Provisional Version Research Articles

Measuring persistent somatic symptom related stigmatisation: Development of the Persistent Somatic Symptom Stigma scale for Healthcare Professionals (PSSS-HCP)

ObjectivePersistent somatic symptoms (PSS) describe recurrent or continuously occurring symptoms such as fatigue, dizziness, or pain that have persisted for at least several months. These include single symptoms such as chronic pain, combinations of symptoms, or functional disorders such as fibromyalgia or irritable bowel syndrome. While stigmatisation by healthcare professionals is regularly reported, there are limited measurement instruments demonstrating content validity. This study develops a new instrument to measure stigmatisation by healthcare professionals, the Persistent Somatic Symptom Stigma scale for Healthcare Professionals (PSSS-HCP). MethodsDevelopment was an iterative process consisting of research team review, item generation and cognitive interviewing. We generated a longlist of 60 items from previous reviews and qualitative research. We conducted 18 cognitive interviews with healthcare professionals in the United Kingdom (UK). We analysed the relevance, comprehensibility and comprehensiveness of items, including the potential for social desirability bias. ResultsAfter research team consensus and initial feedback, we retained 40 items for cognitive interviewing. After our first round of interviews (n = 11), we removed 20 items, added three items and amended five items. After our second round of interviews (n = 7), we removed four items and amended three items. No major problems with relevance, comprehensibility, comprehensiveness or social desirability were found in remaining items. ConclusionsThe provisional version of the PSSS-HCP contains 19 items across three domains (stereotypes, prejudice, discrimination), demonstrating sufficient content validity. Our next step will be to perform a validation study to finalise item selection and explore the structure of the PSSS-HCP.

Environmental Variability of the Northern Caspian Sea during Khazarian Epoch (Based on Drilling Data)

The objective of our work was to reconstruct transgressive-regressive events in the Northern Caspian Sea during the Khazarian epoch of its Pleistocene history to determine the natural conditions of the development of the basins and to assess their response to climate change. This work is based onstudies of the sedimentary formations of the upper part of the Quaternary sequence in the Northern Caspian Sea. The borehole was drilled in the eastern part of the depression Shirotnaya, the sea depth was 11.9 m, and the depth of drilling was 56.4 m. The core was subjected to lithological, malacological, and palynological analysis. This paper discusses the results related to the interval 56.0–26.6 m. The structure, facies-lithological, and malacological composition of the core capture three transgressive stages of the Caspian, namely the Early Khazarian, Late Khazarian, and Hyrcanian stages, separated by regressive phases. The representative spore-pollen assemblages made it possible to carry out the climatic and stratigraphic subdivision of the studied Khazarian deposits and to suggest a provisional version of the history of climatic and phytocenotic events during the sedimentation period. The results of our studies have introduced new discussion points into the paleogeography of the Northern Caspian Sea.

Multiphase Veteran Engagement to Develop a Spinal Cord Injury Employment Survey.

Spinal cord injury is a condition that adversely impacts employment and economic stability. The Kessler Foundation National Employment and Disability Survey (KFNEDS) was developed to understand the experience of striving to work among persons with disabilities. However, this survey was not intended to capture the employment experiences of veterans living with spinal cord injury. The aim of this study was to engage veterans living with a spinal cord injury to adapt the KFNEDS for veterans living with this specific disability. Describe the process and outcomes of actively engaging veterans living with spinal cord injury in the revision of the KFNEDS. In this multiphase qualitative study, we used an iterative veteran-centered approach to engage veterans living with an SCI in all project phases. We consulted with a Veterans' hospital's Veteran Engagement Group and convened a study-specific Community Action Board to engage in a collaborative partnership with the research team. We recruited 17 veterans living with a spinal cord injury, employed or looking for employment since their spinal cord injury, to participate in focus groups and cognitive interviews that informed the adaptation of the KFNEDS-VS. A provisional version of the KFNEDS-VS included 37 survey questions in the following sections: Disability Screen, Employment Screen, Disability, Employment Overall, Looking for Work, At Work, and Workplace Accommodations and Supports. Revisions included wording changes for clarity, veteran and spinal cord injury-specific content that was missing from the questions or response options, and removal of irrelevant questions. Engaging veterans in multiple phases of the study lead to the development of a relevant survey that captures the lived experience of veterans seeking, obtaining, and maintaining employment following spinal cord injury.

A Tool for Assessing the Quality of Life of Adolescents in Youth Care: Psychometric Properties of the QOLYSS.

Quality of life (QOL) has gained increased interest as a critical pathway to better understanding the lives and circumstances of children and adolescents in both the general population and among specific populations. Yet, QOL assessment among youngsters in youth care services remains a highly under-researched topic. This study examines the suitability and psychometric properties of a new QOL self-report scale for adolescents between 12 and 18 years old in youth care: the Quality of Life in Youth Services Scale (QOLYSS). The provisional version of the QOLYSS was pre-tested in a sample of 28 adolescents in youth care to examine its applicability and feasibility. Next, a comprehensive evaluation of the psychometric properties of the field-test version was conducted in a sample of 271 adolescents in youth care in Flanders, Belgium (M = 15.43, SD = 1.73). Classical item and factor analyses were carried out per subscale, (test-retest) reliability and item-discriminant validity of the subscales were examined, convergent validity was explored, and confirmatory factor analysis was used to examine the goodness-of-fit of different measurement models. Reliability measures of the scale are satisfactory, results are indicative of convergent validity, and confirmatory factor analysis provides evidence for the eight correlated factors model. Future lines of research concerning the ongoing development and application of the QOLYSS are discussed.

Aligning Language Education with the CEFR: A Handbook

This article briefly presents the handbook Aligning language education with the CEFR, which was published in April 2022 and is freely available online. The publication of the CEFR Companion Volume with new descriptors (CEFR CV; Council of Europe, provisional version 2017, definitive version 2020) has caused quite a stir in the field of language education and prompted renewed interest in the content and applicability of the CEFR (Council of Europe 2001). Language assessment professionals in particular have discussed the many implications of the CEFR CV in different contexts and scenarios. The article explains why the handbook was developed and who it is for, describes the steps involved in aligning the different dimensions of language education with the CEFR, and explains how the handbook is organised.

Translating the CEFR Companion Volume (2020) into Turkish: The Real Experience Unraveled

The Common European Framework of Reference for Languages (CEFR) is one of the most widely consulted reference works that define international standards for the learning, teaching, and assessment of languages. Since its appearance in 2001, the CEFR has been translated into more than 40 languages, including Turkish, making it the second most-translated document of the Council of Europe (CoE) after the European Convention of Human Rights. The CEFR was complemented by the Companion Volume with New Descriptors in 2018. This provisional version was later replaced by the CEFR Companion Volume (CV) in 2020, which includes added descriptors for mediation, online interaction, plurilingual/pluricultural competence, and sign language competences, ensuring modality-inclusive formulations in adapted illustrative descriptors for sign languages and gender-neutrality in all descriptors. The CEFR CV has already been translated into French, Arabic, Italian, Spanish, and Turkish, and translations to several other languages are underway and expected to become available shortly. The Turkish translation was completed in October 2021 by a committed team of scholars with the initiative and coordination of the Turkish Ministry of National Education (MoNE) in cooperation with the CoE. The translation of the CEFR Companion Volume into Turkish is an excellent example of how hard work and perseverance pay off. The translation team and others who have contributed to the work have demonstrated a fine example of sheer dedication, patience, and multidisciplinary collaboration to create a reader-friendly text to guide anyone involved in language teaching and testing—from teachers, learners, and material developers to educational institutions, researchers, and employers. This paper uncovers the background story, events, and actions behind this text for users to better understand its intricacies, nuances, and complexities. It is anticipated that the “backstage information” shared here will provide insights for prospective translators of the CEFR CV into other languages.

Conceptualization and content validation of the MEDication literacy assessment of geriatric patients and informal caregivers (MED-fLAG)

BackgroundThe assessment of patients’ medication literacy skills (i.e., abilities to access, comprehend and interact with medication-related information) is an important step in assisting clinicians to plan for appropriate care. Despite several attempts by researchers to develop measures of medication literacy, an instrument tailored to the specific needs of older adults remains a significant shortfall. Therefore, an interprofessional team that included a citizen co-researcher conceptualized a new standardised measure of medication literacy—the MEDedication Literacy Assessment of Geriatric patients and informal caregivers (MED-fLAG). MED-fLAG was designed as a three-dimensional self-reported measure of functional, interactive and critical skills. This study describes the conceptualization process and provides the results of an evaluation of MED-fLAG’s content validity, acceptability, and feasibility during a hospital stay.MethodsMED-fLAG was developed in accordance with the guidance on scale development and standards for good content validity, by using the following steps: (I) conceptualization of a provisional version of MED-fLAG; (II) iterative qualitative evaluation of its content validity by older adults, informal caregivers and healthcare professionals.ResultsThe qualitative assessment of the initial 54-item MED-fLAG was conducted in 36 participants, namely 13 home-dwelling older adults and/or informal caregivers and 23 healthcare professionals. Six rounds of revisions were performed to achieve content validity and to propose a 56-item revised MED-fLAG. Participants reported benefits of using a standardized assessment of medication literacy during a hospital stay but warned about certain limitations and prerequisites. The extent to which MED-fLAG could be integrated into discharge planning needs to be further investigated.ConclusionsMED-fLAG is the first medication literacy measure tailored to the specific needs of older patients and informal caregivers. A unique feature of this measure is that it includes prescribed and non-prescribed medications, irrespective of the galenic form. Additional studies are required to evaluate the other measurement properties of MED-fLAG, and to reduce the number of items before considering its clinical application.

Meteorological Glossaries and Dictionaries: A Review of Their History and Current State

Abstract The transformation of meteorology into a modern science raised needs for collections of scientific term definitions (glossaries) and of foreign language equivalents (dictionaries). The Meteorological Glossary (United Kingdom) and the Lexique météorologique (France) were the only meteorological glossaries issued separately until World War II. In 1959, a dozen of such works existed, half of which were due to individuals and the other half due to collective efforts, including the comprehensive Glossary of Meteorology (United States) and the provisional version of International Meteorological Vocabulary. Collective authorship has been shown to be more efficient and generally prevailed in recent decades. Regarding dictionaries, the language in which the terms are sorted tells a lot about the purpose of a dictionary. In the 1930s, the British, French, and German multilingual dictionaries were ordered alphabetically in their languages, which suggests that the dictionaries were intended mainly for foreign scholars. Since World War II, bilingual dictionaries have originated in many countries, with the terms usually being ordered in foreign languages, which is more useful for domestic scholars. Dictionaries continued to be compiled subsequently because the International Meteorological Vocabulary remained limited to English, French, Russian, and Spanish. Since 2000, some meteorological glossaries and dictionaries have obtained electronic versions because such versions enable them to be kept up-to-date and allow many practical functionalities, including full-text searches, links among terms, and the thematic filtering of terms. While the diversity of meteorological glossaries will probably remain in the future, a truly international meteorological dictionary could be created by connecting national databases.

Initial development of a patient-reported outcome measure of disability due to Katakori via evaluating patient comprehensibility and comprehensiveness.

[Purpose] “Katakori” refers to a nonspecific symptom, including discomfort or dull pain, that is experienced around the occiput and that extends through the cervical spine to the acromion and scapular area. This study aimed to develop a patient-reported outcome measure of disability due to Katakori, namely the Katakori Disability Index, via evaluating patient comprehensibility and comprehensiveness. [Participants and Methods] We conducted a semi-structured interview among participants who had experienced Katakori consistently during the past month to examine patient comprehensibility and comprehensiveness; we particularly used the thinking-aloud method and cognitive debriefing to evaluate comprehensibility. [Results] We initially tested a provisional version of the Katakori Disability Index with 24 items using two 11-point numeric rating scales in a subset of 10 participants. Considering the issues identified concerning comprehensibility and comprehensiveness, we created a second draft of the Katakori Disability Index with two 6-point Likert scales, modified items, and four additional items. The second draft was tested in another subset of 10 participants. We eventually developed a 31-item Katakori Disability Index with modified instructions and items, two additional items, and a post-survey checklist; all these features addressed the concerns identified and suggestions obtained in the second round of interviews. [Conclusion] We developed a 31-item Katakori Disability Index with content validity.

Development and Validation of an Italian Adaptation of the Psychosocial Aspects of Hereditary Cancer Questionnaire

Individuals that attend cancer genetic counseling may experience test-related psychosocial problems that deserve clinical attention. In order to provide a reliable and valid first-line screening tool for these issues, Eijzenga and coworkers developed the Psychosocial Aspects of Hereditary Cancer (PAHC) questionnaire. The aim of this work was to develop an Italian adaptation of the PAHC (I-PACH). This prospective multicenter observational study included three stages: (1) development of a provisional version of the I-PAHC; (2) pilot studies aimed at testing item readability and revising the questionnaire; and (3) a main study aimed at testing the reliability and validity of the final version of the I-PAHC with the administration of a battery comprising measures of depression, anxiety, worry, stress, and life problems to 271 counselees from four cancer genetic clinics. Adapting the original PAHC to the Italian context involved adding two further domains and expanding the emotions domain to include positive emotions. While most of the items were found to be easy to understand and score, some required revision to improve comprehensibility; others were considered irrelevant or redundant and therefore deleted. The final version showed adequate reliability and validity. The I-PAHC provides comprehensive content coverage of cancer genetic-specific psychosocial problems, is well accepted by counselees, and can be considered a sound assessment tool for psychosocial issues related to cancer genetic counseling and risk assessment in Italy.

Development and psychometric evaluation of the loneliness inventory for older adults (Lonely): A mixed-methods study.

AimTo develop and initially validate the Loneliness Inventory for Older Adults.DesignScale development and evaluation.MethodsThis was a two‐phase study. In phase 1, the initial items pool (126 items) was generated based on the concept analysis and literature review. Moreover, content validity was established by geriatric and psychometric experts. Phase 2 evaluated structural validity by performing item analysis, exploratory factor analysis and convergent validity. Reliability was evaluated by examining internal consistency, stability (ICC) and absolute reliability.ResultsFollowing the development process, 94 items were removed and a provisional version of the questionnaire with 32 items was subjected to psychometric evaluation. Three hundred and seventy older adults completed the questionnaire. After performing factor analysis, overall 3 items were removed due to low loading, and the questionnaire was reduced to 29 items tapping into five factors. The Cronbach's alpha for the instrument was 0.94, and the ICC value was 0.97.

An examination of the psychometric properties of the occupational identity questionnaire for community-living elderly who require care.

IntroductionAuthors created an Occupational Identity Questionnaire Provisional version (OIQ-P) to assess occupational identity for elderly individuals. The purpose of this study was to examine the psychometric properties of the OIQ-P.MethodsParticipants included 135 (42 males) elderly who lived locally and required care or support. OIQ-P was evaluated in terms of structural validity, criterion validity and internal consistency.ResultsBased on the results of an exploratory factor analysis and confirmatory factor analysis, an OIQ with a factor structure of 3 factors and 14 items was created. Rasch rating scale model revealed that 14 participants and 1 item did not fit the goodness of fit, nevertheless, the overall result was good. Spearman's rank correlation coefficient indicates that there was a law correlation between OIQ and the occupational identity scale of the Occupational Performance History Interview Version 2. In terms of internal consistency, the person separation index and person separation reliability coefficient were 2.30 and 0.84, respectively.ConclusionThis study confirmed the structural validity, criterion validity and internal consistency for the OIQ. To enhance the clinical utility of the OIQ, it is necessary to examine the interpretability and conduct an intervention study using the OIQ.

L’histoire ne se termine pas avec une inscription. Les tyrans d’Érésos et leur famille

The inscription known as the «Stele of the Tyrants of Eresos», recalls the tyrannical episodes experienced by the city in the 4th century. It insists on the failed attempts of the descendants of the tyrants to return to their ancestors’ homeland since the city of Eresos refused their reinstatement despite the request from royal letters. However, a prosopographic comparison allows us to hypothesize that, with Lysimachus being victorious and the island of Lesbos entering his domination, their descendants were able to return to the city of their fathers. Inscriptions are the truth of one moment and the provisional version of the winners.

Development and psychometric evaluation of the Sexual Health Assessment Tool for Infertile Women (SEHAT-IW).

This study aimed to develop a valid and reliable tool for evaluation of sexual health assessment in infertile women. This was a mixed exploratory study consisting of two phases. At phase one, we reviewed the existing instruments and interviewed 20 infertile women to generate an item pool. Then, the research team examined items and invited a panel of experts (n = 15) and a group of infertile women (n = 10) to review the items to establish content and face validity. Accordingly, the provisional version of the questionnaire containing 62 items was provided. At phase two, a cross-sectional study was conducted to evaluate the questionnaire. The structural validity was examined by performing exploratory factor analysis. Internal consistency was estimated by the Cornbach's alpha coefficient and test-retest analysis was performed to assess stability. The final questionnaire consisted of 45 items and a total of 372 infertile women completed the questionnaire. The mean age of women was 30.8 (SD 6.0) years and this was 5.6 (SD 4.2) for duration of infertility. The results obtained from exploratory factor analysis indicated a five-factor solution for the questionnaire that jointly explained 51.39% of variance observed. At this stage, 15 items were deleted due to low factor loading. The analysis of internal consistency and stability yielded satisfactory results (Cronbach alpha: 0.93, ICC 0.97, respectively). Further analysis indicated that lower sexual health in infertile women was associated with education (OR for primary education 2.61, 95% CI 1.44-4.76, P = 0.002) and being housewife (OR 2.35, 95% CI 1.15-4.83, P = 0.01). The findings showed that the Sexual Health Assessment Tool for Infertile Women (SEHAT-IW) is a reliable and valid instrument to assess infertile women's sexual health.

Development and psychometric evaluation of the healthy lifestyle questionnaire for elderly (heal)

BackgroundThe present study was conducted to design and evaluate the psychometric properties of a questionnaire for assessing the healthy lifestyle among older adults in Iran.MethodsFirst, items were generated based on a qualitative study, the literature review, and with help received from experts in gerontology and questionnaire design. Then, content validity was carried out. Accordingly, a cross sectional study was conducted to perform factor analysis and known groups comparison in order to examine the construct validity. Internal consistency was measured by the Cronbach’s alpha coefficient and the stability of the questionnaire was evaluated by estimating interclass correlation coefficient (ICC).ResultsIn total 68 items was generated. Following development process 22 items were removed and a provisional version of the questionnaire with 46 items was subjected to psychometric evaluation. At this stage a sample of 390 elderly people attending the community centers in Tehran, Iran were entered into the study and completed the questionnaire. Most elderly were female (52.8%) and the mean age of participants was 67.97 (SD ± 7.77) years. After performing factor analysis, overall 10 items were removed due to low loading and the questionnaire was reduced to 35 items tapping into eight factors, which explained a total of 57.1% of the variance. In addition, the results obtained from known groups comparison indicated that the questionnaire well differentiated among participants who were differed in self-reported health condition. The Cronbach’s alpha coefficient showed excellent internal consistency (alpha = 0.89). The intraclass correlation coefficient also indicated a good stability for the questionnaire (ICC = 0.94).ConclusionThe healthy lifestyle questionnaire for elderly (Heal) can be used as a simple and an easy-to-use valid and reliable measure in determining healthy life style and the frequency of health-oriented activities among older adults.

Validation of the Italian version of the Charcot-Marie-Tooth Health Index.

The Charcot-Marie-Tooth Health Index (CMT-HI) is a disease-specific patient-reported outcome measure measuring overall disease burden in Charcot-Marie-Tooth (CMT) patients, designed for natural history studies and clinical trials in English-speaking affected individuals. We developed and validated its Italian Charcot-Marie-Tooth Health Index (I-CMT-HI) version. The questionnaire was translated and culturally adapted from source into Italian by two neurologists experienced in CMT and neuromuscular disorders (NMDs). The two translations were reviewed by a panel of seven experts in CMT and NMD. The provisional version was back-translated into English by a professional translator. The definitive Italian version was developed during a consensus teleconference by the panel and a patient representative from ACMT-Rete. A series of clinically and genetically characterized CMT patients completed the final questionnaire; 11 participated in a test-retest reliability assessment of the instrument. The I-CMT-HI was administered to 30 CMT patients (13 CMT1A, eight CMTX1, two CMT1B, two CMT1E, two CMT2I, one CMT2A, one CMT2N, one distal Hereditary Motor Neuropathy), with test-rest in 11:14 females and 16 males, aged (mean ± SD) 48.0 ± 16.4 years (range 18-81), with CMT Examination Score (CMTES) = 10.0 ± 4.4 (range 2-18). The I-CMT-HI mean total score was 29.4 ± 21.2 (range 0.1-60.3). The I-CMT-HI showed a high test-retest reliability: intraclass correlation coefficient = 0.95 (95% confidence interval, 0.84-0.99). No patient had difficulty in completing the questionnaire and none reported any problem with the questions' formulation. The total CMT-HI score was positively correlated with age and CMTES, with higher disease burden with increasing age and disease severity according to the CMTES. The I-CMT-HI is now ready for use in clinical studies in the Italian population.

Validation of the Italian version of the Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease Pediatric Scale.

The Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease Pediatric Scale (CMTPedS) is a Rasch-built clinical outcome measure of disease severity. It is valid, reliable, and responsive to change for children and adolescents aged 3 to 20 years. The aim of this study was to translate and validate an Italian version of the CMTPedS using a validated framework of transcultural adaptation. The CMTPedS (Italian) was translated and culturally adapted from source into Italian by two experts in CMT with good English language proficiency. The two translations were reviewed by a panel of experts in CMT. The agreed provisional version was back translated into English by a professional translator. The definitive Italian version was developed during a consensus teleconference by the same panel. CMT patients were assessed with the final version of the outcome measure and a subset had a second assessment after 2 weeks to evaluate test-retest reliability. Seventeen patients with CMT aged 5 to 20 years (eight female) were evaluated with the CMTPedS (Italian), and test-retest was performed in three patients. The CMTPedS (Italian) showed a high test-retest reliability. No patient had difficulty in completing the scale. The instructions for the different items were clearly understood by clinicians and therefore the administration of the outcome measure was straight forward and easily understood by the children assessed. The CMTPedS (Italian) will be used for clinical follow-up and in clinical research studies in the Italian population. The data is fully comparable to that obtained from the English language version.

Development and validation of a short and easy-to-use instrument for measuring health literacy: the Health Literacy Instrument for Adults (HELIA)

BackgroundHealth literacy is the ability to access to, understand, evaluate and use of essential health information to make basic health decisions. This study aimed to develop and psychometrically evaluate an instrument for measuring health literacy among adults (the Health Literacy Instrument for Adults - HELIA).MethodsIn addition to a literature review, a panel of specialists from different disciplines was formed to generate an item pool. Then, a framework was defined to develop the initial questionnaire based on a definition of health literacy and the most important global public health issues. The initial questionnaire contained 66 items. Next, 15 experts in public health were approached to assess content validity. Consequently, 19 items were removed and a provisional version of the questionnaire with 47 items was provided. Finally, a random sample of adults completed the questionnaire and psychometric properties of the instrument were assessed.ResultsOverall, 323 adults aged 18 to 65 years old completed the questionnaire. When the exploratory factor analysis was performed, 33 items were loaded, which indicated a 5-factor solution for the questionnaire that jointly explained 52.9% of the variance observed. The factors were as follows: access to information (6 items), reading (4 items), understanding (7 items), appraisal (4 items), and decision making/behavioral intention (12 items). Confirmatory factory analysis also indicated a good fit to the data for the five-latent structure (χ2/df = 1.60, SRMR = 0.049; RMSEA = 0.043; CFI = 0.98; NFI = 0.95; NNFI = 0.98 and GFI = 0.87). Additional analysis for internal consistency showed satisfactory results with Cronbach’s alpha coefficients ranging from 0.72 to 0.89. Intraclass correlation coefficient (test-retest analysis) also showed acceptable stability for the questionnaire (ICC = 0.84). The mean score for health literacy as measured by the HELIA was 76.3 (SD = 15.1) out of 100 for the study sample.ConclusionThe findings suggest that the Health Literacy Instrument for Adults (HELIA) is a valid and reliable instrument for measuring health literacy. It is a short and easy-to-use instrument that could be applied in different settings.

Simplifying Transactional Memory Support in C++

C++ has supported a provisional version of Transactional Memory (TM) since 2015, via a technical specification. However, TM has not seen widespread adoption, and compiler vendors have been slow to implement the technical specification. We conjecture that the proposed TM support is too difficult for programmers to use, too complex for compiler designers to implement and verify, and not industry-proven enough to justify final standardization in its current form. To address these problems, we present a different design for supporting TM in C++. By forbidding explicit self-abort, and by introducing an executor-based mechanism for running transactions, our approach makes it easier for developers to get code up and running with TM. Our proposal should also be appealing to compiler developers, as it allows a spectrum of levels of support for TM, with varying performance, and varying reliance on hardware TM support in order to provide scalability. <?tight?>While our design does not enable some of the optimizations admitted by the current technical specification, we show that it enables the implementation of robust support for TM in a small, orthogonal compiler extension. Our implementation is able to handle a wide range of transactional programs, delivering low instrumentation overhead and scalability and performance on par with the current state of the art. Based on this experience, we believe our approach to be a viable means of reinvigorating the standardization of TM in C++.

Guidelines for Concept Design of Automated Operation/Autonomous Operation of Ships (Provisional Version)

Guidelines for Concept Design of Automated Operation/Autonomous Operation of Ships (Provisional Version)