Provinces In Southern Thailand Research Articles

A new species of karst-associated kukri snake (Reptilia: Squamata: Colubridae: Oligodon Fitzinger, 1826) from southern Thailand

Abstract We describe a new species of kukri snake (Oligodon Fitzinger, 1826) from the limestone karst formations of Satun and Trang Provinces in southern Thailand. Phylogenetic analyses based on three mitochondrial DNA fragments (12S–16S ribosomal rRNA and cytochrome b) recover the new species within the Oligodon cinereus species complex, where it forms a deeply divergent yet poorly supported clade sister to Oligodon saiyokSumontha et al., 2017 and another unnamed lineage currently referred to Oligodon cinereus (Günther, 1864) from southwest Myanmar. Morphologically, the new species is distinguished from all other members of the genus by the following combination of characters: ventral scales 189–193 with distinct lateral keeling; subcaudal scales 47–54, paired; anterior dorsal scale rows 17–19, with the reduction from 19 to 17 rows occurring above the 28th–30th ventral scale when present; maxillary teeth 8, blade-like and laterally compressed; dorsum olive–gray, plain; ventral surface white anteriorly, dark gray posteriorly; underside of tail dark gray, smeared with white. We briefly discuss the natural history and conservation status of this new species and provide observations of other kukri snakes inhabiting limestone karst habitats. Our study also incorporates genetic samples of four recently described Oligodon endemic to Thailand, all of which are recovered in the O. cinereus species complex. In agreement with previous studies, we demonstrate that species-level diversity within the O. cinereus species complex is underestimated, and additional sampling is necessary to revise this taxonomically challenging clade.

Gastrointestinal parasite infections and associated factors in fighting bulls over 7 years of monitoring in Southern Thailand.

Indigenous beef cattle engaged in bullfighting in Southern Thailand represent a distinctive and valuable breed. Gastrointestinal (GI) parasites, which are recognized as important pathogens, have a negative impact on the overall health and physical performance of these fighting bulls. This study aimed to estimate the prevalence of GI parasitic infections and identify factors associated with these infections in a fighting bull population in Southern Thailand. Fecal samples (n = 4,244) from fighting bulls were submitted to the Laboratory and Diagnostic Centre of the Teaching Animal Hospital, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Rajamangala University of Technology Srivijaya. We examined the samples using simple flotation and centrifugal sedimentation methods. Individual animal profiles and demographic data were collected. The overall prevalence of GI parasitic infections was 93.2%. Nine GI parasites were identified as Paramphistome spp. [PP]. being the most prevalent (93.2%), and the highest annual prevalence occurred in 2019 (97.9%). The infection rates of various parasite species were significantly related to the years of study, geographic area, season, and age group (p < 0.05). The prevalence of parasitic infection was higher on the west coast (98.6%) than on the east coast (98.0%). PP, Eurytrema spp., Strongyles spp., and Buxtonella spp. infections differed significantly among the seven provinces of Southern Thailand (p < 0.05). The prevalence of GI parasitic infections was higher during the rainy season (98.5%) than during the summer (97.7%). Bulls aged 7.0-7.9 years and 8.0-8.9 years had the highest parasite infection rate (99.2%) compared with those aged 8.0-8.9. GI parasitic infections continue to be a significant health concern among fighting bulls in Southern Thailand. Regular epidemiological investigations are crucial for developing effective preventive programs and control strategies and providing basic knowledge for bull farmers.

POLA PENINGKATAN KAPASITAS GURU MELALUI PEMBERDAYAAN GURU DI WILAYAH MINORITAS MUSLIM THAILAND

In order to create quality of teacher, Thailand government requires the empowerment of teacher which is carried out regularly and continuously. However, Thailand consists of two parts with differences in religion, race, ethnicity, region and culture. They are Northern Thailand, known as the Kingdom of Thailand, and Southern Thailand with a majority Muslim population with a total of 80% from the three provinces of Southern Thailand, are Patani, Yala, and Narathiwat, which are known as Thailand minority. In developing and maintaining Islamic education in the region, teachers play a main role through Islamic learning. Thus, teacher empowerment becomes a crucial issue, because teachers are the main component that influence the learning process in order to achieve Islamic education. The aim of this research is to describe about the pattern of increasing teacher capacity through teacher empowerment in order to maintain Islamic education in Muslim minority areas of Thailand, as well as how teachers in Muslim minority areas are empowered by the Kingdom of Thailand. The method used for this research is a qualitative approach. This research located at the Islamic Phatna Witya School of Yala, Southern Thailand. The results of this research are that teacher empowerment at Phatna Witya School is carried out routinely through planning, implementing, and evaluation. In empowering teachers, Thai Kingdom does not discriminate between race, ethnicity, or religion. In fact, the Kingdom of Thailand upholds togetherness with the aim of improving the quality of education.

Comparing Symmetric-Asymmetric Decentralization for Reducing Regional Tension: Indonesia and Thailand Experience

In recent years, the growing number of public administration literature has concerned the effectiveness of decentralization to deal with ethnic conflicts. This issue is rising up due to the several failure reports of decentralization to manage the social conflicts and regional tension that possibly evolve into secessionism. This paper intended to explore the performance of symmetric and asymmetric decentralization to manage social conflicts that occurred in Indonesia and Thailand. This descriptive study was conducted through a qualitative approach and strengthened by analytical thinking exposure. Papua province, Indonesia, and some provinces in southern Thailand had been selected as the case study due to their political decision for implementing asymmetric and symmetric decentralization to manage ethnic conflict in each region. The result shows that either symmetric or asymmetric decentralization might be thought of as one of the viable solutions to managing social conflicts. However, both of these decentralization configurations may generate pros and cons impact. It is suggested that policy makers recognize the consequence of each implementation to consider appropriate decision- making. The analysis of this paper shows that symmetric decentralization tends to promote effectiveness and efficiency while asymmetric decentralization will be closer to tolerance and equality.

PRIVATE RV (ROOFTOP TENT) CAMPING IN SOUTHERN THAILAND

Recreational Vehicles (RVs) with rooftop tent for camping have become popular in Thailand from about 2016 on, prior to the COVID-19 pandemic. However, no proper outdoor hospitality parks (OHPs) were available for these campers. This study aimed to investigate RV (rooftop tent) camping focusing on private properties in the context of southern Thailand, because there has been less such camping in this area than in other areas of Thailand. The representatives of 11 private OHPs from 11 provinces, of the totally 14 provinces in southern Thailand, were initially selected by purposive sampling. Data were collected by survey, observation, digital photography, pilot study, and interviews with 11 representatives of the OHP operators. The data were subjected to descriptive analysis and triangulated with other outcomes. It was found that suitable RV (rooftop tent) camping parks varied from small to large in the following order: Songkhla, Phanggna, Trang, Phatthalung, Satun, Chumporn, Suratthani, Ranong, Krabi, Nakhon Si Thammarat, and Phuket provinces. Likewise, the suitable time for camping in the shade (not in direct sunlight) was from 04.00 p.m. to 10.00 a.m.

Public Health Officers’ Capability, Opportunity, Motivation, and Behavior after COVID-19 Vaccination in Thailand

Background: Public health officers (PHOs) are the frontline health workforce against the Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) and therefore need high immunity for protection. The application of the capability, opportunity, motivation, and behavior (COM-B) model aimed to 1) explore the level of COM-B for prevention and control of COVID-19, and 2) analyze the association between factors and behaviors for prevention and control of COVID-19 among PHOs at primary care units (PCUs) of seven provinces in southern Thailand.

Antecedents and loyalty of tourists visiting secondary cities in provinces in southern Thailand

Developing loyalty among tourists who visit secondary cities of provinces in Southern Thailand represents a way to support entrepreneurs in the areas of tourist attractions and businesses that are part of the networks of tourist service provision. However, the promotion of tourist loyalty is crucial problem in Southern Thailand. Despite the significant growth of tourism industry in Thailand, still the tourist loyalty is needed to promote to achieve higher performance in tourism industry. To address this challenge, this study examined the role of tourist attraction potential, government policies, service innovation and travel intention on tourist loyalty. To achieve this purpose, this study considered mixed method approach and data collection is performed through questionnaire survey and interviews in Southern part of Thailand. Statistical tool is used to examine the relationship between variables. Results of the study investigated that; tourist attraction potential, government policies, service innovation and travel intention have vital contribution to promote tourist loyalty in Southern part of Thailand. This study recommended that the tourism management companies should promote tourist loyalty by promoting tourist attraction potential, government policies, service innovation and travel intention.

Antecedents and loyalty of tourists visiting secondary cities in provinces in southern Thailand

Developing loyalty among tourists who visit secondary cities of provinces in Southern Thailand represents a way to support entrepreneurs in the areas of tourist attractions and businesses that are part of the networks of tourist service provision. However, the promotion of tourist loyalty is crucial problem in Southern Thailand. Despite the significant growth of tourism industry in Thailand, still the tourist loyalty is needed to promote to achieve higher performance in tourism industry. To address this challenge, this study examined the role of tourist attraction potential, government policies, service innovation and travel intention on tourist loyalty. To achieve this purpose, this study considered mixed method approach and data collection is performed through questionnaire survey and interviews in Southern part of Thailand. Statistical tool is used to examine the relationship between variables. Results of the study investigated that; tourist attraction potential, government policies, service innovation and travel intention have vital contribution to promote tourist loyalty in Southern part of Thailand. This study recommended that the tourism management companies should promote tourist loyalty by promoting tourist attraction potential, government policies, service innovation and travel intention.

The motivation and teaching strategies in pre-service physical education teachers

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemics significantly affect teaching and learning. Especially physical education teaching that emphasizes practice in the field or large space. On the other hand, physical education classes must do online teaching, which leads to students not being interested in learning. This reason affects the teacher's motivation, making most teachers bored to teach without motivation. Specifically, in the pre-service physical educators who have low experience in teaching and leads to unenjoyed in their class. Consequently, pre-service physical educators need to find new strategies to teach students to be of greater interest. Thus, this study examined the relationship between teachers' motivation (intrinsic and external motivation) towards teaching strategies among pre-service physical educators. The instruments were regarding teachers' motivation in terms of intrinsic and external motivation and teaching strategies. The respondents were 157 pre-service physical educators in five universities in the border provinces of Southern Thailand. The result showed that there is a relationship between intrinsic and external motivation towards teaching strategies among the participants. These results provide guidelines for pre-service physical educators to improve their teaching and enhance students' achievement in the future through online physical education classes.

Comparing Local Residents’ Willingness to Pay (WTP) and Willingness to Volunteer (WTV) for Water Onion (Crinum thaianum) Habitat Conservation

In subsistence economies where cash is scarce, non-monetary numeraires can be used instead of cash as utility measures. In this study, we investigate the values of the Thai water onion (Crinum thaianum) (WO), an endangered native wetland plant, for each service enhancement in Thailand, by using willingness to pay (WTP) money and willingness to volunteer (WTV) to measure the value of WO habitat conservation outcomes, including biodiversity, water quality, upstream conditions, and recreational opportunities. This study employs choice experiment (CE) surveys and face-to-face interviews with villagers in the WO areas of Phangnga and Ranong provinces in southern Thailand. The results show that improved upstream conditions are the most important benefit for residents, followed by biodiversity and water quality. Improving upstream conditions, biodiversity, and water quality from low to high would increase estimated annual welfare by USD 89 per person, while local residents would also provide an annual WTV of 80.2 days per person in exchange for considerable improvements in upstream conditions, biodiversity, and water quality. We found that low-income people are more likely to provide labor to improve ecosystem services. Overall, the findings suggest that the labor value, just as the monetary value, can also be used to evaluate the preferences for increased ecosystem services. This study implies that employing volunteer labor as a means of payment for accurate welfare estimations might be a practical alternative, and also allowing respondents to indicate their WTV may lead to an increase in the estimated value of ecosystem services.

Prevalence and risk factors of Campylobacter infection in goats in southern provinces of Thailand.

Campylobacter is a foodborne pathogen that could be isolated from various types of livestock, including small ruminant. The objectives of the current study were to investigate the prevalence of Campylobacter spp. in goats reared in the south of Thailand and identify the risk factors associated with Campylobacter infection of goat in Thailand. A total of 600 rectal swabs of goats from 45 farms in 6 provinces of Southern Thailand were collected during 2016-2020. To analyse the risk factors associated with Campylobacter infection in goat, data collection was conducted via structured questionnaires. Campylobacter isolation was performed by direct plating on modified charcoal cefoperazone deoxycholate agar (mCCDA). Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was used to identify genus and species of the isolates. In total, 68 out of 600 rectal swab samples (11.33%; 95% CI 8.96 to 14.21%) collected from goats were positive for Campylobacter. The prevalence of Campylobacter spp. in the province level ranged from 0 to 31.48%. Interestingly, Campylobacter lanienae was the dominant species, followed by Campylobacter coli and Campylobacter jejuni. To investigate the risk factors associated with Campylobacter infection in goats, farm management factors, i.e. deworming, fencing around the house, housing design, number of animals on farm, use of antibiotics and vaccination, were included in logistic regression analysis. Statistical analysis revealed that the use of antibiotics and deworming were associated with Campylobacter infections in goats. The current study emphasises that the prudent use of antimicrobials and good agricultural practices should be applied in goat farming.

Radar-Based Rainfall Estimation of Landfalling Tropical Storm “PABUK” 2019 over Southern Thailand

Tropical storm PABUK developed from tropical depression first defined on 31 December 2018 in the lower South China Sea. It made landfall in Pak Phanang, Nakhon Si Thammarat province, southern Thailand. PABUK caused heavy rain and flash floods from 3 to 5 January 2019 (D1, D2, and D3) where the total rainfall reached 150–300 mm across 14 provinces of southern Thailand. This paper is aimed to investigate rainstorm properties and rainfall estimation of tropical storm PABUK with weather radar in southern Thailand. The radar data analysis in this study was to extract the radar reflectivity to study rainstorm properties of PABUK over 3 days along southern Thailand derived from the Thunderstorm Identification and Tracking Analysis and Nowcasting (TITAN) algorithm including 5 variables of duration, area, cloud-based height, maximum reflectivity, and speed in the data set. Based on the properties and frequency distribution of 2,557 rainstorms in D1, D2, and D3, rainstorms in D2 and D3 when PABUK made landfall over southern Thailand show a longer lifetime, higher reflectivity, and larger rain-cells as well as it was found efficient in terms of rainfall amount than in D1. In addition, the estimated rainfall using weather radar provides important information of the rainfall distribution for the analysis of the rainstorm as well. These analyses provide a context for interpreting the feasible rainfall estimates based on Z-R relationship during tropical storm PABUK that produced extreme floods in southern Thailand. A Z-R relationship in the form Z = 104R1.5 provided acceptable statistical indicators, making it appropriate for radar estimated rainfall in case studies presented of tropical storm PABUK in southern Thailand. However, the result of this study should be improved to estimate precipitation in case of extremely heavy rainfall in tropical storm occurrence by using radar of southern Thailand and applied for applications of early warning systems.

Governing sustainability in the Thai palm oil-supply chain: the role of private actors

Private actors are essential partners in the sustainability governance of commodity-supply chains such as palm oil. However, their actual contribution to promoting sustainability is also contested. This article assesses the role of private actors in the governance of the palm oil-supply chain in Thailand by comparing supply-chain actors that are certified with the Roundtable on Sustainable Palm Oil (RSPO) standards and non-certified supply-chain actors. The comparison entails input supply and production, collection and sales, processing and storage, and distribution. Building on the concept of (global) value chains, we examine the following governance dimensions in our comparison: the management of contracts and agreements, the role of trust in transactions, the relative power of various actors, and the control over smallholder farmers’ access to the market. Primary data were collected in the Surat Thani and Krabi Provinces in southern Thailand. We found that the RSPO-certified palm-oil chain was shorter, more transparent, and that farmers received higher prices than the non-RSPO-certified chains.

Factors Predicting Spiritual Well-Being among Dependent Older People

Spiritual well-being is a deep feeling within the mind that represents peacefulness and the inner strength of individuals, resulting from an understanding of the nature of life and acceptance of changes occurring to themselves. Spiritual well-being is; therefore, very important to dependent older people. The objectives of this study were to identify the levels of spiritual well-being of dependent older people, to examine the relationships between religious belief, religious practice, self-esteem, social support, depression, and spiritual well-being, and to examine the ability of those factors to predict spiritual well-being among dependent older people. The study sample were 395 of people aged 60 years and above who are dependent and live in three provinces in southern Thailand. Data were collected using questionnaires, including the Spiritual Well-Being Scale for Dependent Older People, Thai version of the Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale, Thai version of the Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support, Thai Geriatric Depression Scale, the Religious Practices Questionnaire, and the Buddhist Belief Questionnaire. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, Spearman’s rank correlation coefficient, and multiple regression analysis. The study results were as follows: 1) The spiritual well-being among dependent older people was at a moderate level (x̅ = 46.97, SD = 7.22). 2) Religious belief, religious practice, self-esteem, and social support significantly related positively to spiritual well-being (p &lt; 0.01), while depression significantly related negatively to spiritual well-being (p &lt; 0.01). 3) Religious belief, self-esteem, and social support together could explain 46.00 % of the variance in spiritual well-being. The results of this study can be used by nurses and health care providers to determine interventions for enhancing spiritual well-being in this particular group of older people.&#x0D; HIGHLIGHTS&#x0D; &#x0D; Spiritual well-being is one of the important dimensions of holistic care. Spiritual well-being has a positive effect on physical, mental and social health&#x0D; The conceptual framework is guided by the Buddhism Principles&#x0D; Religious belief, self-esteem, and social support together could explain 46.00 % of the variance in spiritual well-being&#x0D;

The identity of Over Sea s Chinese in Hat Yai, Thailand

The positioning of an individual s own identity is ambiguous, but if it is put into a group, it will explore and locate its own identity attributes, and finally, through the most basic national identity, cultural identity, etc, the identity of their own identity attributes is formed. Due to the historical environment, geographical conditions and background factors of transportation, Southeast Asia is the earliest area for overseas Chinese in China, and it is also the most widely distributed area for overseas Chinese. Among them, Thailand has unique research value due to its special historical background that it was not colonized by the West. Hat Yai in Songkhla Province in southern Thailand is the transportation center and economic hub of the 14 provinces in southern Thailand, and it is also one of the settlements of Thai-Chinese. Most of the ancestral places of these Chinese are from southern Fujian, and Guangdong and Guangxi regions. Most of them are Hakka people, but Chaozhou people come to the fore. Although the millions of overseas Chinese living in Thailand have long been integrated into the mainstream of its economy, politics and culture, and their own language, writing and nationality have all changed, the Chinese in Hat Yai are still sticking to their Chinese traditional cultural practices and beliefs.

A new cluster of rhabdovirus detected in field-caught sand flies (Diptera: Psychodidae: Phlebotominae) collected from southern Thailand

BackgroundThe distribution of phlebotomine sand flies is changing rapidly due to climate change. This issue has implications for the epidemiology of sand fly-borne diseases, especially sand fly-associated viruses. Few studies concerning sand fly-associated viruses have been conducted in Thailand. Therefore, this study aimed to perform a molecular survey of groups of pathogenic RNA viruses belonging to the Orbivirus, Phlebovirus, and Flavivirus genera and family Rhabdoviridae in sand fly samples collected from southern Thailand.MethodsSand flies were collected at two locations in Trang and Songkhla provinces of southern Thailand, and individual sand fly samples were processed for species identification and virus detection. The Orbivirus, Phlebovirus, and Flavivirus genera and family Rhabdoviridae molecular determination was performed by RT-PCR, and positive samples were identified by cloning and sequencing, cell culture inoculation, and phylogenetic analysis.ResultsThe results presented in this study were based on the analysis of a total of 331 female sand flies. This molecular study revealed evidence of Rhabdoviridae family virus presence in Phlebotomus papatasi (3/331, 0.9%). The findings demonstrated a new cluster of rhabdovirus that was closely related to Bactrocera dorsalis sigmavirus strain BDSV.abc5 and the lineages of insect-specific Rhabdoviridae. In addition, the Bayesian tree suggested that the common ancestor of this group was the dimarhabdovirus clade. It was assumed that the virus may have switched hosts during its evolution. However, the detection of Orbivirus, Phlebovirus, and Flavivirus genera using specific primers for RT-PCR was negative in the collected sand flies.ConclusionsThere is limited knowledge on the genetic diversity and ecology of Rhabdoviridae in Thailand. This is the first data regarding the circulation of Rhabdoviridae in Ph. papatasi from Thailand. We found a new cluster of rhabdoviruses that was close to the new B. dorsalis sigmavirus. It is possible that there is a great deal of diversity in this family yet to be discovered, and a more extensive survey for new rhabdoviruses may uncover viruses from a wide diversity of host taxa and broaden our understanding of the relationships among the Rhabdoviridae.Graphical abstract

Fruit trees and herbaceous plants increase functional and phylogenetic diversity of birds in smallholder rubber plantations

Rubber plantations are widespread in mainland South-east Asia. Intensive monocultural rubber cultivation practices predominate, which negatively impact biodiversity. Some plantations are managed as high-yielding agroforests, where the integration of fruit trees and other plant species marginally enhances crop diversity relative to monocultures, providing benefits for species richness of some taxa without compromising yields. A key question is whether these high-yielding agroforestry systems also support enhanced functional and phylogenetic diversity relative to monoculture. Focusing on birds in rubber monocultures and agroforests in two provinces of Southern Thailand, we study plantation habitat structure and wider landscape characteristics to identify effects on functional and phylogenetic diversity metrics. Functional diversity, phylogenetic diversity and evolutionary distinctiveness of birds were comparable between rubber monocultures and intensive agroforests. The density of fruit stems and taller herbaceous plants within agroforests positively influenced functional and phylogenetic diversity, and evolutionary distinctiveness. Functional and phylogenetic diversity was higher in landscapes with a greater proportion of fruit orchards, but was lower in landscapes with a greater proportion of degraded natural forest patches. Our study suggests that the integration of fruit trees and maintaining taller herbaceous plants within rubber plantations could help support bird diversity at evolutionary and functional levels. Small patches of degraded forest in areas dominated by agriculture may need time to generate positive spillover effects on the functional and phylogenetic diversity of birds within rubber plantations. Better management of existing rubber plantations could sustain higher diversity, while offering food security and alternative revenue streams.

Haemoparasites infection in bullfighting cattle in southern of Thailand

Haemoparasites affect animal health and the production leading to economic losses and may have effects on human health. In Thailand, there are few reports of infections in the bullfighting cattle are for cultural fighting competitions. Therefore, this research aimed to investigate the distribution of haemoparasites infection in bullfighting cattle in order to control the transmission of disease to the local domestic cattle. A total of 1906 blood samples were collected from the bullfighting cattle from eight provinces in southern Thailand from 2017 to 2020. Those cattle showed the clinical signs of gasping, pale mucous membrane, haematuria, anorexia, sneezing and weakness. Micro-haematocrit centrifugation and thin blood smears with Giemsa’s staining were used. The results indicated 42.50% (810/1906) of cases positive for haemoparasites infection. The most commonly found was Theileria spp. (38.20%, 728/1906) followed by microfilaria of Setaria spp. (2.68%, 51/1906), Trypanosoma spp. (1.21%, 23/1906), Babesia spp. (0.94%, 18/1906) and Anaplasma spp. (0.10%, 2/1906). Out of 810 positive samples, there was co-infection between Theileria spp. and Setaria spp. (1.36%, 11/810), Theileria spp. and Babesia spp. (0.99%, 8/810), and Theileria spp., Trypanosoma spp. and Setaria spp. (0.37%, 3/810). The distribution of haemoparasites infection in eight raising areas ranged from 39.71 to 75%, with no significantly differences. From this result is was determined that haemoparasites were of generalised distribution in southern Thailand. Therefore, there should be strict surveillance and control of movement of cattle into the fighting arena. Moreover, vector control and blood checking before fighting should be promoted.

Aedes Albopictus (Diptera: Culicidae) Susceptibility Status to Agrochemical Insecticides Used in Durian Planting Systems in Southern Thailand

High rates of dengue morbidity occur in southern Thailand. The intensive application of insecticides in orchards could affect not only agricultural insect pests, but also nontarget mosquitoes or beneficial insects. In this study, the type and quantity of insecticides commonly used across durian plantations in southern Thailand were characterized, along with the population density of Aedes albopictus (Skuse) (Diptera: Culicidae). Our primary aim was to determine the susceptibility status of field-derived Ae. albopictus to typical application concentrations of four agrochemical insecticides; cypermethrin, chlorpyrifos, carbaryl, and imidacloprid. Mosquito eggs were collected from durian cultivation sites in five provinces in southern Thailand and used to generate adults for susceptibility tests. The cultivation sites were categorized into three groups based on insecticide application: intensive application of insecticides, low application of insecticides, and no application of insecticides. Twenty ovitraps were deployed for at least three consecutive days at each study site to collect mosquito eggs and to determine Ae. albopictus population density. WHO tube assays were used to determine the susceptibility of adult mosquitoes derived from field-collected eggs to selected insecticides. This represents the first report of the susceptibility status of Ae. albopictus from durian orchards in southern Thailand to agrochemical insecticides. Results showed complete susceptibility of these Ae. albopictus to chlorpyrifos, but reduced mortality following exposure to λ-cyhalothrin, carbaryl, and imidacloprid, which is suggestive of the development of resistance. These findings provide new insights into the status of insecticide susceptibility in Ae. albopictus populations, with important implications for mosquito and mosquito-borne disease control in Thailand.

The relationship between intrinsic and external motivation towards lesson implementation and application of physical education content among preservice physical education teachers in Thailand

Accomplished physical education (PE) teachers recognize teachers’ motivation, lesson implementation as well as the application of PE contents. This is because these affect teaching effectiveness in PE class. However, a previous study from Koonsri (2016) found that the teachers lacked motivation and focused on extra money or bonus from their teaching. In addition, because the pre-service PE teachers had poor experiences in teaching and controlling the classes, these issues affected the implementation and integration of the PE contents (Claypan, 2014; Kanchana, 2010). Thus, this study examines the relationship between teachers’ motivation, lesson implementation, and application of PE contents among pre-service PE teachers in Southern Thailand. The instruments regarding teachers’ motivation in terms of intrinsic and external motivation, lesson implementation, and application of PE contents were adopted from Tulyakul (2019). The respondents were 157 pre-service PE teachers in five universities in the border provinces of Southern Thailand. The result shows that there is a relationship between intrinsic and external motivation towards lesson implementation and the application of PE contents among the participants. Finally, there are proposed guidelines for the pre-service PE teachers to adjust and develop their teaching performance to enhance students' achievement in the future