLGA/Fe3O4/PB/Gent complex is used in combination with MW thermal therapy (MTT), MW dynamic therapy (MDT), and chemotherapy (CT) to treat acute osteomyelitis infected with S. aureus-infected. The powerful antibacterial effect of the PLGA/Fe3O4/PB/Gent is determined by the synergistic effects of heat and reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation by the Fe3O4/PB nanoparticles under MW irradiation and the effective release of Gent at the infection site via magnetic targeting. The antibacterial mechanism of the PLGA/Fe3O4/PB/Gent under MW irradiation is analyzed using bacterial transcriptome RNA sequencing. The MW heat and ROS reduce the activity of the protein transporters on the bacterial membrane, along with the transport of various ions and the acceleration of phosphate metabolism, which can lead to increased permeability of the bacterial membrane, damage the ribosome and DNA, and accompany the internal protein efflux of the bacteria, thus effectively killing the bacteria.

Unveiling the Influence of Water Molecules on the Structural Dynamics of Prussian Blue Analogues.

3D-framework Prussian blue analogues (PBAs) are appealing as a cost-effective, sustainable cathodes for Na-ion batteries. However, the aqueous-based synthesis of PBAs inherently introduces three different forms of water molecules (surface, interstitial and crystal) into the structure. Removal of water molecules causes phase transformation from monoclinic (M) to rhombohedral (R). This work presents the effects of water molecules on the structure before the phase transformation temperature, employing two promising PBA cathodes, Na2Fe[Fe(CN)6]·1.69H2O and Na2Mn[Fe(CN)6]·1.76H2O. Specifically, the water molecules impact the molecular interactions at the local structure and the electrochemical properties. This work has performed calculations on low-vacancy Na2M[Fe(CN)6] PBAs (where M = Mn, Fe, Co, Ni and Cu) to understand the dehydration energy. Employing in situ high-temperature X-ray diffraction and Raman spectroscopy, this work observes that water removal induces negative thermal expansion and stronger interactions between C≡N and Na ions, resulting in biphasic reactions with sluggish kinetics. Additionally, water molecules play a role in maintaining the open 3D tunnels and facilitating a solid-solution like insertion of Na ions. Calculated phonon-Raman spectra provide insights into cyanide group deformations, revealing the interactions between water molecules, alkali-ions, and transition-metal ions. This study enhances the understanding of the relationship among electronic, vibrational, and electrochemical properties.

Ultrasensitive and multiplexed Gastric cancer biomarkers detection with an integrated electrochemical immunosensing platform

Developing immunosensing platforms capable of simultaneously detecting multiple cancer markers is crucial for clinical diagnosis and biomedical research. Here, we introduce a novel dual-mode electrochemical biosensing assay platform capable of detecting two gastric cancer biomarkers: pepsinogen I (PG I) and pepsinogen II (PG II). Methylene blue (MB) and Prussian blue (PB) were used as dual signal sources to label PG I and PG II, respectively. The platform integrates an ARM STM32F411 microcontroller and an AD5941 analog front-end, which not only facilitates cyclic voltammetry (CV) and differential pulse voltammetry (DPV) with efficacy comparable to commercial electrochemical workstations but also offers data collection and synchronous analysis capabilities, allowing simultaneous output of PG I and PGR (PG I/PG II) values. Equipped with an interactive screen for operational control and result display, the immunosensing platform provides linear detection ranges for PG I (5 pg/mL–100 ng/mL) and PG II (50 pg/mL–200 ng/mL), enabling rapid detection within 5 min. It demonstrates excellent sensitivity and selectivity when comparing serum samples from healthy individuals and gastric cancer patients. The dual-marker detection platform significantly enhances early diagnosis and screening of gastric cancer, offering substantial improvements over single-marker assays. Furthermore, this platform shows potential for detecting multiple biomarkers in various diseases, highlighting its utility for biomedical applications.

Biomimetic Transparent Slippery Surface for the Locomotion of Photocontrol Droplets and Bubbles.

Directed transportation and collection of liquids and bubbles play a vital role in the survival of ecosystems. Among them, the optical response control is widely used in the fields of microfluidic chips and chemical synthesis because of its high remote operation and fast response speed. However, due to poor light transmission, the development direction of traditional near-infrared (NIR) absorbing materials in the field of visualization is limited, and there are few reports of manufacturing an operating platform that can realize the directional movement of droplets/bubbles on a single platform. Here, a transparent photo-responsive PBFS platform is prepared for droplet and bubble manipulation by coating the etched glass substrate with Prussian blue (PB) nanocubes. When near-infrared (NIR) irradiation on the PBFS platform, PB nanocubes trigger heat production by photothermal means, due to the action of Marangoni force, the surface tension on the left and right sides of the droplets and bubbles is not uniform, forming a surface tension gradient, thereby driving the movement of the droplets and bubbles. The control platform has good application potential in the field of microchemical reaction and biomedical engineering and brings new solutions to the field of transparent photothermal materials.