Provincial Services Research Articles

Impact of provincial economic development levels on public–private hospital co-development in China: an empirical analysis

IntroductionThe co-development of public–private hospitals in China’s healthcare system significantly influences the system’s service utilisation, but the public–private hospital interaction is poorly understood. Bridging this knowledge gap is crucial for...

Changing images of favorite schools after the student admission system reform in Indonesia

The study aims to unearth public perceptions of the label of favorite schools after the implementation of student admission reform in Indonesia, namely the zoning system, and to explore the underlying causes. Adopting a qualitative method with a phenomenological approach, this study involved participants from nine provincial education services, nine regency education services, 72 teachers, and 72 parents. Data collected through in-depth interviews and focus groups reveal three distinctive perceptions of favorite schools. The first view posits that after the implementation of the zoning system, the quality among schools is relatively similar, indicating that the new policy is effective in reducing educational disparity. The second sees that some favorite schools persist, but there is a narrowing educational disparity among schools. The third view, the majority, maintains the belief of the importance of favorite schools and maintains the idea that sending their children to these schools is important to secure a better future. Erasing the label of favorite schools is not an easy endeavor since these schools have created long-lasting positive images in the public landscape. The result of the study will add to the discussion of the impact of the new applied school zone system on public perception of favorite schools and inform policymakers regarding the impact of educational policy enacted.

Quality of Complaint Services through the Lapor Website at Departement of Education the East Java Provincial

The development of an Electronic Based Government System is an embodiment of improving the quality of public services. The LAPOR website is a national electronic-based complaint management system that can be accessed by all Indonesian people. The existence of LAPOR mandates that the management of complaint services in every government agency in Indonesia must be integrated with LAPOR, At department of east java provincial education service. The LAPOR website is the most widely used media by the people of East Java in sending complaints to at Departement of Eduaction The East Java Provincial. However, in reality there are still some complaints from the public about the services provided through LAPOR website. The purpose of this research to determine the quality of complaint services through the LAPOR website at Departement of Education The East Java Provincial. This research uses a qualitative approach with data collection techniques through observation, interview, and documentation. The results showed that the quality of complaints service through the LAPOR Website using the four objectives of the Electronic Service Quality theory study was of high quality but not optimal, because there were still several complaints whose follow-up did not run optimally and there were several complaints that experienced delays in the follow-up of further complaints.

Sleep quality and mental disorder symptoms among correctional workers in Ontario, Canada

Correctional workers (CWs) report high levels of work stressors, frequent exposures to potentially psychologically traumatic events (PPTEs), and substantial mental health challenges. There is evidence of associations between sleep disturbances and diverse mental health challenges, including preliminary evidence from public safety personnel; however, replications and extensions would better inform interventions to support mental health. The current study was designed to examine associations between quality of sleep, work stress, and mental health disorders in a sample of diverse CWs employed in a provincial correctional service in Ontario, Canada. Data were analyzed from 943 CWs who participated in the cross-sectional, web-based Ontario Provincial Correctional Worker Mental Health and Well-Being Study conducted from December 2017 to June 2018. Sleep quality indicators included symptoms of insomnia, total hours of sleep per night on work nights and off-shift nights, number of days feeling rested per week, and overall sleep quality. Descriptive statistics, analyses of variance, correlational analyses, and logistic regression were used to examine relationships among sleep quality, stress of shift work, and mental health disorder symptoms. CWs slept an average of 6.0 h per night when working and 7.2 h during off-shift nights. CWs reported waking up feeling rested an average of 2.6 days per week and rated their overall quality of sleep in the fair to poor range. Many CWs (64.9%) screened positive for clinically significant symptoms of insomnia. There were also differences across occupational groups such that CWs working as correctional officers reported the most sleep problems. There were statistically significant relationships between insomnia and mental health disorder symptoms. Higher levels of stress from shift work were associated with worse sleep quality. CWs, especially those working as correctional officers in a provincial prison, reported many indicators consistent with poorer quality of sleep. Poor quality of sleep was also associated with work stress and mental health disorders.

494 Expert group decision making for pharmacogenomic testing in Ontario

OBJECTIVES/GOALS: There is a need to better understand how governments develop strategies to adopt, evaluate, and implement novel health technologies in a public healthcare system. The goal of this project is to understand this strategy development process for the translation of pharmacogenomic (PGx) testing in Ontario, Canada. METHODS/STUDY POPULATION: This observational case study of the Ontario Health PGx Working Group focused on developing recommendations for a PGx testing implementation strategy in the province. The group included 9 individuals affiliated with Ontario Health and 13 healthcare experts from multiple clinical fields. Ontario Health is the government agency that oversees provincial healthcare planning and service delivery. Guided by the Translational Thinking Framework and qualitative research methods, we observed the working group’s activities for eight months. We collected meeting recordings, slideshow decks, emails, and group characteristics. We used descriptive statistics and a nine-step inductive approach to analyze the data to create process maps, a case report, and key decision summaries. RESULTS/ANTICIPATED RESULTS: There were 19 meetings conducted remotely with videoconferencing technology. Throughout the working group’s activities, we identified 15 key decisions related to either administrative processes or PGx scientific content. We further stratified these two categories into four main themes relating to decisions about 1) membership involvement, 2) logistical management, 3) discussion and recommendation scope, and 4) information dissemination. These four decision themes represent tools by which Ontario Health guided the expert group activities and achieved their goal of generating a strategic roadmap for PGx testing implementation in Ontario. DISCUSSION/SIGNIFICANCE: The Ontario government makes decisions about how expert groups function by monitoring and controlling the group’s activities to ensure efficiency, standardization, and practicality. Describing expert group decision-making increases transparency and highlights the critical role they play in the translational pathway of health technologies.

IMPLEMENTASI E-GOVERNMENT DALAM PELAYANAN PINDAH KELUAR KOTA/KABUPATEN ATAU PROVINSI DI KELURAHAN BONGKARAN SURABAYA

Surabaya is the provincial capital and one of the largest cities in Indonesia. Because of its high migration flow, immigrants and migrants in Surabaya require population administration services. In compliance with Presidential Regulation Number 6 of 2001, the Surabaya City Population and Civil Registration Service, which organized population administration (adminduk), implemented e-government by offering a variety of conveniences, including administrative service innovations like e-Klampid, which later became Klampid New Generation (KNG). The purpose of this study is to investigate how e-government is being implemented in provinces, cities, and districts with innovative programs like Bongkaran Village, and Surabaya City's Klampid New Generation (KNG) program. Researchers employ qualitative approaches in their work; these methods are qualitative and descriptive in nature. The PAN Ministerial Decree No. 63 of 2003, which addresses the Principles of Public Services, is the theoretical foundation for this study. The result of the research found that Bongkaran Subdistrict's e-government implementation, which utilizes the KNG program for inter-city/regency or provincial transfer services, is performing well in terms of service procedure, cost, time, officer competency, facilities, and infrastructure indicators.

The Burden of Covid-19 Cases on the Payer Institution: The Case of Aydın Provincial Ambulance Service

The study aims to assess the economic burden of Covid-19 cases on the payer institution in the context of ambulance services and to investigate the factors affecting costs. Data were obtained from Aydın Provincial Ambulance Service. Cumulative frequency, cumulative percentage and mean (standard deviation) statistics were used for descriptive findings. Logistic regression model was used to examine the factors affecting costs. Covid-19 cases posed a significant economic burden. The cost per case was approximately 466.40 TL and this amount was higher with additional diagnoses. The pandemics created a higher economic burden in 2020. Accordingly, Covid-19 cases accounted for 14.92% of the number of cases and 14.75% of the costs, with an average cost per case of 447.12 TL. In the second year (2021), the economic burden of the pandemic decreased significantly. Accordingly, the share of Covid-19 cases was 7.69%, while the cost share was 7.12%. The average cost in that year was 503.6 TL. Age, triage, reason for call, urban & rural and region variables had a significant effect on costs. There was a statistically significant relationship between advanced age and high costs per case. Covid-19 cases caused a significant economic burden on the payer. It is considered that the implementation of principles and practices related to risk and crisis management for provincial ambulance services will contribute to reducing costs. It is thought that the findings will be useful for other decision makers and policy makers, especially the payer institution.

An Inception of Value Chain Development of Sweet Orange; Kinesis to Food Security in the Developing Countries Scenario

Sweet orange is one of the major citrus fruits of Nepal which is widely cultivated in mid-hills. This paper assesses the value chain of sweet oranges cultivated in the Ramechhap district of Nepal, considering its economic significance for farmers. The study adopts a qualitative research approach, utilizing key informant interviews and focus group discussions with various stakeholders. Participants were selected based on a list of producers collected from the Prime-Minister Agricultural Modernization Project (PMAMP) Ramechhap district, and the snowball method was employed to identify other actors. This study revealed that the value chain of sweet oranges in the Ramechhap district involves growers, vendors, wholesalers, retailers, and consumers as the main actors, while federal, provincial, and local agricultural service centres serve as enablers. Additionally, findings show vendors play a dominant role, in determining the per unit price and pressuring farmers to sell immediately after harvest due to limited storage capacity. Vendors are enjoying increased profit margins because they have greater bargaining power over farmers, who have inadequate storage facilities. The study suggests areas for improvement: using quality seedlings, managing nutrients effectively, and employing proper storage techniques like cold stores to prolong shelf-life and enhance quality, taste, and colour. Enhancing productivity via trifoliate rootstock, optimizing fruit quality, and extending shelf-life through improved storage facilities can substantially boost revenue for producers. Understanding the entire value chain provides insights into enhancing the overall performance of value chain actors. Further studies can explore additional dimensions of the chain in more depth.

The co-development of a mobile navigation app in an integrated care network in Ontario, Canada

Introduction: The complexity of navigating health and social care services is a common challenge to both providers and patients and their families. In the nineties, navigation programs arouse to assist cancer patients accessing services. Since then, those programs expanded to additional patient populations. Navigation programs can take various forms including virtual navigation. Virtual navigation in healthcare is a proactive process by which patients obtain information and support via internet resources to manage their illness demands.
 Approach: With a commitment to facilitate 24/7 access to its attributed population, Burlington Ontario Health Team (BOHT)-an integrated care network in Ontario- developed a mobile navigation app. Developing this app utilized experienced-based co-design approach. This approach took place via organizing a working group that included all stakeholders within the BOHT network of organizations and patient/caregiver partners. Over several months, the working group built potential personas of users, mapped their system navigation needs, created an inventory of navigation services within the network and designed the navigation app. Creation of the app was an iterative process including several testing and feedback loops to improve content and usability.
 Results: The first iteration of Burlington Navigation app was launched in Fall of 2021 accompanied by a comprehensive communication plan. The plan included digital signals at the hospital and primary care offices, social media posts and presentations to local providers including primary care physicians, community navigators. The first iteration focused on linking to health, social and community services offered by BOHT’s members and collaborators, and also services that were widely used in the community. Based on the feedback we received afterwards, the second iteration included links to provincial services. The third iteration includes capability to create a trusted account verified in the background by the same technology Interac uses. This will allow secure and seamless access to integrated services without a need for a separate username and password as well as access to the provincial patient portal
 Implications/highlights: Burlington Navigation app was the first community-based navigator app co-designed with patient partners, providers and community volunteers with lived experiences within the health and social care systems in Ontario. It resonated well with the users (providers and patients/caregivers) as local information became available at their fingertips. The success of the app allowed it to guide other OHTs on a similar digital navigator design journey. It also became the blueprint for a provincial solution for a multi-tenant navigator, which would allow multiple OHTs to showcase the local navigation information (based on geolocation) as well as provincial offerings.
 Conclusion: Sharing our journey co-developing the Burlington navigation app demonstrates that when local health integrated care networks utilize experienced-based co-design approaches to planning healthcare interventions, this has the potential to a) develop solutions that are well perceived by patients and providers and b) scale and spread these local solutions to larger-scale solutions that can improve the experiences of a wider spectrum of providers and patients.

Stakeholders and network analyses in Tambora National Park, Sumbawa Island, Indonesia

Abstract. Anshor M, Basuni S, Arief H, Sunarminto T. 2023. Stakeholders and network analyses in Tambora National Park, Sumbawa Island, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 24: 5446-5463. The complexity of managing Tambora National Park (Tambora NP), West Nusa Tenggara Province, Indonesia poses a challenge to be overcome effectively by Tambora NP Office alone, thus the involvement of broader stakeholders is needed. These stakeholders have their respective levels of influence and interests which affect the relationship between them and Tambora NP Office. Therefore, this study aimed to identify the stakeholders related to the management of Tambora NP, and investigate their interests and influence using social network analysis. A stakeholder analysis was conducted by the following steps: (i) identifying the stakeholders, (ii) mapping the stakeholders, and (iii) assessing the relationship among stakeholders. The analysis identified 38 stakeholders related to Tambora NP management. Tambora NP Office is the primary stakeholder with the highest level of influence and interest. The relationship established in the management network of Tambora NP is still weak and centralized among several stakeholders in which Tambora NP Office is the most central stakeholder. The relationship among stakeholders is dominated by five stakeholders, namely Tambora NP Office, Natural Resources Conservation Agency of West Nusa Tenggara (BKSDA NTB), Executive Board (DP) of Geopark Tambora, Forest Management Unit (KPH) Tambora and the Environment and Forestry Provincial Service of West Nusa Tenggara Province (Dinas LHK NTB). These five institutions also dominate the proximity between stakeholders, so the information flow is not evenly distributed to all stakeholders. The weak relationships among stakeholders could be overcome by enhancing the flow of information and communication which could be facilitated by Tambora NP Office, BKSDA NTB, and DP Geopark Tambora.

Implementasi Program Pemberdayaan Masyarakat Pesisir Di Kabupaten Takalar Pada Dinas Perikanan Provinsi Sulawesi Selatan

This research aims to find out how the coastal community empowerment program is implemented in Takalar Regency at the South Sulawesi provincial fisheries service. What factors support and inhibit the implementation of the coastal community empowerment program in Takalar Regency at the South Sulawesi provincial fisheries service. The type of research used is a qualitative descriptive approach. The focus of this research is increasing capacity, providing access to technology and information, capital, infrastructure, market guarantees, productive economic assets. The number of informants was 10 employees of the South Sulawesi provincial fisheries service. The data collection techniques used were observation, interviews, documentation, liberal research. The data analysis technique used is data reduction, which means summarizing important things. The data presentation carried out in this research is the data obtained through research results are presented and presented in text or written form and described in qualitative form. The results of this research show that the programs provided by the fisheries service to coastal communities in Takalar Regency are appropriate and there has been improvement, namely the existence of activity programs from the government and the South Sulawesi provincial fisheries service so that with these programs and activities coastal communities are able to empower themselves.

Health data governance for research use in Alberta.

Alberta has rich clinical and health services data held under the custodianship of Alberta Health and Alberta Health Services (AHS), which is not only used for clinical and administrative purposes but also disease surveillance and epidemiological research. Alberta is the largest province in Canada with a single payer centralised health system, AHS, and a consolidated data and analytics team supporting researchers across the province. This paper describes Alberta's data custodians, data governance mechanisms, and streamlined processes followed for research data access. AHS has created a centralised data repository from multiple sources, including practitioner claims data, hospital discharge data, and medications dispensed, available for research use through the provincial Data and Research Services (DRS) team. The DRS team is integrated within AHS to support researchers across the province with their data extraction and linkage requests. Furthermore, streamlined processes have been established, including: 1) ethics approval from a research ethics board, 2) any necessary operational approvals from AHS, and 3) a tripartite legal agreement dictating terms and conditions for data use, disclosure, and retention. This allows researchers to gain timely access to data. To meet the evolving and ever-expanding big-data needs, the University of Calgary, in partnership with AHS, has built high-performance computing (HPC) infrastructure to facilitate storage and processing of large datasets. When releasing data to researchers, the analytics team ensures that Alberta's Health Information Act's guiding principles are followed. The principal investigator also ensures data retention and disposition are according to the plan specified in ethics and per the terms set out by funding agencies. Even though there are disparities and variations in the data protection laws across the different provinces in Canada, the streamlined processes for research data access in Alberta are highly efficient.

Ethical violations: Shortlisting and interviewing processes in the South African public service

Background: Ethics, integrity and accountability in public service departments have weakened. These departments face ethical violations in recruitment, shortlisting, interviewing and appointment processes despite the presence of human resource management prescripts in place.Aim: This study aimed to probe the level of ethical violations in recruitment, shortlisting and interviewing processes, and describe the challenges faced by human resource practitioners and panel members in South Africa’s public service departments.Setting: Both the national and provincial public service departments of South Africa.Methods: The study adopted the qualitative modernistic research approach. A semi-structured electronic questionnaire was used to gather views from 528 participants, including human resource practitioners and line managers serving as panel members.Results: Ethical violations result in human resource practitioners and panel members being compromised, maltreated, victimised and bullied in the workplace. During recruitment, shortlisting, interviewing and appointment stages, abuses of power, undisclosed conflicts of interest and even patronage by political heads and top-and-middle management are acutely rife. Ethical violations inhibit the human resource functionary from building an ethical, professional and capable public service.Conclusion: Ethical violations during recruitment phases are exacerbated by political heads and top management’s observable disregard of prescripts.Contribution: This study will encourage management to consider human resource practitioners’ role in managing ethical dilemmas and galvanise employees towards maintaining ethics and jointly desisting from unethical practices.

Fiscal decentralisation and provincial level service delivery in Sri Lanka: An econometric analysis

AbstractThe introduction of Sri Lanka's Provincial Councils has been a part of the country's efforts to decentralise its political, administrative and fiscal powers to the local governments since 1987. One primary reason for the debates on decentralisation is the non‐existence of quantification of the impacts of fiscal decentralisation on the local governments’ service delivery. This study aims to quantify the effects of fiscal decentralisation on Sri Lanka's service delivery using time‐series data from 1988 to 2018. This investigation employs the Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) modelling approach and uses a broad range of secondary data. The widely used ARDL modelling approach provides fiscal decentralisation's short‐run and long‐run impact. The results reveal that fiscal decentralisation has had either insignificant or unexpected short‐ or long‐term effects on primary school enrolment and human development index. According to these results, it may be concluded that sufficient fiscal decentralisation has not taken place to provide the necessary funds to improve service delivery. The policymakers should consider restructuring the expenditure and revenue structure of the Provincial Councils. Finally, greater coordination is required between the central government and Provincial Councils in implementing decentralised activities.

349 Translation of novel multidisciplinary health technologies in the Ontario healthcare system: A case study of pharmacogenomic testing

OBJECTIVES/GOALS: There is a need for high-quality and efficient translation of health technologies in the Ontario healthcare system. The goal of this project is to understand the decision-making processes of government expert groups developing recommendations for the system-level implementation of pharmacogenomic testing. METHODS/STUDY POPULATION: This prospective observational case study includes the Ontario Health Pharmacogenomics (PGx) Working Group focused on developing recommendations for a PGx testing implementation strategy in the province. Ontario Health is the government agency that oversees provincial healthcare planning and service delivery. Using qualitative ethnographic methods, we will observe and document the working group’s activities over a 10-month period. Data collection involves meeting recordings, correspondences, researcher field notes, decision-making processes, and group characteristics. Using descriptive statistics and inductive qualitative analyses, the data will be examined to build theory and frameworks for knowledge translation. RESULTS/ANTICIPATED RESULTS: The results will be presented through a case report, process maps, decision milestones, visualizations, and procedural recommendations for future expert groups. This study will contribute to the body of foundational knowledge about translational sciences and support the National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences’guiding principles. To enhance translational processes and train the future translational workforce, this research can be used for educational initiatives. In addition, the observed processes will inform a theory about how expert recommendations are developed in public healthcare systems. DISCUSSION/SIGNIFICANCE: This research addresses a current gap in understanding around translational processes, government decision-making, and the development of recommendations for the adoption, implementation, and dissemination of the novel health technologies transforming public healthcare in Canada.

Is It Possible That Marine Based Infrastructure Development is Resolve Inequality Development In the Coastal Community?

Coastal communities are synonymous with poverty problems, both structurally and culturally. Various attempts have been made to solve this problem. One of the most widely carried out efforts is through the construction of infrastructure and supporting facilities for coastal communities. This study aims to determine the reasons why the construction of fishery port infrastructure as supporting facilities for fishing activities was built and how the impact of this infrastructure has on the welfare of coastal communities. The method in this research is qualitative naturalistic. The research subjects are the people who live around the port of Bulu Tuban and who use the port to support their service activities. There are 10 informants in this research consisting of various profiles, from fishermen to bureaucrats related to the construction of the port. Collecting data using observation, interviews and documentation. Data analysis used interactive descriptive qualitative data analysis. The results showed that the port infrastructure development in Bulu village was built on the initiative and appointment of the provincial service based on the opportunity analysis and the needs of the coastal community. The community around the fur fishing port takes advantage of the feather fishing port in their socio-economic activities. Positive changes that occur, such as changing the attitude of the community around the fur fishing port to be more concerned about the environment and shifting of livelihoods. Unwanted changes, with the existence of a large fish auction system, make it difficult for small fish traders to participate in the bid.

Towards an Inclusive Approach to Forest Management: Highlight of the Perception and Participation of Local Communities in the Management of miombo Woodlands around Lubumbashi (Haut-Katanga, D.R. Congo)

The misappropriation of sustainable forest programs by local communities and the under-utilization of their knowledge are major impediments to the mitigation of deforestation. Within this context, participation has become a principle used in almost all interventions. It is important to evaluate the practices in this area to ensure better involvement of local communities. This survey examined the perception and participation of local communities in the management of miombo woodlands, based on semi-structured questionnaire surveys involving 945 households in 5 villages in the Lubumbashi rural area. The results reveal that local communities perceive soil fertility loss and deforestation as major environmental challenges in their area. This perception remains largely influenced by their socio-demographic factors such as respondents’ age, seniority in the villages, and level of education. To mitigate deforestation, the rare actions of provincial public services and non-governmental organizations are focused on the sustainable exploitation of miombo woodlands through the development of simple management plans, reforestation, and forest control. These activities are sparse and poorly inclusive of scientific findings and the priorities of local communities. These justify poor community participation, particularly in the actions of provincial public services. For a better appropriation of sustainable forest management plans and to reinforce miombo woodlands’ resilience to anthropogenic pressures, based on these findings, we recommend a concerted and inclusive approach to forest planning.

Research on Regional Differences and Spatial Dynamic Evolution of Green Efficiency of China's Provincial Service Industry

In order to achieve the goal of "Peak Carbon Dioxide Emissions and Carbon Neutrality" as scheduled, China's service industry must achieve green development. In this paper, we use the super-efficiency SBM-DDF integration model to measure the green efficiency of the service industry in 30 provinces in China during 2011-2019. On the basis of the green efficiency level of the service industry, the Dagum Gini coefficient and the spatial Markov chain are used to analyze the source of the regional gap and the spatial dynamic evolution of the green efficiency of the service industry in China's four major regions. The results suggest that: (1) The overall green efficiency of China's service industry is increasing, and there is significant heterogeneity among regions. (2) The green efficiency of China's service industry has obvious characteristics of spatial differentiation. Regional differentiation is the main source of its spatial differentiation, and the contribution rate of over-density is the lowest. (3) The provinces with high service industry efficiency in China have a positive radiation effect on the green efficiency of the service industry in surrounding provinces, while the provinces with low-efficiency levels will have a certain inhibitory effect on the green efficiency of the service industry in surrounding provinces.

Structure and Function of a Provincial Renal Pharmacy Program: Applying the Chronic Care Model to Address Equitable Access to Medication and Pharmacy Services.

We described the rationale, structure, design, and components of a provincial pharmacy services network for patients with kidney disease as a model for enabling equitable access and universal care to pharmacy services and medications across a wide range of clinical conditions, and geographic expanse in British Columbia (BC). These include minutes from 53 Pharmacy Services and Formulary (PS&F) Committee meetings held from 1999 to November 2022, documentation available on the British Columbia Renal (BCR) website, direct observation and participation in committee meetings, as well as interviews with key individuals involved in different aspects of the program. We reviewed documents and data describing the evolution, rationale, and functioning of the BCR provincial pharmacy services system and used a variety of sources as mentioned above. In addition, a qualitative thematic synthesis of reports of chronic care models (CCMs) was conducted to map the program components into the chronic disease management models. The components of the provincial pharmacy program (PPP) include (1) a PS&F committee, with interdisciplinary and geographical representation; (2) a community of dispensing pharmacies with standardized protocols and information; (3) a dedicated medication and pharmacy services budget, and regular evaluation of budget, outcomes, and performance; (4) provincial contracts for specific medications; (5) communication and education; and (6) information management system. Program components are described in the context of chronic disease management models. The PPP includes dedicated formularies for people with kidney disease at different points in the disease trajectory, including those on and off dialysis. Equitable access to medications is supported across the province. All medications and counseling services are provided to all patients registered in the program, through a robust distributed model, including community- and hospital-based pharmacies. Provincial contracts managed centrally ensure best economic value, and centralized education and accountability structures ensure sustainability. Limitations of the current report include lack of formal evaluation of the program on patient outcomes, but this is relative as the intention of this article is to describe the program which has existed for over 20 years and is fully functional. Formal evaluation of a complex system would include by costs, cost avoidance, provider, and patients' satisfaction. We are developing a formal plan for this reason. The PPP is embedded in the provincial infrastructure of BCR and enables the provision of essential medications and pharmacy services for patients with kidney disease throughout the spectrum. The leveraging of local and provincial resources, knowledge, and expertise to implement a comprehensive PPP, ensures transparency and accountability and may serve as a model for other jurisdictions.

Peningkatan Tingkat Kegemaran Membaca (TGM) Masyarakat Melalui Pengukuran Indeks Gemar Membaca (IGM)

The key performance indicators of library affairs are carried out by measuring the culture of the people’s love of reading, related to the basis of program preparation, library development strategy, as well as the basis for preparing library policy directions. The high level of love for reading in the community has an impact on the level of welfare of the community. The phenomenon of people’s fondness for reading can be seen from the results of the study of their love of reading with their index value. To increase the love of reading, scientific research standards are needed which are the basis for making decisions or policies. Surveys must be in accordance with scientific principles so that research results can be justified. The high community literacy development index and the reading love index will realize a high community literacy index. Libraries can contribute in measuring the reading love level to measure the community’s reading fondness index, both nationally and regionally, in a comprehensive and precise manner. The results of the study of the level of interest in reading can be used as a reference and guide for the National Library of Indonesia, the provincial library service, as well as the regency/city library in making policy for programs to increase the love of reading for people throughout Indonesia.