Provinces In Anatolia Research Articles

Anatolian Short-Horned Grasshoppers Unveiled: Integrating Biogeography and Pest Potential.

Biogeographically, Anatolia harbours a rich diversity of short-horned grasshoppers (Orthoptera, Caelifera). The number of species recorded from Anatolia so far stands at 300. They inhabit diverse habitats ranging from arid Eremial to Euro-Siberian-like montane meadows, aligning with the topographical and climatological heterogeneity of Anatolia. Alongside some swarming species, the pest potential of several pullulating species needs attention. This is especially important concerning global warming, a scenario expected to be more severe in the Northern Mediterranean Basin in general and Anatolia specifically. A faunal list of biogeographic Anatolia, the area extending from the Aegean Sea in the west to the intermountain basin of the Caucasus in the northeast, the lowlands of Lake Urmia in the east, and Mesopotamia in the southeast, was developed. The recorded species were classified according to the phytogeographical provinces of Anatolia. Distributions of the species with the potential for pullulating were modelled using ecological-niche-modelling approaches for the present and future. The results have the potential to lead to the development of a concept that merges biogeography and the pest potential of certain Anatolian grasshopper species. Our results reveal the following: (i) Acrididae and Pamphagidae are the most diverse families represented in Anatolia; (ii) roughly 40% of Caelifera and 71% of Pamphagidae are endemics, suggesting Anatolia is a biodiversity hotspot; (iii) according to Caelifera diversity, the phytogeographical provinces of Anatolia follow an order of Irano-Anatolia, Euro-Siberia, Mediterranean, and Mesopotamia; and (iv) based on ecological modelling and personal observations, Dociostaurus maroccanus, Locusta migratoria, Calliptamus italicus, Heteracris pterosticha, Notostaurus anatolicus, Oedipoda miniata, and O. schochii should be monitored regarding their pest potential.

Milli Mücadele’de Amasya’nın Tercih Edilme Nedenleri ve Amasya Tamimine Giden Süreç

On October 30, 1918, after the signing of the Armistice of Mudros, many parts of Anatolia, especially Istanbul, were occupied by the Allied Powers. The Turkish people, who remained silent about the occupations for a while, threw off the dead soil with the occupation of Izmir by Greece and participated in rallies protesting these occupations in various parts of the country. In the meantime, there were ideas among the Ottoman bureaucrats and intellectuals who accepted the vassalage of various big countries. However, patriotic officers such as Mustafa Kemal Pasha, Kazım Karabekir, Fethi Okyar, Ali Fuat Cebesoy Pasha, and Kazım Karabekir sought ways to start the National Struggle by moving to Anatolia. They were not sure from which province in Anatolia the National Struggle should start. Mustafa Kemal Pasha, Kazım Karabekir Pasha and other patriotic Turkish officers saw Amasya as the place to start the National Struggle. The aim of the study is to reveal the process leading to the Amasya Declaration in the National Struggle, the importance of this declaration and the reasons why Amasya was preferred. In order to convey the information in the article, a literature review was conducted and books, articles and scientific theses on this subject were read and tried to be conveyed to the reader. The aim of the study is to present to the reader the patriotic and common sense approach of the people of Amasya towards the problems of the country in the process leading to the Amasya Declaration.

Gastronomik Aile Şirketleri Yönetiminde Sürdürülebilirlik: Karaman Birtat Lokantası Örneği

Family-owned companies play a crucial role in the global economy. Considering the number of companies closing day by day, the success of family companies, which have existed in the field of management for many years, is gaining more and more importance nowadays. Today, people tend to eat out more, which is why the number of gastronomy-related businesses is expected to gradually rise. When considering new or aspiring businesses, it is essential to examine companies that have been providing services for generations. This research aims to determine the underlying factors of Birtat Lokanta's success, a third-generation family-owned restaurant in Karaman, to provide suggestions and examples for businesses struggling with continuity or newly established ones. Karaman is a developing province in Anatolia and has significant gastronomic diversity. There is no study in the literature that is similar to this study conducted in Karaman. Audio recordings of the interviews made with the face-to-face interview technique, which is one of the qualitative research methods, were kept. These records were analyzed. Afterward, it was transcribed in accordance with the research purpose.

HAKKÂRİ’DE TESPİT EDİLEN 20. YÜZYILA AİT NAMAZLIKLAR

Hakkâri, dokuma bakımından Anadolu’nun zengin illerinden biridir. Dokumanın bu kadar gelişmesinde ve çeşitlenmesinde yaşam koşulları, iklim ve geçim kaynakları etkili olmuştur. Hakkâri yöresinin coğrafi özelliğinden dolayı küçükbaş hayvan yetiştiriciliği daha çok tercih edilmektedir. Bu hayvanlardan elde edilen yün malzemeyle; halı, kilim, mêzer, yolluk ve namazlık gibi gündelik hayatta kullanacakları eserler üretmişlerdir. Dünyaca bilinen Hakkâri dokumaları, geçmişi günümüze hatta geleceğe bağlayan önemli birer somut kültür varlıklarıdır. Bu çalışmada ise dokuma namazlıklar ele alınmıştır. Hakkâri merkezi olmak üzere; Çukurca, Yüksekova, Derecik ve Şemdinli ilçeleri ve köylerinde saha çalışması yapılmıştır. Saha çalışması sonucunda otuz üç örneğe ulaşılmıştır. Söz konusu çalışmada ise on dört namazlık katalog bölümünde ele alınarak; teknik, desen, renk ve kompozisyon özelliklerine göre değerlendirilmiştir. Geleneksel Türk el sanatları içerisinde önemli bir yeri olan ve daha önce çalışılmamış, mistik anlamlar içeren namazlıkların tasnif ve belgeleme çalışmaları yapılmıştır.

Traditional molasses production from different plants in Anatolia and its ethnobotanical features

The molasses produced in a widespread manner in Turkey, loved by people, often as simple or traditional breakfast consumed is a product. Molasses, traditionally grapes, mulberries, figs, apples, and sugar from fruits that contain sugar, such as liquid or solid the form are manufactured. In this study, 18 kinds of molasses varieties made of production traditionally in different regions of Turkey have been identified. The survey was carried out in 53 provinces and 74 districts. Molasses types were observed from the mentioned fields and the information regarding local names, medicinal using and production methods obtained questioning the local people. The production of molasses is an important source of income for people in the local region. Fruit and herbal materials collected to make molasses are gathered directly by the local villagers, especially unemployed people with financial difficulties. While grape molasses is consumed for food purposes in almost every province in Anatolia, especially Juniper, Pine and Carob are consumed for health purposes. Gezo (Oak) molasses produced in a very narrow area in Anatolia is interesting molasses produced from acorns and leaves.

History of Grape in Anatolia and Historical Sustainable Grape Production in Erzincan Agroecological Conditions in Turkey

The Anatolian peninsula has long been linked with the origins of viticulture and winemaking. Erzincan province in Anatolia hosted many civilizations in the past, and each civilization used grapes for different purposes. From past to present, viticulture carried out with the famous ‘Karaerik’ grape (Vitis vinifera L.) on old traditional Baran training system to avoid cold damage occurred in winter months. During the old civilizations, the cultivar was used only for wine production, but after the first period of the 1900s, this situation changed, and the cultivar was used for table consumption because wine is banned by Islam. The archaeological findings in Erzincan province revealed the cultivar has existed in the province for centuries, and in each historical period, the cultivar was used sustainably, added value to the region, and brought cultural heritage from generation to generation. Grape production in Erzincan province has been a symbol of abundance, fertility and productivity since mythological times. The historical facts indicated that viticulture and winemaking had been a dispensable part of the Erzincan economy and rural development. The vineyards apply the same sustainable management practices from which they receive their grapes. The traditional Baran training system is used for all vineyards. The viticulture in the province has been strongly committed to improving environmental and social sustainability throughout history.

The Effect of Digital Activities on the Technology Awareness and Computational Thinking Skills of Gifted Students (eTwinning Project Example)

The aim of this study was to examine the effect of interdisciplinary activities organised online within the scope of an eTwinning project carried out with gifted students on the students’ technology awareness and computational thinking (CT). The study was carried out through web-based tools for a period of 3 months in the year 2020. A single-group pretest-posttest design, one of the pre-experimental designs, was used in the study. The participants were 50 gifted students continuing their education at Science and Art Centres affiliated to the National Education Ministry in 6 different provinces of Anatolia. Quantitative and qualitative methods were used together in the study. A technology awareness and computational thinking scale was chosen as the quantitative data collection tool, while mind maps were used as the qualitative data collection tool. As a result of the research, a significant increase in the participants’ technology awareness and computational thinking was determined in favour of the posttest, while this increase was verified through the mind-mapping technique applied to the students. At the end of the study, the findings were discussed, and recommendations were made for future studies.

Environmental health risk assessment due to radionuclides and metal(loid)s for Igdir province in Anatolia, near the Metsamor nuclear power plant

Environmental health risk assessment due to radionuclides and metal(loid)s for Igdir province in Anatolia, near the Metsamor nuclear power plant

Environmental health risk assessment due to radionuclides and metal(loid)s for Igdir province in Anatolia, near the Metsamor nuclear power plant

Environmental health risk assessment due to radionuclides and metal(loid)s for Igdir province in Anatolia, near the Metsamor nuclear power plant

On the genus SuniusStephens, 1829 of Turkey. VI. A new micropterous species and distribution of the genus (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae: Paederinae)

A new species of the genus Sunius Stephens, 1829 is described from Konya province in Anatolia and illustrated: Sunius yamani sp. n. Additional records of six species of Sunius from Turkey are reported. A total of 39 species are now known from Turkey, 35 of them are endemic. Distribution maps are given for all Turkish members of the genus Sunius.

A long-lived Late Cretaceous–early Eocene extensional province in Anatolia? Structural evidence from the Ivriz Detachment, southern central Turkey

Central Anatolia exposes previously buried and metamorphosed, continent-derived rocks – the Kırşehir and Afyon zones – now covering an area of ∼300 × 400 km. So far, the exhumation history of these rocks has been poorly constrained. We show for the first time that the major, >120 km long, top-NE ‘Ivriz’ Detachment controlled the exhumation of the HP/LT metamorphic Afyon Zone in southern Central Anatolia. We date its activity at between the latest Cretaceous and early Eocene times. Combined with previously documented isolated extensional detachments found in the Kırşehir Block, our results suggest that a major province governed by extensional exhumation was active throughout Central Anatolia between ∼80 and ∼48 Ma. Although similar in dimension to the Aegean extensional province to the east, the Central Anatolian extensional province is considerably older and was controlled by a different extension direction. From this, we infer that the African slab(s) that subducted below Anatolia must have rolled back relative to the Aegean slab since at least the latest Cretaceous, suggesting that these regions were underlain by a segmented slab. Whether or not these early segments already corresponded to the modern Aegean, Antalya, and Cyprus slab segments remains open for debate, but slab segmentation must have occurred much earlier than previously thought.

Fault kinematics in supradetachment basin formation, Menderes core complex of western Turkey

The Neogene Alasehir supradetachment basin in western Turkey occurs in the footwall of the modern Alaşehir–Gediz graben and is a major component of the Aegean extensional province in Anatolia that developed during the late Cenozoic exhumation of the Menderes core complex. The size, geometry, accommodation space and internal structure–stratigraphy of this basin were strongly controlled by the kinematics and interplay of four different fault generations throughout its early Miocene-Pleistocene evolution. The ~ E − W-striking, NNE-dipping (10°–30°) Alaşehir detachment fault separates the high-grade crystalline rocks of the core complex below from the Neogene deposits of the basin in the hanging wall above. The basin-parallel, synthetic and antithetic high-angle normal faults represent a block-faulting stage of the continued horizontal extension that terminated the northerly slip along the detachment surface and produced horst-graben structures in and across the basin. These faults were also responsible for the back-tilting of the basinal strata into steeper dips and the rotation of the previously formed faults into gently dipping planes. The mutually crosscutting relationships between the intra-basinal low-angle and basement-involved high-angle and normal faults indicate their contemporaneous development and operation. The NNE-striking, basin-perpendicular oblique–slip hinge faults are reminiscent of transfer (cross) faults in both continental and oceanic extension, and divide the supradetachment basin into a series of fault blocks with their own internal structure and stratigraphy. Differential uplift and exhumation of the core complex rocks along these hinge faults and the varied displacement and slip along and across them within the basinal strata caused differential extension and block-uplift, leading to the formation of local unconformities in the supradetachment basin. Significant changes in the dip directions and strike orientations of the sedimentary beds and the observed deviations from the inferred direction of maximum extension in the adjacent fault blocks resulted from rotational deformation due to hinge faulting. Fault segmentation of the Alaşehir basin as a result of extension-parallel hinge-faulting is a characteristic feature of its supradetachment basin evolution.

Resolving genetic relationships in manna group of lichens from genus Aspicilia

As in many lichen-forming fungi, species of Aspicilia genus are widely distributed all over the world, but no reports exist about their phylogenetic relations based on molecular biological methods. In the current study the phylogenetic relations of some Aspicilia species mainly manna group of lichens were investigated. The ITS rDNA sequence information of 12 samples from six species were generated. The samples examined were collected from different provinces of Anatolia and all the sequences were aligned with the other allied groups; Pertusaria sp., Thamnolia sp., Dibaeis sp., Diploschistes sp., Ochrolechia sp. and Lecanora sp. sequence data obtained from GenBank. The phylogenetic tree obtained by minimum evolution analysis displayed two major branches. One of the branches with its six members (Aspicilia contorta subsp. contorta, A. contorta subsp. hoffmanniana, Aspicilia hispida, Aspicilia fruticulosa, Aspicilia desertorum Aspicilia calcarea) composed solely of Aspicilia samples from Anatolia. Three of the manna groups of lichens were placed in this branch of the tree. The other related taxa from Ostropomycetidae and Lecanoromycetidae took place in the other branch of the tree with Aspicilia samples from Anatolia. Results displayed that manna group of lichens, although do not represent taxonomical unit tend to form a group especially apperent by the Neigbour Joining analysis with Anatolian samples. Also the sequence information from Anatolian samples displayed that Aspicilia genus is phylogenetically closer to the orders and families from Ostropomycetidae subclass rather than Lecanoromycetidae which support the placement of Hymeneliaceae within Ostropomycetidae.

Resolving genetic relationships in manna group of lichens from genus Aspicilia

As in many lichen-forming fungi, species of Aspicilia genus are widely distributed all over the world, but no reports exist about their phylogenetic relations based on molecular biological methods. In the current study the phylogenetic relations of some Aspicilia species mainly manna group of lichens were investigated. The ITS rDNA sequence information of 12 samples from six species were generated. The samples examined were collected from different provinces of Anatolia and all the sequences were aligned with the other allied groups; Pertusaria sp., Thamnolia sp., Dibaeis sp., Diploschistes sp., Ochrolechia sp. and Lecanora sp. sequence data obtained from GenBank. The phylogenetic tree obtained by minimum evolution analysis displayed two major branches. One of the branches with its six members (Aspicilia contorta subsp. contorta, A. contorta subsp. hoffmanniana, Aspicilia hispida, Aspicilia fruticulosa, Aspicilia desertorum Aspicilia calcarea) composed solely of Aspicilia samples from Anatolia. Three of the manna groups of lichens were placed in this branch of the tree. The other related taxa from Ostropomycetidae and Lecanoromycetidae took place in the other branch of the tree with Aspicilia samples from Anatolia. Results displayed that manna group of lichens, although do not represent taxonomical unit tend to form a group especially apperent by the Neigbour Joining analysis with Anatolian samples. Also the sequence information from Anatolian samples displayed that Aspicilia genus is phylogenetically closer to the orders and families from Ostropomycetidae subclass rather than Lecanoromycetidae which support the placement of Hymeneliaceae within Ostropomycetidae.

Analysis of Tunnel Stability: Comparison Between Continuous and Discontinuous Approaches

The Neogene Alasehir supradetachment basin in western Turkey occurs in the footwall of the modern Alaşehir–Gediz graben and is a major component of the Aegean extensional province in Anatolia that developed during the late Cenozoic exhumation of the Menderes core complex. The size, geometry, accommodation space and internal structure–stratigraphy of this basin were strongly controlled by the kinematics and interplay of four different fault generations throughout its early Miocene-Pleistocene evolution. The ~ E − W-striking, NNE-dipping (10°–30°) Alaşehir detachment fault separates the high-grade crystalline rocks of the core complex below from the Neogene deposits of the basin in the hanging wall above. The basin-parallel, synthetic and antithetic high-angle normal faults represent a block-faulting stage of the continued horizontal extension that terminated the northerly slip along the detachment surface and produced horst-graben structures in and across the basin. These faults were also responsible for the back-tilting of the basinal strata into steeper dips and the rotation of the previously formed faults into gently dipping planes. The mutually crosscutting relationships between the intra-basinal low-angle and basement-involved high-angle and normal faults indicate their contemporaneous development and operation. The NNE-striking, basin-perpendicular oblique–slip hinge faults are reminiscent of transfer (cross) faults in both continental and oceanic extension, and divide the supradetachment basin into a series of fault blocks with their own internal structure and stratigraphy. Differential uplift and exhumation of the core complex rocks along these hinge faults and the varied displacement and slip along and across them within the basinal strata caused differential extension and block-uplift, leading to the formation of local unconformities in the supradetachment basin. Significant changes in the dip directions and strike orientations of the sedimentary beds and the observed deviations from the inferred direction of maximum extension in the adjacent fault blocks resulted from rotational deformation due to hinge faulting. Fault segmentation of the Alaşehir basin as a result of extension-parallel hinge-faulting is a characteristic feature of its supradetachment basin evolution.

İngiliz Konsolosu Longworth'a Göre Trabzon Vilayeti (1892-1898)

Tarihimizde 93 harbi olarak geçen 1877-78 Osmanlı-Rus Harbi Türkiye'nin bir ölçüde kaderini belirlemiş olması bakımından önemli bir savaştır. Savaş sonunda Rusya, Osmanlı Devletinin imzalamak zorunda kaldığı Ayastefanos Antlaşması (3 Mart 1878) ile hem Balkanlarda, hem de Kafkasya'da mutlak bir üstünlük ele geçirmiştir. Ancak Osmanlı Devletinin istemeden de olsa imzalamak zorunda kaldığı bu antlaşma Avrupalı büyük devletlerin, özellikle de İngiltere'nin ve Avusturya'nın menfaatlerine ters düşmekteydi. Onlara göre bu antlaşmanın kabulü kendi milli menfaatlerine ters düşeceği gibi, uzun vadede Avrupa barışı için de tehdit arz etmekteydi. Nitekim Rusya, Almanya, ve Fransa'nın da desteğini alan İngiltere ve Avusturya'nın kararlı tavırları sonucunda Berlin'de milletlerarası bir konferansın toplanmasına razı olmuş ve 13 Haziran 1878'de Berlin Kongresi toplanarak, 13 Temmuz'da antlaşma imzalanmıştır.

A MULTI-DIMENSIONAL DATABASE FOR THE SOCIAL AND CULTURAL HISTORY OF TURKEY

In 1998 a large publicly funded project, based in the Turkish Historical Society was launched. The project concerns the social and cultural history of Turkey and it is based on equally large multi-dimensional database. This database is given the name TUSOKTAR (Tiirkiye'nin Sosyal ve Kulturel Tarihi or Social and Cultural History of Turkey). This article describes the TUSOKTAR project. The author of this article implemented the database used in the project and has been acting, at the same time, as database administrator. The focus of this article, therefore, is on the sources, the data and the database itself rather than other aspects of the project. The aim of the project is to comprehensively analyse social and cultural change in Turkey using data from serial documents predominantly from the Ottoman Empire in the period 1300-1923. The documents that are currently being handled are tax registers or tahrir defters, pious foundation (vakif) documents (vakif deeds and account books), court records or kadi sicUs, and property registers or temettiiat defters. These documents are described briefly in the next section. Since these contain huge quantities of data even for a relatively large project team, the research was initially restricted to three provinces in Anatolia: Ordu in the North, Ankara in the Middle, and Adana in the South. One distinguishing feature of the project, besides being entirely computerbased, is its close integration with higher education. Currently, five PhD students, belonging to three different universities in Ankara, namely Ankara University, Gazi University and Hacettepe University are working on the project under the supervision of the project directors, and the number is set to double in 2002.' Each student specialises on one type of document, transcribing and entering

La place de la légion III Augusta dans la carrière des sénateurs affectés dans les provinces romaines d'Asie mineure au Haut-Empire

Service in Africa was not taken into account in the standard career profile of the senators appointed in Anatolia, although it was quite very varied. Out of the fifty-five young senators who did their military service, only two were tribunes of legio III Augusta : P. Cassius Dexter Augustanus Alpinus Bellicius Sollers Metilius [ — ]us Rutilianus who later obtained the governorship of the imperial province of Cilicy (ca 149-151) and an Anonymous who administered three praetorian provinces of Anatolia : Pontus-Bithynia (ca 156-158), Galatia (ca 165-167) and Cilicia (ca 167-169). Once they had reached praetorian rank these clarissimi very seldom went to the provinces "in arms" where they occupied only sixteen posts out of the one hundred and eight praetorian legations recorded. Only A. Iulius Pompilius Piso T. Vibfius — ] Laevillus [ — ]atus Berenicianus ca 176-178 and L. Iulius Apronius Maenius Pius Salamallianus, ca 225-227, had joint responsibility for the legateship of legio III Augusta and for the administration of the province of Numidia.

Urban Population in Anatolia in the Sixteenth Century: A Study of Kayseri, Karaman, Amasya, Trabzon, and Erzurum

The rapid rise in the population of the Ottoman Empire in the sixteenth century is well known. Ömer Lütfi Barkan long ago published a table showing that twelve important Ottoman cities grew from a combined population of 142,562 in 1520/1530 to a population of 271,494 in 1571/1580; likewise he has shown that the population of five major provinces in Anatolia grew 59.9 per cent in the same period, from 872,610 to 1,360,474. Fernand Braudel supports the thesis that there was a general 100 per cent population growth throughout the Mediterranean basin in the sixteenth century, and Barkan claims that growth at the Ottoman end of the Mediterranean was even more dynamic. However, there is still need for specialized studies of Ottoman population and its flux in the sixteenth century.

Geological Features of the Country round the Mines of the Taurus in the Pashalic of Diarbekr described from Observations made in the Year 1843

In that part of Asiatic Turkey, where the provinces of Anatolia, Armenia, Kurdistan, and Mesopotamia unite, the chain of the Taurus is bounded on the one side by the Euphrates and on the other by the Tigris, and this district, being now out of the way of the main roads of commerce, has until within a few years been almost entirely neglected. The interest, however, attached to these regions in the present precarious state of the Ottoman- empire, and the difficulty of obtaining information concerning them, will excuse the imperfect condition of the sketch now offered of the geographical and geological configuration of the country; but I have to regret that my absence during some years from England prevented my being acquainted with the valuable information to be obtained from the published routes of Messrs. Brant and Ainsworth. The line of road which I took enabled me to complete the section of the country in a direct line from the Euphrates to the town of Sivas, and a Stay of some weeks put it in my power to obtain some interesting details concerning the important mines of copper at Arghaneh Maden, and of silver at Kebban Maden, as well as others more or less neglected, which lie in various parts of Armenia and the N. E. of Asia Minor.