Provision Of Sanitation Facilities Research Articles

Trends for sanitation practices in Tanzania: the history from colonial to current times

Abstract Although sanitation is a fundamental human right, over 26,500 people die annually due to inadequate sanitation in Tanzania. This situation involves a loss of approximately 301 billion TZS (US$ 206 million). Administrative challenges are part of inadequate sanitation contributors as government actors who took over power after colonization were trained by and emulated the former rulers. Although researchers have researched sanitation practices, few have examined Tanzania's history of sanitation. The paucity of studies on the history of sanitation hinders efforts to address sanitation issues resulting from historical flaws. This review examines the history of sanitation practices in Tanzania, especially the provision of sanitation facilities from colonial times to the present time. In this study, Dar es Salaam received more attention because it was Tanganyika's major urbanized area during colonialism. Thus, it exerted more pressure on sanitation infrastructure. The findings indicate that inequity characterized colonial sanitation provision. After independence, the government's role to improve sanitation was strengthened. However, the emphasis was put on interventions which were top-down, prioritizing latrine construction of any form while disregarding the history of sanitation practices. Further progress could be achieved by considering home-grown solutions and equality in the provision of sanitation services.

Influence of social factors on adoption of sanitation practices in rural areas: a mixed methods study in Nzaui, Kenya.

provision of adequate sanitation is among the common strategies of preventing sanitation-related diseases. However, provision of sanitation facilities may only be a sustainable solution if the population´s behavior changes and positive perception is embraced. This paper highlights the influence of social factors on adoption of sanitation practices. convergent mixed methods design was employed. Quantitative data was gathered using structured questionnaires from 100 household heads selected using cluster and simple random techniques. Logistic regression analysis was performed to explore factors that influenced adoption of sanitation practices. Qualitative data was gathered from a purposively selected focus group and analyzed thematically. many (57%) of the participants were males. The average age for participants was 39 years, standard deviation (SD)=0.20. From the multivariable regression analysis with adjusted odds, household heads being aged 18-33 years (OR 1.76, 95% CI: 0.62-3.02, p=0.015) and safety of latrines (OR 1.72, 95% CI: 0.70-5.15, p<0.001) was associated with increased open defecation chances; whereas being a female (OR 0.16 95% CI: 0.06-1.81, P=0.01), availability of open spaces near households (OR 0.12, 95% CI: 0.05-1.13, p=0.30), and mason skills (OR 0.29, 95% CI: 0.13-1.65) were associated with reduced likelihood of open defecation practices. Further, being a female (OR 1.06, 95% CI: 0.18-3.16, p=0.043), having knowledge on safe sanitation (OR 1.01, 95% CI: 0.74-3.08, p=0.02), engaging skilled masons for toilet construction (OR 1.299, 95% CI: 1.01-8.95, p=0.005) and financial stability (OR 1.95, 95% CI: 0.98-23.40, P=0.032<0.001) were positively associated with adoption of improved toilets. the sanitation status in the study area was mainly poor due to the influence of multiple factors like gender, absence of toilets, knowledge on safe sanitation, poverty, mason skills and toilet location in relation to safety. The findings showed the need for innovative planning approaches based on the social aspects of communities for progress in sanitation standards in rural areas. Such approaches should adhere to the sanitation hardware versus software components of communities to promote active utilization of the available toilets, construction of improved toilets and reduction of open defecation.

In the cultural mirror: Influence of cultural factors on adoption of sanitation practices in rural areas

Provision of adequate sanitation is among the common approaches of preventing sanitation-related diseases. However, provision of sanitation facilities may not be a sustainable sanitation solution unless the population’s behavior changes and a positive perception is embraced. This paper examined the influence of cultural factors on adoption of sanitation practices in rural areas. The article was based on field research that employed convergent research design where both qualitative and quantitative data was gathered simultaneously. Quantitative data was gathered using structured questionnaires from 100 household heads selected using stratified and proportionate simple random sampling techniques. Qualitative data was collected using an interview guide from a purposively selected focus group consisting of 9 participants. The findings were organized into themes and presented in narratives. Quantitative data was analyzed using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 25 which generated descriptive and inferential statistics to unveil the relationship between variables. From the findings, adoption of unimproved toilets was the main form of sanitation practices covering a mean of 3.3094. A unit increase in gender roles led to a 0.147 increase in adoption of sanitation practices (p-value=0.000) and a unit increase in traditions led to a 0.032 decrease in adoption of sanitation practices (p-value=0.014) in the area. Some denominations associated diarrhea with demons other than poor sanitation which was seen to facilitate poor sanitation practices. Residents believed that faeces left in the open could be used for witchcraft purposes, a tradition which had a positive impact on eradicating open defecation. Gender roles like fetching water, collecting firewood and livestock rearing in lonely places facilitated open defecation. The study recommended women inclusion in household sanitation matters and incorporation of religious leaders as advocates of sanitation behavior change. The study also recommended the need for future studies to examine adoption of sanitation practices alongside environmental, demographic and economic factors.

Experiences of menstruation and schooling among female adolescents in Peru: Contributions from an ecological and gender perspective

This study focuses on the relationship between menstruation and the schooling experience of female adolescents in Peru from an ecological and gender approach. Qualitative data were collected from rural and urban areas through individual interviews and participatory activities with 277 participants, including adolescents and key informants. The participants were chosen through convenience sampling in 11 schools. The results were tripartite: (1) most adolescents experience fear and shame related to menstruation because of gender meanings about the menstrual body; (2) there is bullying and aggression associated with menstruation by male peers in the school grounds; and (3) the issues of menstruation in the institutional context are not sufficiently addressed in public policy, teacher training and provision of sanitation facilities. Therefore, a critical revision of the gender norms that place female adolescents at a disadvantage in school grounds is urgent in addition to improving water and sanitation infrastructure and maintenance.

In the Cultural Mirror: Influence of cultural factors on adoption of sanitation practices in rural areas: A case of Nzaui Sub-County, Makueni County, Kenya.

Provision of adequate sanitation is among the common approaches of preventing sanitation-related diseases. However, provision of sanitation facilities may not be a sustainable sanitation solution unless the population’s behavior changes and a positive perception is embraced. This paper underlines the influence of cultural factors on adoption of sanitation practices in rural areas. The article is based on field research employing convergent mixed methods research designs where both qualitative and quantitative data was gathered simultaneously. Quantitative data was gathered using structured questionnaires from 100 household heads selected using stratified and proportionate simple random sampling techniques. Qualitative data was collected using interview guides from a purposively selected focus group consisting of 9 participants. Quantitative data was analyzed using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 25 which generated descriptive and inferential statistics to unveil the relationship between variables. Qualitative data was organized into themes and presented in narratives. From the findings, a unit increase in gender roles would lead to a 0.147 increase in adoption of sanitation practices (p-value=0.000) and a unit increase in traditions would lead to a 0.032 decrease in adoption of sanitation practices (p-value=0.014). From the qualitative findings, some religions associated diarrhea with demons other than poor sanitation which was seen to facilitate adoption of poor sanitation practices. Further, the qualitative findings revealed that faeces left in the open could be used for witchcraft purposes, a tradition which had a positive impact on eradicating open defecation. The study recommends women inclusion in household sanitation matters. The study revealed the need for incorporation of leaders as advocates of sanitation behaviour change. The study also recommends future studies to examine adoption of sanitation practices alongside environmental, demographic and economic factors.

APPRAISAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL SANITATION PRACTICES IN SELECTED MARKETS IN AKURE, NIGERIA

This study examines environmental sanitation practices of the users in the selected markets in Akure Ondo State, Nigeria. It assesses the socio-economic characteristics of the market users, as well as the factors influencing environmental sanitation practices. The study also examined the relationship between socio-economic characteristics of respondents and environmental sanitation practices. Data were obtained from two purposively selected markets. A traditional (Adedeji) and modern (Nepa) market. Random Systematic sampling techniques was used to administer a total of 151 structured questionnaires for the traders in the study area. Therefore, 57 questionnaires were administered in Adedeji market and 94 questionnaires were administered in Nepa neighborhood market, using the shop/stalls as the sampling units. Descriptive statistics and inferential statistics were used to analyze the data collected. The study revealed that most of the market users in Nepa (67.5%) and Adedeji (61.4%) market were females respectively. It was also revealed that some of the goods selling in the market includes; foodstuff, livestock, electronic, supermarket and textile products. This indicated that waste are generated on daily basis in both markets and collected on daily and weekly basis, where 95.4% of traders adopted waste collection services. Findings reveals that sanitation facilities were fairly (47.7%) provided. Cleaning of toilets, drainage, waste collection among others are the sanitation practices carried out mostly on weekly basis. With mean weighted value of (4.74), avoidance of penalty is the dominant factor influencing participation in the sanitation exercise. Result of Correlation analysis revealed that there is low positive correlation (r = 0.142, p = 0.084) between socio-economic characteristics of respondents and sanitation practices in the two markets. The study concludes by recommending among others that market management and government should be actively involved in the provision of sanitation facilities in the markets to enhance proper hygiene.

Factors Associated with School Absenteeism and Grade Retention among Young Adolescents in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia

Objective: School absenteeism and grade retention are associated with various life-course problems. In this study, we examined school absenteeism and grade retention in Ethiopian adolescents, as well as factors associated with them. Methods: We analyzed data from 1200 adolescents (aged 10- 14 years) from 20 public primary schools in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. We carried out multivariate logistic regression analyses, adjusting for school-level clustering, to determine the factors associated with school absenteeism and grade retention. Results: Grade retention, father’s lower education, parental occupation other than a government job, household food insecurity, being in large schools, and not having toilets in the school were associated with higher absenteeism rates, while involvement in paid work was associated with lower absenteeism rates. Having educational resources at home was associated with lower odds of retaining a grade but having mental health problems and a father’s occupation other than a government job were associated with higher odds of grade retention. Conclusions: Interventions aiming to increase school presence and performance among urban Ethiopian adolescents may require a multi-level approach addressing food insecurity, psychosocial problems, and provision of sanitation facilities at schools.

Interventions on Food Security and Water Uses for Improving Nutritional Status of Pregnant Women and Children Younger Than Five Years in Low-Middle Income Countries: A Systematic Review.

Malnutrition is a global health issue concerning children and pregnant women in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). The aim of this review was to assess the health-impact outcomes of interventions addressing food security, water quality and hygiene in order to address the improvement of the nutritional status in children below five years and pregnant women in LMICs. Using PRISMA procedures, a systematic review was conducted by searching in biomedical databases clinical trials and interventions for children and pregnant women. Full articles were screened (nf = 252) and critically appraised. The review included 27 randomized and non-randomized trials and interventions. Based on the analysis, three agents concerning nutritional status were identified. First, exclusive breastfeeding and complementary feeding were fundamental elements in preventing malnutrition. Second, provision of sanitation facilities and the promotion of hygienic practices were also essential to prevent infections spread and the consequent deterioration of nutritional status. Finally, seasonality was also seen to be a relevant factor to consider while planning and implementing interventions in the populations under study. In spite of the efforts conducted over last decades, the improvement in food insecurity rates has remained insufficient. Therefore, the development of global health programs is fundamental to guide future actions.

Empirical analysis of the impact of urbanization on groundwater quality within the slums of Accra, Ghana

AbstractA significant proportion of city dwellers in Ghana reside in slums where groundwater is the major source of water for domestic uses. This study examined the quality of groundwater from boreholes (seven) and hand‐dug wells (13) in five major slums in the city of Accra, Ghana. Water samples were tested for a total of 27 microbial and physicochemical contaminants at the central laboratory of the Ghana Water Company Limited. Overall, the water quality in the slums was poor as most of the parameters tested did not meet the 2017 WHO standards. Four out of the five slums (in Nima, Chorkor, Jamestown, and Abokobi‐Pantang), for instance, recorded high amounts of lead, with average values of 0.25 mg/L, 1.00 mg/L, 0.25 mg/L, and 1.5 mg/L, respectively, which are above the WHO standard of 0.01 mg/L. pH values in Nima (5.09), Sabon Zongo, Chorkor (6.09), and Abokobi‐Pantang (6.17) did not meet the WHO standard of 6.5–8.5. All five slums indicated various degrees of bacteriological contamination. The average Escherichia coli values per slum ranged between 12.50 CFU/100 ml and 249.00 CFU/100 ml, while the mean total coliform per slum ranged from 90.75 CFU/100 ml to 490.25 CFU/100 ml. The poor quality of groundwater found is attributable to improper disposal of waste, siting of boreholes/wells close to toilets, and the coastal location of some of the slums. Strict enforcement of water‐quality control checks, intensive sensitization on the dangers of improper waste disposal to groundwater quality, and the provision of sanitation facilities in the slums by city authorities are highly recommended.

A Comprehensive Review on Hazard Analysis and Critical Point (HACCP): A Case of Lumpia Semarang

Indonesia is a country rich in diversity of food types. One of them is Lumpia, which is a typical Semarang food. In this study, the analysis of HACCP in the production of Lumpia has comprehensively explained. The writing method used is a literature review and visualization of information from various types of literature. The analysis carried out in this study consists of 2 steps, namely the analysis of potential hazards and the implementation phase of HACCP, which consists of forming a HACCP team with internal and external recruitment systems, explaining product specifications, determining flow charts by recording the entire process from receiving raw materials to products. Besides, potential hazards in raw materials and additives have also analyzed. The results showed that Lumpia Semarang had implemented HACCP application rules very well, and its products are very safe for consumption. Lumpia Semarang needs to improve the rules for proper processing, especially in the provision of sanitation facilities and material preparation. In addition, the acceptance of raw materials and frying are two critical stages that have high contamination potential. With this study, it expected that the Lumpia production process, which included in the critical stages, could run well and safely, to produce healthy products for consumption.

CONTAMINATION OF ESCHERICHIA COLI BACTERIA IN SCHOOL CHILDREN'S FOOD (PJAS) IN CAKUNG DISTRICT ELEMENTARY SCHOOL

Food is a basic human need that is needed at all times and requires good and correct management so that it does not become a medium of disease transmission. Cakung district is the area with the highest incidence of diarrhea in the age group of 5-9 years in East Jakarta in January-June 2016 with 373 cases. Based on preliminary studies it is known that 87% of snack food in Cakung District elementary school is positively contaminated with E.colibacteria. This study aims to find out the contamination of Escherichia coli bacteria in School Children's Food (PJAS) in Cakung District elementary school in 2016. The research design used is cross sectional. The sample of this study amounted to 60 food handlers taken by cluster sampling. Data analysis is conducted univariate and bivariate using the chi squaretest. The results of this study showed that as many as 45% of PJAS positively contaminated with E.colibacteria. Contamination of E.coli bacteria in food is related to the practice of using food serving aids (p = 0.044), where we store cooked food (p = 0.007) and the way of serving (p = 0.02). However, E.coli bacterial contamination is not associated with the practice of washing hands with soap (p = 1.00), washing equipment (p = 0.783), types of selling facilities (p = 0.775), and the existence of sanitation facilities (1.00). The school is advised to collect traders who sell around the school and conduct coaching and empowerment by providing stimulants in the form of completeness of selling facilities, such as the provision of sanitation facilities and trash cans. In addition, hawker food traders are advised to maintain personal hygiene and the environment around the food processing site to avoid the occurrence of bacterial contamination and other disease agents that can enter the food.

A Review of Prevalence and Pattern of Intestinal Parasites in Nigeria (2006-2015)

Intestinal worm infestation has become a global health problem and still highly prevalent in the tropical region. Soil-transmitted helminth (STH) infections form the most important group of intestinal worms affecting two billion people worldwide, causing considerable morbidity and suffering, though largely preventable.&#x0D; Spatial distribution of helminth infections across the six geopolitical zones of Nigeria identified the following helminthes; Ascaris lumbricoides, hookworm, Trichuris trichiura, S. stercoralis, Taenia sp, S. mansoni, S. stercoralis, Enterobius vermicularis and Hymenolopis nana. This study revealed that prevalence of intestinal helminth in the country has not declined since the 1970s. Ascaris lumbricoides was the most prevalent helminth in the Southwestern (21%) and South-southern (13%) parts of Nigeria. Hookworm was the most prevalent helminth infection in the Southeastern (19%) while multiple infections were highly prevalent in Northern Nigeria (25% in North-central and 19% in the Northeast and Northwest, respectively). Cases of Taenia sp and Schistosoma mansoni infections were high in the Northeast and Northwest of Nigeria (8% and 6%, respectively).&#x0D; Nigeria has benefited from the Water, Sanitation and Hygiene (WASH) programme for over thirty years in the aspects of enhanced capacity building for applying personal hygiene and sanitation, improved water sources and provision of sanitation facilities and the National Emergency Group for coordination of emergency preparedness and response for WASH-related diseases. WHO estimated that more than 9% of the disease burden and 6% of deaths could be prevented by improving the WASH intervention programme. Children suffer the most, as 25% of global mortality of children (1 month–14 years) was linked with unsafe water and inadequate sanitation or insufficient hygiene, which was polarized in developing countries. To overcome challenge of WASH-related diseases, improved hygiene practices are essential. It is therefore important to sensitize people on the importance of water and sanitation practices through hygiene education. For effectiveness, hygiene education should be incorporated into the curriculum of schools from primary to tertiary institutions.

Factors associated with perception of bad odor by users of ventilated improved pit latrines in Cape Coast, Ghana

Perception of bad odor in sanitation facilities is one of the causes of open defecation, which is a major cause of water pollution in developing countries. This study assessed how users of ventilated improved pit (VIP) latrines in Cape Coast, Ghana, perceive the level of odor in their latrines and identified the factors associated with perception of bad odor. A total of 211 users of 127 VIP latrines were purposively sampled from selected communities within the City. A semi-structured questionnaire was used to obtain information on the users’ perception of the odor level measured on an ordinal scale. The questionnaire also enquired the users’ characteristics and observations about the hygienic conditions of their toilets. An inspection checklist was used to assess the design and construction features of the latrines as well as the usage and maintenance practices. It was found that having a stake in a latrine’s ownership reduces the odds for perceiving bad odor in the latrine while attainment of higher education increases the odds. Furthermore, perception of bad odor was found to be more associated with the usage and maintenance practices (such as fouling of the squat hole or seat with excreta and mismanagement of used anal-cleansing materials) rather than the design and construction of the latrines. The findings of the study underscore the need to accompany the provision of sanitation facilities with user hygiene, as highlighted in the sanitation target of the sustainable development goals, else physical facilities alone cannot provide a guarantee against open defecation.

Environmental and Socioeconomic Determinants of Child Mortality: Evidence from the 2013 Nigerian Demographic Health Survey

Despite the global decline in under-five mortality rate from 91 deaths per 1000 live births in 1990 to 43 deaths per 1000 live births in 2015 and Nigeria’s under-five mortality reduction from 201 per 1,000 live births in 2009 to 128 per 1,000 live births in 2013 as against the Sustainable Development Goal target of 25 per 1,000 live births, child mortality rate still remain unacceptably high in Nigeria and thereby has a long way to go in achieving this target. This study explores the household’s environmental, socio-economic characteristics, maternal demographic and their effect on child mortality. Data from the Nigeria Demographic and Health Survey (NDHS) 2013 was used to investigate the predictors of child (aged 0-4 years) mortality in Nigeria. Data for the currently married women who had experienced child mortality and those who have not, totaling 20,192. Cross-tabulation and binary logistic regression techniques were employed in the statistical analysis. The result indicated that child mortality rate was highest (46.0%) among mothers with no educational and lowest (13.6%) among mothers with tertiary education and was statistically significant in reducing the child mortality rate. Children born in households with unimproved toilet experienced highest mortality rate (41.0%) compared to those who were born in households with improved toilet (30.4%) and have substantial impact on child mortality. Maternal education and provision of sanitation facilities should be advocated as a strategy to reduce child mortality.

Measuring willingness-to-pay for water and sanitation by people living with HIV and AIDs in South Africa

The ill-provision of water and sanitation services poses the greatest risk to people living with HIV and AIDS in South Africa – a majority of whom reside in slum settlements. People living with HIV and AIDS (PLWHA) die after succumbing to opportunistic infections, especially water-borne diseases (e.g., diarrhoea, cholera). This study was based on 485 individuals with HIV and AIDs drawn from three types of settlements (rural, peri-urban and urban slums) and sampled from three selected provincial districts of Khayelitsha (Western Cape), Ukhahlamba (Eastern Cape) and Groblersdal (Limpopo). The results show PLWHA having higher willingness-to-pay (WTP) for sanitation at ZAR448.40/month compared to water (ZAR428.60). Those living in urban slum settlements show the highest WTP for sanitation (ZAR552.70), followed by the ones in rural areas (ZAR500.24). The results underscore important implications: PLWHA face greater sanitation challenges relative to water; those in slum settlements endure the worst sanitation insecurity compared to counterparts living in other settlement types; higher WTP for sanitation implies that PLWHA will derive greater benefits from improvements in sanitation services relative to water. To conclude, it is imperative for municipal authorities to prioritize the provision of sanitation facilities to PLWHA especially in urban slums as part of the ‘pro-poor service delivery’ campaigns.

Prevalence of urinary schistosomiasis and associated risk factors among Abobo Primary School children in Gambella Regional State, southwestern Ethiopia: a cross sectional study.

BackgroundIn Ethiopia, urinary schistosomiasis caused by Schistosoma haematobium has been known to be endemic in several lowland areas of the country where it causes considerable public health problems, mainly among school-age children. However, information on recent magnitude and risk factors of the disease is lacking, particularly for Gambella area. Therefore, this study aimed to assess the prevalence of urinary schistosomiasis and associated risk factors among Abobo Primary School children in Gambella, southwestern Ethiopia.MethodsA cross-sectional study involving 304 school children was conducted in Abobo Primary School, Gambella Regional State, southwestern Ethiopia, from February to June 2014. Ten ml of urine sample was collected from each study participant and processed for microscopic examination by the urine filtration method; egg load for positive individuals was determined per 10 ml of urine. Data on socio-demographic characteristics and risk factors were collected using an interview-based questionnaire. The data were entered into and analyzed with SPSS version 20. Logistic regression and odds ratio were used to measure association and strength between variables, respectively. P-value < 0.05 at 95% CI was considered as statistically significant.ResultsThe prevalence of urinary schistosomiasis was 35.9% (109/ 304) with a mean egg intensity of 8.76 per 10 ml of urine. Being male [AOR (95%CI) = 2.15(1.31, 3.52)], having father as a farmer [AOR (95%CI) = 1.96(1.19, 3.22)] and children living apart from parents [AOR (95% CI): 3.09 (1.14, 8.4)] were significantly associated with urinary schistosomiasis.ConclusionThe present study area in Gambella Regional State, southwestern Ethiopia, represents moderate-risk community for urinary schistosomiasis. Sex, father’s occupation and living apart from parents were found to be associated with infection. Treatment of all school-age children and fishermen is required once every 2 years until the prevalence of infection falls below the level of public health importance. It is also recommended to complement praziquantel treatment with supplementary measures such as provision of sanitation facilities and health education.

Influence of Availability of Sanitary Facilities on the Participation of the Girl-Child in Public Primary Schools in Garissa County, Kenya

Every child has the right to quality education and good health care. The government of Kenya introduced Free Primary Education to ensure all school aged children acquire basic education. Despite this government investment, the participation of girls in primary school education has been low. This study aimed at assessing the influence of sanitation on participation of the girl-child in public primary schools in Garissa County, Kenya. The study adopted a descriptive survey research design. The targeted population was made up of girls and teachers in public primary schools. A sample size of 704 respondents comprising of 640 class seven girls, 32 head teachers and 32 class seven class teachers was sampled. Questionnaires, observation schedules and interview schedules were used for data collection. Validity of the research instrument was ascertained through experts in research of Chuka University. Descriptive statistics were used for data analysis aided by the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) Version 20. The results were presented in tables and figures. Most schools did not have adequate toilets and did not provide adequate sanitary pads. The schools did not have hand washing points and tissue papers. The study revealed that availability of sanitary pads, washing water points/soap and toilets influenced enrolment, concentration, self-confidence, attendance and performance of girls in education. The study recommends development of clear policies on provision of sanitation facilities and increases the number of sanitary pads supplied per girl. The government should set aside adequate budgetary allocation to provide school with sanitary facilities.

Hubungan Kondisi Sarana Sanitasi Wisata (Sarsanta) dengan Tingkat Kepuasan Wisatawan Kawasan Wisata Waduk Gajah Mungkur di Kabupaten Wonogiri

Sanitation at tourists places is one effort of the application of public places sanitation, which is useful for the convenience, safety and satisfaction of tourists. Based on the preliminary survey conducted at Gajah Mungkur Tourists Area in Wonogiri, some problems were found regarding with the provision of sanitation facilities. The study was aimed to know the condition of sanita-tion facilities in two tourists destination there, i.e. Sendang Asri Recreation Park and Gajah Mungkur Waterboom as well as to know the satisfaction level of the visiting tourists, by con-ducting a cross sectional designed survey, whose results were analyzed descriptively and ana-litically. The respondents, who were interviewed for determining the satisfaction level, were 82 tourists who had visited the two sites, meanwhile, the condition of the facilities were measured by using the standard check-list. Results of the study showed that the sanitation condition in Sendang Asri was classified as “not properly healthy”, and in Waterboom was classified as “properly healthy”. The tourists who satisfied with sanitation facilities in Sendang Asri and Wa-terboom, were 37,80 % and 89,02 % respectively. The result of statistical test by employing chi-square test at 95 % confidence level, concluded that sanitation facility condition has significant correlation with tourists’ satisfaction level. Based on these findings, management of the two re-sorts and Tourism Agency of Wonogiri Regency were advised to upgrade the condition of sani-tation facilities in Gajah Mungkur Tourists Area.&#x0D;

Multi-level sanitation governance: understanding and overcoming challenges in the sanitation sector in sub-Saharan Africa

The provision of sanitation facilities - a basic necessity for human health, well-being, dignity, and development - remains a mammoth challenge for developing countries where the vast majority of the 2.5 billion people without improved sanitation facilities reside. Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) is one of the regions where decent, dignified, and functional toilet facilities remain largely inaccessible. Most of the countries in SSA will miss the Millennium Development Goal (MDG) for sanitation. There are sharp contradictions in the region between formal and informal sanitation institutions. There is also a disconnect between actors at the macro, meso, and micro governance levels. This paper shows how multi-level governance analysis, path dependency, and institutional inertia can be used to improve understanding of some challenges in the sanitation sector in SSA, and discusses approaches that can contribute to improving the sanitation situation in a sustainable way. In addition, the paper asserts that demand-driven strategies and private sector involvement in the sanitation sector is paramount for establishing new sanitation paradigms and sociotechnical regimes. We conclude that a good understanding of actors at all levels - their various roles, interactions, and the way they interpret and respond to policies - is key to accelerating progress in sustainable sanitation coverage in SSA.

Patterns and determinants of communal latrine usage in urban poverty pockets in Bhopal, India

To explore and explain patterns of use of communal latrine facilities in urban poverty pockets. Six poverty pockets with communal latrine facilities representing two management models (Sulabh and municipal) were selected. Sampling was random and stratified by poverty pocket population size. A seventh, community-managed facility was also included. Data were collected by exit interviews with facility users and by interviews with residents from a randomly selected representative sample of poverty pocket households, on social, economic and demographic characteristics of households, latrine ownership, defecation practices, costs of using the facility and distance from the house to the facility. A tally of facility users was kept for 1 day at each facility. Data were analysed using logistic regression modelling to identify determinants of communal latrine usage. Communal latrines differed in their facilities, conditions, management and operating characteristics, and rates of usage. Reported usage rates among non-latrine-owning households ranged from 15% to 100%. There was significant variation in wealth, occupation and household structure across the poverty pockets as well as in household latrine ownership. Households in pockets with municipal communal latrine facilities appeared poorer. Households in pockets with Sulabh-managed communal facilities were significantly more likely to own a household latrine. Determinants of communal facility usage among households without a latrine were access and convenience (distance and opening hours), facility age, cleanliness/upkeep and cost. The ratio of male to female users was 2:1 across all facilities for both adults and children. Provision of communal facilities reduces but does not end the problem of open defecation in poverty pockets. Women appear to be relatively poorly served by communal facilities and, cost is a barrier to use by poorer households. Results suggest improving facility convenience and access and modifying fee structures could lead to increased rates of usage. Attention to possible barriers to usage at household level associated particularly with having school-age children and with pre-school childcare needs may also be warranted.