Proximal Tibial Articular Surface Research Articles

The Influence of Temporary Epiphysiodesis of the Proximal End of the Tibia on the Shape of the Knee Joint in Children Treated for Leg Length Discrepancy.

Background: Leg length discrepancy (LLD) is a common problem in the daily clinical practice of pediatric orthopedists. Surgical treatment using LLD temporary epiphysiodesis with eight-plate implants is a minimally invasive, safe, and well-tolerated procedure that provides good treatment effects with a relatively low percentage of complications. The main aim of this retrospective study was to determine the effect of epiphysiodesis on the shape of the proximal tibia. Methods: The retrospective study was based on medical records from 2010 to 2019. Radiographs taken before the epiphysiodesis and at 6-month intervals until the end of the treatment were investigated. A total of 60 patients treated for LLD were included in the study (24 girls, 36 boys). They were divided into three groups depending on the duration of the LLD treatment: group I (18 months), group II (30 months), and group III (42 months of treatment). Radiological parameters were assessed, including the roof angle (D), the slope angles (α and β), and the specific parameters of the tibial epiphysis, namely LTH (lateral tubercle height), MTH (medial tubercle height), and TW (tibial width). Results: The roof angle decreased in all the groups, which was accompanied by an increase in the β or α angle. LTH, MTH and TW also increased, and the differences before and after the treatment for the treated legs were statistically significant in all the studied groups. The greatest change in the shape of the articular surface of the proximal tibia occurred after 42 months of treatment. Conclusions: The study showed that epiphysiodesis affects the proximal tibial articular surface over prolonged treatment. Thus, there is a need for future long-term follow-up studies to elucidate the potential effects of LLD egalization.

Customized-individually-made origin® implants in total knee arthroplasty allow a reliable solution for accurate reproduction of planned implant positioning.

To evaluate the accuracy and reproducibility of a patient-specific, customized individually made (CIM) total knee replacement (TKR) using the ORIGIN® prosthesis. This was a prospective study conducted at a University Hospital from January 15, 2019, to April 30, 2021. The study included patients planned for an ORIGIN® CIM TKR procedure. Exclusion criteria included revision surgery, severe deformity, stiffness, or laxity. Evaluations were carried out using computed tomography scans performed 8 weeks preoperatively and 6 weeks postoperatively. The primary outcome measurements were the preoperative, planned, and postoperative CT scan alignment measurements including the Hip-Knee-Ankle (HKA) angle, mechanical Medial Distal Femoral articular surface Angle (mMDFA, distal alpha angle), Posterior Distal femoral articular surface angle (PDFA, posterior alpha angle), mechanical Medial Proximal Tibial articular surface Angle (mMPTA, beta angle) and posterior proximal tibial angle (PPTA). Secondary outcomes included the accuracy of implant positioning with percentage of outliers at 2° and 3° RESULTS: The study encompassed 51 knees from 50 patients with mean age of 68.1 (SD = 8.89). The overall HKA angle deviated by -0.93° [95% CI: -1.45; -0.43], and the PDFA angle by -0.61° [95% CI: -1.07; -0.15], while the mMPTA exceeded planned values by 1.00° [95% CI: 0.57; 1.43]. The 3° outliers rate ranged from 3.9% for the mMPTA to 7.8% for the HKA alignment, with no outliers in mMDFA and PPTA. Similarly, the 2° outliers rate ranged from 15.7% for both the PDFA angle and mMPTA to 19.6% for the HKA alignment. The Bland-Altman plots further emphasized the precision of planned and post-operative angles across all measurements. The CIM TKR showed high accuracy and reproducibility, closely matching preoperative planning. The weakest accuracy at 3°-outliers is in the reproduction of the HKA alignment at 92.2% (range for all angle: 92.2-100%). Similarly, the weakest accuracy at 2°-outliers is in the reproduction of the HKA alignment at 80.4% (range for all angles: 80.4-92.2%).

Treatment of Tibial Plateau Fractures By Circular External Fixator

Background: Tibial plateau fracture is challenging for orthopaedic surgeons because of the severity of trauma and associated soft tissue injuries. The treatment goals are to anatomically reconstruct the proximal tibial articular surface, restore limb axial alignment, and fix metadiaphyseal comminution to allow early knee mobilization and weight bearing.Aim: To evaluate the functional, clinical and radiological outcomes of treatment of high energy tibial plateau fractures by circular external fixator ± percutaneous screw fixation.Patients and Methods: Between June 2018 and July 2019, 20 tibial plateau fractures in 20 patients were treated with Ilizarov external fixator in Benha University hospital. The mean age was 39 years (range 22–55 years), and the mean follow-up period was 11±2 months (range 8–12 months). Closed reduction was performed by closed means in 70% of cases or through minimal incisions in 30% of cases. Clinical and functional evaluation of patients in the tibial plateau group was performed.Results: All patients started weight bearing the day after the surgery. Functionally, 70% had an excellent result, 20% had a good result. Radiologically 75% of had excellent results. Pin tract infection was controlled in all patients without need to implant removal.Conclusion: The degree of soft tissue injury associated with tibial plateau fracture is an important determinant for both the choice of the treatment modality and the prediction of treatment outcome. The use of Ilizarov external fixator is safe and effective option for the treatment of difficult Schatzker IV, V and VI tibial plateau fractures.

Effect of High Tibial Osteotomy on the Distribution of Subchondral Bone Density Across the Proximal Tibial Articular Surface of the Knee With Medial Compartment Osteoarthritis

Background: The effect of high tibial osteotomy (HTO) on the stress distribution across the knee joint is not completely understood. Subchondral bone density is considered to reflect the pattern of stress distribution across a joint surface. Purpose: To assess the distribution of subchondral bone density across the proximal tibia in nonarthritic knees and in the knees of patients with osteoarthritis (OA) before and after HTO. Study Design: Cohort study; Level of evidence, 3. Methods: We retrospectively collected radiological and computed tomography data from 16 patients without OA (control group) and 17 patients with OA. Data from the OA group were collected before and 1.5 years after HTO. Subchondral bone density of the proximal tibia was assessed with computed tomography–osteoabsorptiometry. The locations and percentages represented by high-density areas (HDAs) on the articular surface were quantitatively analyzed. Results: The ratio of the HDA of the medial compartment to the total HDA (medial ratio) was significantly higher in the preoperative OA group (mean, 80.1%) than in the control group (61.3%) (P < .001). After HTO, the medial ratio decreased significantly to 75.1% (P = .035 in comparison with preoperative values) and was significantly correlated with the hip-knee-ankle angle in both groups: control (r = −0.551; P = .033) and OA (r = −0.528; P = .043). The change in medial ratio after HTO was significantly correlated with the change in hip-knee-ankle angle (r = 0.587; P = .035). In the medial compartment, the HDA in the most lateral region of 4 subregions increased after HTO, but that in 3 medial subregions decreased. Conclusion: In this exploratory study, HTO shifted the HDA of the medial compartment of the proximal tibial articular surface toward the lateral compartment. In contrast, the HDA of the most lateral region of the medial compartment increased after HTO. This change in subchondral bone density may result from the change in stress distribution.

An Affordable Knee Arthroscopy Simulator

Abstract: Introduction: The objective of this study is to describe a model of knee arthroscopy simulator that is affordable, low-cost and easily reproducible, aiming to enable the diffusion of more effective active teaching and training methodologies. Methods: For the creation of the arthroscopic camera, an endoscopic camera for mobile phones and computers model SXT-5.0M manufactured by KKMOON were used. The camera was introduced in a metal tube, which was coupled to a set of three 20 mm PVC hydraulic connectors to simulate the handle and sleeve of the arthroscope. The camera has a resolution of 1280 x 720 pixels and is equipped with six built-in white LED lamps, simulating and eliminating the need to use an additional light source. The knee model was developed using a PVC pipe fixed on a wooden support, to which synthetic femur and tibia models were affixed. Four three-centimeter diameter holes, compatible with the standard arthroscopic portals, were made in the body of the PVC pipe. For the menisci, a model was made out of modeling clay (Corfix®), until the anatomical structures were close to the real ones. The model consists of both menisci and the intercondylar eminence, simulating the proximal tibial articular surface. The model made out of modeling clay was the basis for the production of a thin Crystal Polyester Resin mold. Using the resin mold, the meniscal models were made of Silicone Rubber Type II, widely used in industry and crafts. Results: A functional and reproducible simulator was obtained, consisting of a knee model and an arthroscopic camera. The simulator works adequately adapted to a TV, monitor or computer, and allows the simulation of diagnostic procedures, meniscectomy and meniscoplasty. Conclusion: It is possible to develop a knee arthroscopy simulator, with components available in local and electronic commerce, at a cost of approximately R$ 300.

An Affordable Knee Arthroscopy Simulator

Abstract: Introduction: The objective of this study is to describe a model of knee arthroscopy simulator that is affordable, low-cost and easily reproducible, aiming to enable the diffusion of more effective active teaching and training methodologies. Methods: For the creation of the arthroscopic camera, an endoscopic camera for mobile phones and computers model SXT-5.0M manufactured by KKMOON were used. The camera was introduced in a metal tube, which was coupled to a set of three 20 mm PVC hydraulic connectors to simulate the handle and sleeve of the arthroscope. The camera has a resolution of 1280 x 720 pixels and is equipped with six built-in white LED lamps, simulating and eliminating the need to use an additional light source. The knee model was developed using a PVC pipe fixed on a wooden support, to which synthetic femur and tibia models were affixed. Four three-centimeter diameter holes, compatible with the standard arthroscopic portals, were made in the body of the PVC pipe. For the menisci, a model was made out of modeling clay (Corfix®), until the anatomical structures were close to the real ones. The model consists of both menisci and the intercondylar eminence, simulating the proximal tibial articular surface. The model made out of modeling clay was the basis for the production of a thin Crystal Polyester Resin mold. Using the resin mold, the meniscal models were made of Silicone Rubber Type II, widely used in industry and crafts. Results: A functional and reproducible simulator was obtained, consisting of a knee model and an arthroscopic camera. The simulator works adequately adapted to a TV, monitor or computer, and allows the simulation of diagnostic procedures, meniscectomy and meniscoplasty. Conclusion: It is possible to develop a knee arthroscopy simulator, with components available in local and electronic commerce, at a cost of approximately R$ 300.

Triple plating of tibia in a complex bicondylar tibial plateau fracture

High-energy tibial plateau fracture poses a significant challenge and difficulty for orthopaedic surgeons. Fracture of tibial plateau involves major weight bearing joint and may alter knee kinematics. Anatomic reconstruction of the proximal tibial articular surfaces, restoration of the limb axis (limb alignment) and stable fixation permitting early joint motion are the goals of the treatment. In cases of complex bicondylar tibial plateau fractures, isolated lateral plating is frequently associated with varus malalignment and better results have been obtained with bilateral plating through dual incisions. However sometimes a complex type of bicondylar tibial plateau fractures is encountered in which medial plateau has a biplaner fracture in posterior coronal plane as well as sagittal plane. In such fractures it is imperative to fix the medial plateau with buttressing in both planes. One such fracture pattern of the proximal tibia managed by triple plating through dual posteromedial and anterolateral incisions is discussed in this case report with emphasis on mechanisms of this type of injury, surgical approach and management.

Patellar infera after high tibial osteotomy

Forty-six knees in 41 patients that had undergone high tibial osteotomy (HTO) were evaluated to assess the potential correlation between alteration in the inclination of the proximal tibial articular surface and subsequent patellar height. Of the knees examined, 61% lost ≥5° of posterior tibial inclination after HTO, whereas 54% of knees showed a relative lowering of patellar height of >10%, as measured by the Insall-Salvati ratio. The loss of the normal posterior tibial inclination was found to have a statistically significant association with the subsequent loss of the patellar height. Clinically, these results suggest that careful preservation of the posterior tibial inclination at the time of HTO could minimize the risk of subsequent patellar infera and alteration in patellofemoral mechanics.

Cartilage thickness measurement in magnetic resonance imaging

To assess the accuracy of cartilage thickness measurements in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), we compared data obtained by cartilage thickness measurements in MRI with corresponding histological sections of 14 human proximal tibial articular surfaces. Each proximal tibial articular surface was cut into five medial and lateral slices and each of these slices was divided into three sectors providing 420 sectors, 406 of which were evaluated in our study. The overall correlation coefficient (r) was 0.96. Topographical differences were found. The lowest correlation coefficient in our series was observed in the anterior part of the medial tibial plateau (r = 0.88). Cartilage thickness measurements in MRI were more accurate in cartilage thicker than 2 mm (r = 0.94) than in thinner cartilage layers (r = 0.73). There were no significant differences in cartilage thickness measurements in different grades of osteoarthritis. However, the mean percentage difference between cartilage thickness in MRI and histology was about 10% in our series.

Intramedullary nailing of the tibia without a fracture table: the transfixion pin distractor technique.

A series of 44 fractures of the tibia requiring operative stabilization were treated using an intraoperative external transfixion pin frame to correct angular deformity and maintain length in preparation for intramedullary (IM) nailing, eliminating the need for a fracture table. The technique requires a radiolucent operating room table; the injured extremity is draped free. A transfixion pin is inserted in the os calcis. Rotational deformity is manually corrected. Using fluoroscopic control, a second transfixion pin is inserted at a location just distal and parallel to the proximal tibial articular surface, paralleling the horizontal plane of the first pin. The transfixion pins are connected with carbon fiber rods, creating a rectangular frame. Manual fracture reduction is followed by "fine tuning" with compressor/distractor clamps as needed. Alternatively, for added reduction force, the carbon fiber rod on the concave side of the angular deformity may be replaced with the AO/ASIF universal distractor. IM nailing is then performed in the usual fashion. In this series, an acceptable reduction was obtained in all cases. This technique shortens setup time, provides complete access to the distal part of the tibia, and allows free manipulation of the limb, thereby facilitating nail insertion and placement of distal locking screws. Use of medial and lateral bars prevents the angular deformity often created or exacerbated with the use of the universal distractor alone. This technique is recommended for IM nailing of all fractures of the tibia that would otherwise require use of the fracture table or universal distractor.

Tibial tuberosity avulsion fracture in adolescents.

Avulsion fracture of the tibial tubercle is an uncommon but severe injury of the proximal tibial physis in adolescents. These fractures are all Salter Type III injuries. The fracture line may extend through the proximal tibial articular surface. When accurate reduction and sound fixation is achieved, uncomplicated union without deformity may be expected. Eight cases of tibial tubercle avulsion fracture have been treated during the last 5 years. Postinjury follow-up ranged from 18 months to 5 1/2 years. All patients were functioning well at the time of reexamination. Five of eight injuries were treated with open reduction and internal fixation. When the proximal tibial articular surface was involved in the fracture, anatomic reduction was the primary goal. This review demonstrates that this particular epiphyseal plate injury in the adolescent knee heals well without deformity or functional loss once adequate reduction and fixation of the fracture fragments have been achieved.