Provision Of Iron Supplements Research Articles

Trends in the quality of antenatal care in India: Patterns of change across 36 states and union territories, 1999-2021.

Antenatal care (ANC) quality is important to maternal and neonatal mortality. However, trends in the quality of ANC received by pregnant women in India have been understudied. This paper seeks to fill this gap by examining the long-term patterns nationwide and the state-specific prevalence of inadequate ANC quality received by pregnant women in India. We utilised data from four National Family Health Surveys (NFHS) conducted in 1999 (NFHS-2), 2006 (NFHS-3), 2016 (NFHS-4), and 2021 (NFHS-5) across India's 36 states/union territories (UTs). The sample includes mothers who had given birth within three years (NFHS-2) and five years (NFHS-3, NHFS-4, and NFHS-5) before each survey. We define inadequate ANC quality as not completing seven essential ANC services (weight measurement, blood pressure measurement, urine sampling, blood sampling, provision of iron supplements, provision of tetanus vaccination, and ultrasound scans) during pregnancy. We calculated the standardised absolute change to quantify the change in the share of women receiving inadequate quality ANC nationally and by each state/UT. Additionally, we estimated the population headcount of mothers who received inadequate-quality ANC in 2021 and identified the socioeconomic correlates associated with inadequate ANC quality. The prevalence of inadequate ANC quality substantially declined between 1999-2021, from 84.8% (95% confidence interval (CI) = 84.1-85.5) to 28.8% (95% CI = 28.5-29.2). However, between-state inequality in ANC quality has increased over this time. We identified a weak correlation between prevalence and population headcounts in 2021. Socioeconomically disadvantaged groups exhibited a higher prevalence of inadequate quality of ANC than less disadvantaged groups. The proportion of pregnant women receiving inadequate ANC quality has decreased over time throughout India. However, multi-faceted efforts at national and state levels are necessary to enhance the effectiveness of existing policies. Additionally, innovative and targeted approaches are required to ensure the timely and equitable provision of high-quality ANC.

Consumption of Iron Supplements, based on the Structures of the Health Belief Model, in Children Aged 6 to 24 Months in the Southeast of Iran

Objective: Iron deficiency is one of the common problems during infancy. The purpose of this study is to investigate the status of iron supplement consumption and the factors affecting it based on the constructs of the health belief model. Methodology: In this descriptive study, 402 mothers of children aged 6-12 months were selected using multi-stage random sampling. The status of mothers' performance regarding the provision of iron supplements and the status of health belief model constructs were evaluated using a questionnaire whose validity and reliability have been confirmed. The data were analyzed using analysis of variance, Pearson correlation coefficient and linear regression tests. Results: the present study showed that despite the state of proper awareness, the score of Consumption of iron supplements behavior was not favorable. So that 62.7% had reported a low performance. Pearson correlation test showed that only the perceived susceptibility score did not show significant relationship with the behavior (p = 0.174) The regression results showed that the variables included in the regression model, explained a total of 24.1% of the variance of the change in the behavior score (Adjusted R2 = 0.241). Conclusion: Considering the unfavorable situation of iron supplementation behavior in infants, the use of health belief theory constructs can be effective in persuading mothers. Community health nurses can be more successful in improving this index by providing educational intervention based on the structures of this model, especially helping to remove the barriers perceived by mothers.

PREVALENCE AND RISK FACTOR ANALYSIS OF ANEMIA IN PREGNANCY

Anemia is a condition in which the total amount of iron in the body is reduced. If iron deficiency is severe enough it can cause interference with the reproduction of red blood cells and cause anemia. This condition will cause weakness, become obstacles to activity and will also hinder the growth and development of children. This research aims to describe prevalence of anemia during pregnancy and determine the risk factors that can influence it. This research is included in the analytic descriptive study using a cross-sectional approach design. The target was pregnant women who had an examination at the Hasanah Clinic in September-November 2022. The data were collected by face-to-face interviews and information in medical record. The results showed that 15% of pregnant women had mild anemia and all predicted risk factors did not significantly influence anemia, such as gestational age (p value 0.074), number of gravidity (p value 0.495), and mid-upper arm circumference (p value 1.000). The provision of iron supplements and good nutritional intake can be one of the efforts to prevent and overcome anemia in pregnant women which develops worse

EFEKTIVITAS MADU DAN TABLET Fe SEBAGAI UPAYA PENINGKATAN KADAR HEMOGLOBIN PADA REMAJA PUTRI DI PONDOK PESANTREN

Background: Anemia is a condition in which the levels of hemoglobin, hematocrit and red blood cells are lower than normal values. Women have the highest risk of developing anemia, especially in young women. The prevalence rate of anemia in Indonesia, namely in adolescent women is 26.50%. Anemia in adolescents can decreased concentration of learning, frequent fatigue, drowsiness, lower body resistance, complications in pregnancy and childbirth when a future mother. The government make a policy to overcome the problem of anemia due to iron deficiency by provision of iron supplements. Objectives: Analyze effectiveness of honey and iron supplementation to help increase the levels of hemoglobin in adolescent girl on boarding school Hidayatul Muslim Kubu Raya. Methods: This type of research is experimental pre-test and post-test with control group design. The sample of this study was young women at the Hidayatul Muslimin Islamic Boarding School in Kubu Raya aged 16-19 years, totaling 36 people with exclusion criteria (18 samples of the intervention group and 18 samples of the control group). The sampling technique was purposive sampling and the method of analysis used paired t-test and independent t-test. Results: Based on the statistic test, there was a significant difference between giving honey with iron supplementation and only iron supplementation to increase hemoglobin levels in adolescent girls (p=0.002).Conclusion: Honey with iron supplementation was effective to helped increase the levels of hemoglobin in adolescent girl on boarding school Hidayatul Muslimin Kubu Raya.

Pemberdayaan Kader Dalam Upaya Pencegahan Dan Penanggulangan Anemia Pada Ibu Hamil Di Desa Telaga Piru

Anemia that occurs in some pregnant women is caused by an increase in the need for nutrients and changes in the blood during pregnancy. Anemia will have a bad effect on the health of the mother and the fetus, that is, this condition will increase the morbidity and mortality of mother and child. Maternal mortality rate (MMR) in Ambon city, in 2013 there were 4 maternal deaths or 28.6 per 100,000 live births. In 2014 there were 2 mothers or 59.9 per 100,000 live births and in 2015 there was an increase of 5 or 36.3 per 100,000 live births. The main cause of death is bleeding because anemia is not handled. Efforts to prevent and overcome iron nutritional anemia through the provision of iron supplements are prioritized for pregnant women. Therefore, to prevent nutritional anemia in pregnant women, iron supplementation with a daily dose of 1 tablet (60 mg elemental iron and 0.25 g folic acid) consecutively for at least 90 days during pregnancy.Keywords: anemia in pregnancy, prevention, and control of anemia.

Poor coverage and quality for poor women: Inequalities in quality antenatal care in nine East African countries.

The use of quality antenatal care (ANC) improves maternal and newborn health outcomes. Ensuring equity in access to quality maternal health services is a priority agenda in low- and middle-income countries. This study aimed to assess inequalities in the use of quality ANC in nine East African countries using the most recent Demographic and Health Surveys. We used two outcome variables to examine ANC service adequacy: four or more ANC contacts and quality ANC. We defined quality ANC as having six of the recommended ANC components during follow-up: blood pressure measurement, urine sample test, blood sample test, provision of iron supplements, drug for intestinal parasite and tetanus toxoid injections. We used the concentration index (CCI) to examine inequalities within and across countries. We fitted a multilevel regression model to assess the predictors of inequalities in the contact and content of ANC. This study included 87 068 women; among those 54.4% (n = 47 387) had four or more ANC contacts, but only 21% (n = 15 759) reported receiving all six services. The coverage of four or more ANC and receipt of all six services was pro-rich within and across all countries. The highest inequality in four or more ANC contacts was in Ethiopia with a CCI of 0.209, while women in Burundi had the highest inequality in coverage of all six services (CCI: 0.318). Higher education levels and media exposure were predictors of service uptake, while women who had unintended pregnancies were less likely to make four or more ANC contacts and receive six services. Interventions to improve access to quality ANC require rethinking the service delivery mechanisms in all countries. Moreover, ensuring equity in access to quality ANC requires tailoring service delivery modalities to address the social determinants of service uptake.

A QUASI EXPERIMENTAL STUDY ON HEALTH EDUCATION INTERVENTION IN MANAGING PREGNANT WOMEN WITH ANAEMIA IN SEPANG, MALAYSIA: A STUDY PROTOCOL

ABSTRACT Background: Anaemia is a common health problem among pregnant women in Malaysia and has a significant health consequence to mother and their infants. The provision of iron supplements and an array of health educational strategies to pregnant women are the most widely practice in Malaysia public health measures. In Malaysia currently, the implementation of health education methods and materials on anaemia in pregnancy given to the antenatal mothers differ throughout the country. The aim of this study is to develop, implement and evaluate the effects of a theory-based health educational intervention on the haemoglobin level among anaemic pregnant women. Materials and Methods: This study uses a quasi-experimental study design and conceptualized based on the Health Belief Model (HBM). It will involve two groups of antenatal mothers (control and intervention) from two health clinics in the district of Sepang, Selangor. There will be 81 pregnant women with anaemia per group that met the inclusion and exclusion criteria. Data will be collected using self-administered questionnaire. The primary outcome variable is differences in haemoglobin levels between the intervention and control groups in the third trimester. Secondary outcome include knowledge regarding anaemia, HBM constructs, dietary iron intake and level of compliance towards iron supplementation. Both groups will be receiving routine antenatal care and practice. Additionally, the intervention groups will be given a validated theory-based health education intervention on anaemia in pregnancy. Univariate, bivariate and multivariate analysis will be performed. All hypotheses tests were two-sided and level of significance was set at 0.05. Discussion: If the theory based health education intervention is effective in improving the outcome for pregnant women with anaemia, this approach could be taken into consideration to improve the anaemia in pregnancy after further research. Keywords: Anaemia, Pregnancy, Health Belief Model, Health education Intervention

A study of effect of iron on hematological status in iron deficiency anemic children

Background: Iron Deficiency is the most widely prevalent nutritional disorder affecting the world population today. Anaemia has been described as a major health problem in the developing countries. Iron Deficiency Anaemia is readily preventable even in a profound stage by the provision of iron supplements. Objective: The study was conducted to estimate the incidence of iron Deficiency Anaemia in school going children & to create awareness among parents and children regarding the consequences of Iron Deficiency Anaemia & to treat iron Deficiency Anaemia & to improve the IQ for better academic performance of children with iron Deficiency Anaemia. Methods: The study was conducted over a period of 6 months. About 400 children from Indira Gandhi Municipal High School, Kurnool were examined and Only 200 out of these found suitable for the study and were given letters of information and consent. From those who responded favorably, a comprehensive data could be obtained form 100 children from proformas. A formal consent letter from the parents of each child included in the study was obtained after explaining to them the whole procedure. Results: The strength of association between iron therapy and increase of Hb values is highly significant. The strength of association between iron therapy and increase of RBC values is highly significant. The strength of association between iron and increase of PCV is highly significant. The strength of association between iron and increase of MCV is highly significant. Conclusion: It is concluded that iron supplementation along with iron-fortified foods in children with Iron Deficiency Anaemia improves hematological parameters significant extent. The academic performance, and physical well-being and behavioral patterns of the children were also improved.

Home fortification with micronutrient sprinkles – A new approach for the prevention and treatment of nutritional anemias

Despite global goals set by United Nations' agencies over the past decade for significant reductions in iron deficiency anemia (IDA), it remains a largely unaddressed public health problem affecting more than two billion people, one-third of the world's population. The negative impact of IDA on health and human potential are greatest in the developing world, where it is estimated that 51% of children younger than four years of age are anemic, mainly due to a diet that is inadequate in bioavailable iron. Studies in both developed and developing countries have consistently shown mental and motor impairments that may not be reversible in children younger than two years of age with IDA. From a public health standpoint there are four possible interventions for the prevention of anemia: dietary diversification to include foods rich in absorbable iron; fortification of staple foods including targeted fortification of complementary foods for infants and young children; the provision of iron supplements; and 'home-fortification'. In response to a United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF) request to develop a new approach to IDA, our research group developed 'Sprinkles' for home-fortification of complementary foods. Sprinkles are single-dose sachets (like small packets of sugar) containing micronutrients in powder form (encapsulated iron, zinc, vitamins A, C and D, and folic acid), which are easily sprinkled onto any home-prepared complementary food. Sprinkles were developed to overcome many of the side effects and disadvantages of iron drops. We have demonstrated that Sprinkles are as effective as iron drops in the treatment and prevention of anemia. Sprinkles are easier to use and are, therefore, better accepted than iron drops, which may improve adherence to iron interventions.