Provision Of Basic Facilities Research Articles

Influence of School-climate on Science Students’ Performance in Ibadan, Oyo State, Nigeria

This study investigated the Influence of School-climate on Science Students’ Performance in Ibadan, Oyo State, Nigeria. A descriptive survey design was adopted for the study with a focus on Senior Secondary School II Science Students, which necessitated the use of questionnaires for data collection. The instrument was validated and tested for reliability using Cronbach Alpha statistic with 0.82 reliability value. Result formats were also used for collecting the average scores of 250 participating science students in science subjects (Biology, Chemistry, Physics, and Further Mathematics) from the school authorities concerned. Data collected was analyzed using frequency counts, Mean and Pearson Product Moment Correlation Coefficient. Findings from the study showed that, school-climate influences the academic performance of science students in Ibadan, Oyo State, Nigeria leading to the need to enhance proper constructs for better performance in science subjects. The study concluded that conducive school-climates play significant roles in the performance of science students, which invariably implies that improved students’ performance can be achieved when school authorities pay deliberate attention to improving school-climate conditions. It was recommended among others that, schools should endeavor to create conducive environment such as provision of basic facilities, clear and effective communication channels and a cordial teacher-students relationship to facilitate learning and to improve students’ academic performance in science subjects.

Structural violence and the subversion of participatory planning—the struggle for the Warwick Market in Durban, South Africa

Deprivation, poverty, inequality, forced displacement, psychological harm, lack of public participation in planning and benign neglect are examples of structural violence in cities. In the case of benign neglect, public facilities are deliberately neglected in terms of maintenance and provision of basic facilities—a form of ‘slow violence’. Drawing from qualitative data sources that included participant observation, consultations with legal advisors and court hearings, this paper analyses the different forms of structural violence that were used in early 2009 in the city of Durban to try to replace the century old Early Morning Warwick Market which catered for the poor working class, with a mall. The Municipality’s participatory and consultative approach to upgrade the Warwick Avenue Triangle in the first democratic decade (1994–2004) is contrasted with the subversion of participatory planning in the second democratic decade (2004–2014), as Durban prepared for FIFA 2010. The mall development would have resulted in the loss of an important part of Durban’s history, heritage and culture. A key contention of this paper is that the fatally flawed neoliberal planning fiasco in Warwick Avenue was driven by a top-down process which favoured private corporate interests. The mall project was presented as a public–private partnership. However, in such partnerships local democracy is compromised as the fiscal prospects of local governments become dependent on the business decisions of the private sector. There were serious contradictions evident in the juxtaposition of large-scale public-private partnerships such as the mall, and the threats to displace low-income traders, a process which David Harvey called ‘accumulation by dispossession’. The historical and political processes of accumulated and incremental neglect and stigma which encapsulate ‘slow violence’ contributed to the decay and decline of the Early Morning Market. Attempts to displace traders and replace the market with a mall was basically a political decision, aided and abetted by some senior members in the ruling ANC government hierarchy—a shameful period in Durban’s democratic history. The threats to displace the traders in the Early Morning Market was a form of structural violence, which was reminiscent of the apartheid era. The structural violence of apartheid-capitalism continues at the level of outcomes (non-participation and displacement) even under a changed political structure (democracy), as the ANC government pursues a neoliberal agenda.

Impact of Domestic Infrastructure upon Athlete's Interest, Motivation and Participation in Sport: A Case Study of Domestic Cricket Balochistan

Organized sports are popular around the globe as a way of entertainment for the spectators as well as a lucrative career for the athletes and sportsmen and sportswomen. However, the number of athletes in Pakistan is comparatively less. This study is carried out to establish the reasons of a smaller number of people opting for sports as career generally and cricket specially. Motivation is a force which prompts an individual to act accordingly for the achievement of set objectives. Participation in sports can be enhanced by encouraging young men and women. Motivation can be created through provision of basic facilities as well as considering other psychological factors. Impact of infrastructure, coaching facilities, remuneration and other psychological factor on the interest of cricketers is explored to suggest ways to create a conducive environment to enhance the participation of cricketers in Balochistan, Pakistan.

Descriptive Analysis of Health Screening for COVID-19 at Points of Entry in Pakistan According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Guidelines

Introduction: Points of entry (PoE) in Pakistan serve as key conduits for international travel, transport, and trade. Central Health Establishment (CHE) is a key stakeholder in the implementation of the International Health Regulations 2005 (IHR) core capacities at PoE and National Action Plan 2020 against COVID-19. A comprehensive screening plan for COVID-19 was carried out effectively despite limitations. Methods: A descriptive study on CDC guidelines for health screening at PoE was conducted from February 2020 to March 2021. Guidelines are based on 11 attributes to be implemented; these include legal and regulatory bodies to detain the travelers as suspect, isolate, and coordinate at PoEs, funds for screening, well-equipped quarantine facilities, referral health care facilities, protocols for primary and secondary screening, capacity building, supply of personal protective equipment and screening tools, and provision of basic facilities at isolation areas. Data were collected using both qualitative and quantitative methods from health officers and quarantine assistants of PoEs. The analysis of CHE’s information system was performed to assess the management of traveler surveillance. Results: Eleven attributes were addressed for health screening according to CDC guidelines and well implemented at PoE by CHE under the flagship of the MNHR&C. Primary health screening of 4,088,119 inbound travelers was conducted. Secondary health screening led to the referral of performed at airports for inbound travelers, with a positivity rate of 0.32. Conclusion: Preparedness and response for COVID-19 at PoE are in line with the National Action Plan of the Government of Pakistan and IHR (2005).

Descriptive Analysis of Health Screening for COVID-19 at Points of Entry in Pakistan According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Guidelines From February 2020 to March 2021

Background Points of entry (POE) in Pakistan serve as key conduits for international travel, transport, and trade. The Central Health Establishment is the key stakeholder in the implementation of the International Health Regulations (2005) core capacities at POE and National Action Plan 2020 for COVID-19. A comprehensive screening plan (involving more than 4 million passengers to date) was carried out effectively despite a few limitations. Objective This study aimed to evaluate the system attributes of health screening measures for COVID-19 at POE according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) guidelines with the aim of identifying the strengths and weaknesses of the system and formulating recommendations to improve the system. Methods A descriptive study on the CDC guidelines for health screening at POE was conducted at the Directorate of Central Health Establishments from February 2020 to March 2021. The CDC guidelines are based on 11 attributes to be implemented for COVID-19 health screening at POE; these include legal and regulatory bodies to detain the traveler as suspect, isolation and coordination at POE, funds for screening, quarantine facilities equipped with basic necessities and communication channels for the quarantined travelers, referral health care facilities for POE, protocols for primary and secondary screening, capacity building, supply of personal protective equipment and screening tools, isolation areas, and provision of basic facilities at POE. Data were collected using both qualitative and quantitative methods. Web-based questionnaires and in-depth interviews for personnel in charge and quarantine assistants at POE were completed. Analysis of the Central Health Establishment’s information system was performed to assess management of traveler surveillance. Results The 11 attributes for health screening according to the CDC guidelines were addressed and well implemented at POE by the Central Health Establishment under the flagship of the Ministry of National Health Services, Regulation, and Coordination. Primary health screening of 4,088,119 inbound travelers was conducted. Secondary health screening led to the referral of 415 suspected cases of COVID-19 to hospitals. A total of 74,833 polymerase chain reaction tests for COVID-19 were performed at airports for inbound travelers, with a positivity rate of 0.6%. A total of 19,130 international flights were screened during the study period. Conclusions Preparedness and response for COVID-19 at POE are in line with the National Action Plan of the Government of Pakistan and International Health Regulations (2005).

POTENSI BANDAR TAIPING SEBAGAI TARIKAN PELANCONGAN WARISAN DI PERAK

The existence of various monuments and buildings built since the early 1900s needs to be preserved as heritage tourist attractions. Taiping is one of the cities that has the potential to be promoted as a popular heritage tourism destination in Perak. To that end, the purpose of this study was to identify the types and categories of various buildings and monuments that have the potential to be used as heritage tourism attractions in the city; by examining the perceptions of local people on the potential of Taiping and to suggest strategies and measures preserve and conserve the heritage of the city. This study uses a mixture of quantitative and qualitative methods. The results show that there are various monuments and old buildings being the potential to be heritage tourist attractions, including Rock Garden, Chinese Pagoda, F.M.S Station, Peking Hotel, railway station, Rest House 1894, clock tower, Silver Museum, and First Galeria. Among the things that need to be given attention in order to make Taiping a heritage tourist attraction are the level of cleanliness and cheerfulness of the environment, provision of basic facilities, maintenance and conservation of heritage site structure, promotional aspect, and security level in the area. Various strategies and measures are proposed to make Taiping a popular heritage tourism destination in Perak in particular and Malaysia in general.

Nigerian Industrialisation Challenges and Dearth of Galvanization Amidst the United Nations Industrial Development Support

The high rate of economic growth, the provision of basic facilities, and job creation are products of any nation’s level of industrialisation. Globally, no nation is considered to have attained a concerted level of a high standard of living in the absence of economic development. Thus, industrialisation that ought to be the bedrock of Nigerian economy has continued on a downward journey in the 21st century, despite several industrial development policies. Therefore, the paper is an attempt to find out how this sector has fared vis-a-vis the structural influence of UNIDO. The study is a qualitative work that adopted a thematic analysis approach. The adoption of Top-Down as a theoretical model of analyses validates the fundamental issues raised that; several industrial development programmes and projects initiated by both UNIDO and successive administrations in Nigeria to help in the revitalisation of industrial landscape in line with the government’s goal of emerging among the top 20 most developed economies in the world by 2020 have failed. The major informed findings of the paper are that for the time being, Nigeria still remains a consuming economy of finished products including some raw materials. In addition, her critical construction, engineering and maintenance activities are expatriates-based with little or no regard for local content. These cumulatively resulted in the advancement of the fact that the UNIDO supports have not significantly impacted the development of industries in Nigeria. The discourse conclusively gave birth to subsequent recommendations.
 
 Received: 6 January 2021 / Accepted: 3 April 2021 / Published: 17 May 2021

Quo vadis development: assessing the livelihood of indigenous people’s communities in Malaysia and the potential for community-based conservation effort

New development activity brings its various impacts for indigenous people often prompting their relocation to a new area. The 1977’s relocation of indigenous people in Royal Belum, Perak State, Malaysia, as part of its rural spatial development, questions on their livelihood in a new resettlement area and their relationship with nature within the current context of development. Despite the provision of basic facilities and infrastructure and the introduction of mono-crop cultivation and agriculture for the indigenous people, they are still practicing the ‘slash and burn’ method and performing their nomadic forest-based lifestyle. This contributes to their living below the poverty line. This present study explains the coexistence of indigenous people in the context of physical development vis-a-vis conservation effort in the Royal Belum. As neglected issue of interactions and conflicts between indigenous peoples and biodiversity conservation, this study outlined the potential of indigenous people’s community-based practices based on the factors: (1) self-belonging of Royal Belum Forest; (2) biodiversity conservation concerns; (3) sustainable development supporter; and (4) wildlife concerns. The indigenous people close relationship with the nature offers a unique stewardship function for co-creation and co-management practices of community-based sustainable ecotourism and agriculture for further enhancement of their livelihood. This effort will support the socio-economic of national physical spatial plan as well as the co-development of conservation of Royal Belum world natural heritage.

Effect of Political Quotas on Candidate Attributes and the Provision of Public Goods

This paper provides a comprehensive analysis of the effect of an affirmative action policy on the quality of candidates using political quotas. I exploit the assignment of caste quotas during the last redistricting in India to causally estimate the effect using a regression discontinuity design. Using latest data, I find the caste quotas lead to political candidates with different attributes: lower wealth, lower criminal records, but similar education levels. Caste quotas also increased the representation of the other underrepresented identity - women. I find no significant difference in the level of public goods in rural India between quota-bound and non-quota-bound areas. The results suggest an increase in political diversity with no negative effects on the provision of basic facilities.

Do neighbourhood facilities matter for slum housing? Evidence from Indian slum clusters

Slum dwellers in developing countries reside in inhuman conditions, with little provision of basic facilities and with considerable overlap between sources of drinking water supply, sewerage and the area for garbage disposal. Is it because clean environment does not enter their decision function for residence selection or is it simply non-affordability? We examine these questions in the context of the registered slum clusters of four Indian cities – Mathura, Ujjain, Jaipur and Ludhiana. A primary survey was conducted in these cities under a project on urban poverty undertaken jointly by the United Nations Development Programme and the Government of India in 2006–2007, based on which this analysis has been pursued. A reduced form hedonic equation of house prices of owned residential units is estimated to ascertain slum dwellers’ preferences in house selection. We find house prices vary consistently with many structural variables, but with only two of the neighbourhood features – streetlight and sewage facility provided by the government. Most of the other neighbourhood variables like provision of water, garbage collection, healthcare etc. including presence of open drain in the neighbourhood have insignificant effect on house prices. Measures of willingness to pay show strong promise of cost sharing for slum improvisation programs for facilities like sewage and street lights. Further, slums located within the city, closer to the CBD fetch higher prices. Slum residents expect public provision of other facilities.

Deconstructing Corruption

This article employs a unique set of data to paint a quantitative picture of the nature of corruption in rural India by computing the proportion of approaches to various officials that resulted in a bribe, thus providing a ranking of officials by ‘corruption rate’; examining the size of the bribe associated with the different reasons for approaching officials; showing that in the case of officials who received approaches for a variety of purposes, the same official could charge a different bribe depending on the nature of the work to be done; testing whether corruption in India has increased over time and finally, by using the method of inequality decomposition, analyzing the extent to which observed inequality in the bribes paid by different households could be due to the facts that (i) different households paid differently for the same purpose and (ii) different purposes required bribes of different amounts, with each household paying the same amount for a particular purpose. The article shows that of the occasions on which households approached officials for getting their work done, 18 per cent resulted in a bribe, averaging `147, being paid. Not only that, every area of interaction between citizens and officials to get some work done resulted in someone, somewhere having to pay a bribe. Even the provision of basic facilities, such as drinking water and sanitation, was not exempted. Compounding this, we find systematic evidence that corruption in India has increased in the past 15 years. The existence of corruption is overlaid with a degree of inequality: The size of the bribe varied depending upon the official approached and the purpose of the approach.

Acardius-myelacephalus: management of a misdiagnosed case of twin reversed arterial perfusion sequence with tense polyhydramnios

Abstract Background: Twin reversed arterial perfusion (TRAP) sequence is the most severe form of twin to twin transfusion syndrome. Survival of the pump twin is threatened by extreme prematurity from polyhydramnios and cardiac failure, necessitating interventions. Rarely, interventions are indicated as a result of maternal life-threatening complications. The management of an acardiac-myelacephalus variant of TRAP sequence, complicated by severe maternal respiratory distress from tense polyhydramnios is presented in this report. Case presentation: A 29-year-old G3P2, Alive2 was referred to the Perinatal Unit on account of ultrasound diagnosed twin gestation with demise of one twin at an estimated gestational age (EGA) of 29 weeks. She was in severe respiratory distress with central cyanosis, and grossly distended abdomen. Ultrasonography revealed twin gestation with cardiac activity in only one twin and polyhydramnios. The second twin had no recognizable human body structure and retrograde umbilical arterial flow. TRAP sequence with tense polyhydramnios was diagnosed. The respiratory distress was relieved with serial reductive amniocentesis, and she was managed conservatively until an EGA of 34 weeks, when she delivered a live twin that weighed 2.05 kg, and an amorphous twin with a rudimentary limb that weighed 1.82 kg following spontaneous rupture of membranes. Monochorionic placentation was confirmed at delivery. The pump twin was discharged in a satisfactory state after a period of observation. Conclusion: TRAP sequence may be easily misdiagnosed due to its rarity, with adverse consequences. Accurate diagnosis of the condition, and the provision of basic facilities for in utero interventions when indicated are necessary for fetal salvage.

Oil Palm Smallholders and Its Sustainability Practices in Malaysia

The demand for Palm oil has increasing over the several decades and it has led to criticisms and question about sustainability on biodiversity loss, water pollution and deforestation. This study aims to explore the sustainability of oil palm smallholders in Malaysia based on environmental, social and economic perspectives. The aim of the study is to examine the sustainability of smallholding scheme in Malaysia. A questionnaire survey was conducted with 50 smallholders in Terengganu state under the Federal Land Development Authority of Malaysia (FELDA). It’s revealed that most of the smallholders have sufficient knowledge of sustainability consistent with Roundtable on Sustainable Palm Oil (RSPO) and other local agricultural laws practices. The study also indicates that on social aspect, the smallholders have better quality of life through the provision of basic facilities. The study concludes that there is a high degree of sustainability amongst oil palm smallholders under the management of FELDA. DOI: 10.5901/mjss.2015.v6n6s4p482

Local and Community Driven Development approach in the provision of basic facilities in Jos, Nigeria

Over the last decade, the government of Nigeria has introduced the concept of Local and Community Driven Development (LCDD) in the provision of physical and social infrastructure. The LCDD approach is adopted in Nigeria as a response strategy for tackling infrastructural deficiency in slum settlements. The use of this approach is becoming increasingly popular in Nigerian cities but there is limited empirical research to examine the key issues that influence project outcomes at the local level. This study fills this gap by presenting a case study from the experience of implementing physical and social infrastructure projects in the city of Jos. The project research adopts a case study strategy to examine the financial and administrative arrangement for the implementation of infrastructure projects. Primary data was collected through interviews with officers selected from the institutions that play relevant roles in urban development and housing provision in Jos. The interview data was then examined alongside the secondary source material collected. The findings suggest that: the decentralisation of administrative roles from central to local level impacted positively on the implementation of projects; the partnership between government and International Development Agencies promoted success in the funding of projects; and it is the political endorsement of the partnerships that gives the LCDD approach some legitimacy in Jos. However, the local bureaucratic system in Jos is side-lined in favour of newly created autonomous implementation agencies and the indigenous financial institutions are not involved. These flaws appear to create redundancy in the existing bureaucratic system and also threaten the sustainability of the LCDD in Jos. On the basis of these findings, recommendations for improvement are made.

VILLAGE SIZE IN INDIA

India is predominantly a rural and agrarian society, and 72 percent of India's population lives in villages according to the 2001 census. Village size varies considerably in the country, with some villages having fewer than 50 residents and some having more than 10,000 residents. The study first examines the growth of villages in India using census data. It then establishes linkages between the size of villages and their level of socio-economic and demographic development. Larger villages have grown rapidly in number and there is a decline in the number of small villages in all the states. Residents of large villages are socio-economically better developed compared to residents of smaller villages, and have higher utilization of maternal and child health-related services. However, it must be stressed that inter-state variation in the provision of basic facilities to villages is larger than the intra-state variations by village size.