Province Of Salzburg Research Articles

A reassessment of the geochemical, phylogeny, morphology, and taxonomy of two crocodilian jaw remains of Paleogene from central Europe (Germany and Austria)

Crocodiles are a conservative group of reptiles regarding their morphology and behaviour. Available Fossils are hence important to be studied for phylogeny, taxonomy and morphology. A fossil fragmentary crocodilian skull was found in lignite clay in the Paleogene sedimentary area from the Middle Oligocene Epoch of Sieglitz near Camburg at Saale river in Central Germany. This 20th century discovery documents a new species of Diplocynodon (Diplocynodon Haeckeli, described by Seidlitz in 1917). Another crocodile fossil was unearthed in 1878 from the Eocene Epoch, of Haunsberg near Sankt Pankraz in the province of Salzburg in Austria, which had been missing since 1970 and was recently rediscovered and identified. This rediscovered specimen, representing a crocodile mandible and an isolated tooth, which could belong to Asiatosuchus and not Diplocynodon. However, the morphology of isolated tooth is not a reliable source to identify it up to the generic level, so open taxonomy is used here for identification, it may be associated to the same or a new species. The new discoveries of fossils provide new characters enhancing our knowledge on a particular taxon and on the whole group.

Creating opportunities for temporary disconnection: How tourism professionals provide alternatives to being permanently online

The ongoing normalization of digital connection has also increased the interest in digital disconnection research. The desire to disconnect is typically considered a critical reaction to the peculiar affordances and prerequisites of fully participating in digital society. While social and political potentials of disconnections as well as reasons to turn away from media are explored in various trajectories, we still know relatively little about the “what then” and “what else” of digital disconnection. In this article, we address this gap and investigate what stories are told and which imaginaries are invoked in order to commodify disconnection in an exemplary field of the growing disconnection industry, namely tourism. Drawing from interviews and analysis of online representations, we analyze how tourist marketers and accommodation providers in the Austrian province of Salzburg are communicating why people should use their vacation to disconnect and what they can expect to find once they are disconnected. Following our analysis, we identify three general themes of how disconnection is countered to living in deeply mediatized and highly connective times: (1) nature and authenticity, (2) (re-)connecting with the self, finding balance, and (3) connection to family/friends/local people. We conclude by discussing the broader implications of our analysis and what the identified ambivalences of disconnection suggest for further advancing disconnection research in the future.

Results of a hospitalization policy of asymptomatic and pre-symptomatic COVID-19-positive long-term care facility residents in the province of Salzburg\u2014a report from the AGMT COVID-19 Registry

COVID-19-associated case fatality rates up to 48% were reported among nursing facility residents. During the first wave of the COVID-19 pandemic, routine SARS-CoV-2 testing in long-term care facilities in the Province of Salzburg and centralized hospitalization in the COVID-19 unit of the Paracelsus Medical University Salzburg (Austria) irrespective of symptoms was implemented. Baseline characteristics and the course of COVID-19 disease were assessed among hospitalized long-term care facility residents within the COVID-19 Registry of the Austrian Group Medical Tumor Therapy (AGMT; NCT04351529). Between the 24th of March and the 20th of April 2020, 50 COVID-19-positive residents were hospitalized. The median age was 84.5 years (range: 79–88) and the median number of comorbidities and baseline medication classes was 6 (IQR: 4–7) and 5 (IQR: 3–6), respectively. At admission, 31 residents (62%) were symptomatic, nine residents (18%) pre-symptomatic whereas ten residents (20%) remained asymptomatic. The 30-day mortality rate from hospitalization was 32% and significantly higher in symptomatic residents at admission when compared to asymptomatic residents including pre-symptomatic residents (48% [95% CI: 27–63%] versus 5% [95% CI: 0–15%], p=0.006). The Early Warning Score (EWS) at admission was associated with 30-day mortality: high risk: 100%, intermediate risk: 50% (95% CI: 0–78%), and low risk: 21% (95% CI: 7-32%) (p<0.001). In light of comparably low mortality rates between asymptomatic and pre-symptomatic hospitalized COVID-19-positive residents, we suggest the supply of comparable intensity and quality of monitoring and care in long-term care facilities as an alternative to immediate hospitalization upon a positive COVID-19 test in asymptomatic residents.

Antecedents of good governance of hospitality family firms

This study applies a social identity and social network theory perspective to develop an integrated view of how hospitality firms incorporate family dynamics and tourism specifics as antecedents for good governance in the competitive hospitality industry. Seventeen qualitative semi-structured expert interviews with family hotel owner-managers in the province of Salzburg, Austria are systematically analyzed. The findings highlight the firms’ commitment to their destination as well as regional and social interactions originating both in the family dynamics of the firms and their strong embeddedness within their destinations as central factors for good governance. The results emphasize the need for entrepreneurial behavior and the involvement of family and non-family members in achieving effective governance structures.

Vaccination Status and Attitude among Measles Cluster Cases in Austria, 2019.

On 21 January 2019, public health authorities of two neighboring Austrian provinces reported an increase in measles cases. We investigated this occurrence to identify clusters of epidemiologically linked cases and the associated vaccination status in order to generate hypotheses on those factors explaining the size of the measles clusters. Probable cases were residents of the provinces of Styria or Salzburg with clinical presentation of measles after 1 January 2019 who were linked to a confirmed case using RNA virus detection. We collected data on age, rash onset, certificate-based vaccination status and reasons for being unvaccinated. Contact history was used to identify chains of transmission. By 11 March, we identified 47 cases, with 40 (85.1%) in unvaccinated patients. A cluster of 35 cases with a median age of seven years (IQR: 1–11) occurred between 9 January and 20 February in the province of Styria due to one transmission chain with four case generations. Of 31 vaccine-eligible cases, 25 (80.6%) were unvaccinated, of which 13 refused vaccination. Between 10 January and 1 March, we identified 12 cases as part of five unlinked clusters in the province of Salzburg. Each of these five clusters consisted of two generations: the primary case and the successive cases (median age: 22 years, IQR: 11–35). Eleven of 12 cases occurred in unvaccinated patients, with none of the 11 having a vaccination-refusing attitude. An extended measles cluster in a vaccination-refusing community, compared to five short-lived clusters concurrently occurring in the neighboring province, illustrates how vaccine refusal may hamper control of transmission.

Textmodellierung und Analyse von quasi-hierarchischen und varianten Liturgika des Mittelalters

Abstract The Digital Humanities project ‘CANTUS NETWORK. Libri ordinarii of the Salzburg metropolitan province’ undertakes research around the liturgy and music of the churches and monasteries of the medieval ecclesiastical province of Salzburg. Key sources are the liturgical ‘prompt books’, called libri ordinarii, which include a short form of more or less the entire rite of a diocese or a monastery. The workflow of the project is set in an environment called GAMS, a humanities research data repository built for long-term storage and presentation of data coming from the humanities. Digital editions of the libri ordinarii of the province were generated with the aim of enabling a comparative analysis of the various different traditions. As a first step, the books were transcribed with strict rule-based tags in Microsoft Word and transformed to TEI using the community’s XSLT stylesheets and a Java-based script. Subsequently, Semantic Web technologies were deployed to foster graph-based search and analysis of the structured data. Possible future work on the topic is facilitated by the dissemination of content levels as Linked Open Data. Further analysis is conducted with the help of Natural Language Processing methods in order to find text similarities and differences between the libri ordinarii.

The impact of a disease management programme for type 2 diabetes on health-related quality of life: multilevel analysis of a cluster-randomised controlled trial

BackgroundType 2 diabetes is a chronic disease associated with poorer health outcomes and decreased health related quality of life (HRQoL). The aim of this analysis was to explore the impact of a disease management programme (DMP) in type 2 diabetes on HRQoL. A multilevel model was used to explain the variation in EQ-VAS.MethodsA cluster-randomized controlled trial—analysis of the secondary endpoint HRQoL. Our study population were general practitioners and patients in the province of Salzburg. The DMP “Therapie-Aktiv” was implemented in the intervention group, and controls received usual care. Outcome measure was a change in EQ-VAS after 12 months. For comparison of rates, we used Fisher’s Exact test; for continuous variables the independent T test or Welch test were used. In the multilevel modeling, we examined various models, continuously adding variables to explain the variation in the dependent variable, starting with an empty model, including only the random intercept. We analysed random effects parameters in order to disentangle variation of the final EQ-VAS.ResultsThe EQ-VAS significantly increased within the intervention group (mean difference 2.19, p = 0.005). There was no significant difference in EQ-VAS between groups (mean difference 1.00, p = 0.339). In the intervention group the improvement was more distinct in women (2.46, p = 0.036) compared to men (1.92, p = 0.063). In multilevel modeling, sex, age, family and work circumstances, any macrovascular diabetic complication, duration of diabetes, baseline body mass index and baseline EQ-VAS significantly influence final EQ-VAS, while DMP does not. The final model explains 28.9% (EQ-VAS) of the total variance. Most of the unexplained variance was found on patient-level (95%) and less on GP-level (5%).ConclusionDMP “Therapie-Aktiv” has no significant impact on final EQ-VAS. The impact of DMPs in type 2 diabetes on HRQoL is still unclear and future programmes should focus on patient specific needs and predictors in order to improve HRQoL.Trial registration Current Controlled trials Ltd., ISRCTN27414162

Health promotion among older adults in Austria: a qualitative study.

To determine the types of attitudes to health promotion among older Austrians. Health promotion in old age becomes increasingly important in the current period of demographic transition. Interventions are likely to be successful if they take the attitude of older persons into consideration. There may be several types of attitudes to health promotion among older adults. Cross-sectional qualitative study. Semi-structured interviews were conducted in a purposive sample consisting of 36 home-dwelling older persons from local communities in the federal province of Salzburg, Austria. Data were analysed using qualitative content analysis according to Mayring and subsequent construction of types. There are three main types of attitudes to health promotion. 'Health promoters through everyday activities' considered domestic work and walks to be sufficient in keeping up their health. Fitness-oriented persons practised sports of some type. Users of complementary methods practised such methods to some degree. These types of attitudes could be further differentiated according to their outcome expectations. In addition to benefits for health, socialising was also an important outcome. Physical decline may reduce a fitness-oriented attitude, whereas encouragement by others may trigger it. Older adults have various attitudes to health promotion, but these are not immutable. Health promotion programmes that are not restricted to a narrow focus on health but provide the opportunity to socialise may support older adults in maintaining a healthy lifestyle.

Cost analysis of a peer support programme for patients with type 2 diabetes: a secondary analysis of a controlled trial.

This study aimed to explore if group-based peer support as an additional component to a disease management programme (DMP) in type 2 diabetes can reduce the number of prescribed drugs; hospital admissions; and length of hospital stay and therefore be a cost-effective model. Controlled study based on a secondary data analysis of a cluster randomized trial. Our study population was general practitioners and patients in the province of Salzburg. The 24-months intervention consisted of regular group meetings facilitated by trained peer supporters. The groups exercised together, discussed diabetes related topics, and received support by professionals. Data was anonymously collected on clusters through the statutory health insurance. Data were available of 118 (82.5%,17 clusters of the patients in the original randomized trial) participants in the intervention and 143 (77.3%,19 clusters) in the control groups. The length of hospital stay was shorter in the intervention groups compared with controls. The mean difference during the 24-month study period was -40.13 days (95% CI - 78.54 to - 1.71, P = 0.041) in favour of the intervention groups. No differences were seen in the number of prescribed drugs and hospital admission. Estimated yearly savings by reducing the length of hospital stay was €1660.60 per patient. A group-based peer support programme as an additional component of a DMP in type 2 diabetes is a promising approach to optimize diabetes care and to enhance lifestyle interventions in primary care. Peer support seems to reduce length of hospital stay and could therefore be a cost-effective model.

ChemInform Abstract: Donharrisite, Ni3HgS3: Crystal Structure and Revision of the Chemical Formula.

AbstractThe title mineral crystallizes in the monoclinic space group C2/m with Z = 4 (single crystal XRD).

Geoarchaeological Investigations in the Bronze Age Ore Beneficiation Landscape of Troiboden (Province of Salzburg, Austria)

Mitterberg is the largest known Middle Bronze Age copper mining area in the Austrian Alps. During the course of the 2011 excavation campaign, a geoarchaeological investigation was conducted at the Troiboden peat bog, immediately southwest of the Mitterberg mine’s main entrance, which shows evidence of a more sophisticated ore beneficiation process with less copper loss than previously anticipated and has yet to be demonstrated at Bronze Age sites elsewhere. A portion of results of this investigation is summarized here. A sediment typology based on geoarchaological analysis is presented, and interpretations are made regarding the situation of the ore beneficiation landscape of Troiboden and its relationships both with the Mitterberg mines and its natural setting.

Donharrisite, Ni3HgS3: Crystal structure and revision of the chemical formula

The crystal structure of the mineral donharrisite, a rare nickel-mercury-sulfide reported in the literature with the formula Ni8Hg3S9, was solved and refined using intensity data collected from a crystal from Leogang, Salzburg Province, Austria. This study revealed that the structure is monoclinic, space group C2/m, with a = 11.574(3), b = 6.899(2), c = 5.419(1) Å, β = 93.71(2)° and V = 431.8(2) Å3. The refinement of an anisotropic model led to an R index of 0.044 for 383 independent reflections.In the crystal structure there are two Hg sites, four Ni sites and 2 S, with one Hg and one Ni site which are half-occupied. As typical of many intermetallic compounds, the donharrisite structure is characterized by atoms forming complex polyhedra as Hg[S6Ni4], Hg[S4Ni3], Ni[S4Ni2], Ni[S3NiHg], Ni[S6Ni2Hg2], Ni[S4Ni3Hg2], showing exceedingly short bond distances. Electron microprobe analyses of the crystal used for the structural study led to the formula Ni3.03Hg1.01S2.96, on the basis of 7 atoms. On the basis of information gained from this characterization the crystal chemical formula was revised according to the structural results, yielding Ni3HgS3 with Z = 4 (with a calculated density of 7.27 g/cm3), instead of Ni8Hg3S9 with Z = 2 (with a calculated density of 5.18 g/cm3) as previously reported.Although neither reflection streaks nor structural disorder were observed for the selected donharrisite crystal, the possibility that the refined structure (with partially-occupied sites and exceedingly short bond distances) could be a superposition of different layers belonging to an OD (order-disorder) structure is also discussed.

Present-day vegetation and the Holocene and recent development of Egelsee-Moor, Salzburg province, Austria

This paper describes the present-day vegetation, stratigraphy and developmental history of the mire of Egelsee-Moor (Salzburg, Austria; 45°45′N, 13°8.5′E, 700 m a.s.l., 15 ha in area) since the early Late Glacial on the basis of 4 transects with 14 trial borings across the peatland. We present a vegetation map of the mire, a longitudinal section through the peat body based on six cores showing the peat types, overview macrofossil diagrams of six cores showing the local mire development and two pollen diagrams covering the Late Glacial and Holocene. The chronology of the diagrams depends on biostratigraphic dating for the Late Glacial and early Holocene and radiocarbon dating for the remaining Holocene. The northern part of the mire originated through terrestrialisation of nutrient-rich, mostly inundated fen and the southern part through paludification of wet soils. The very small lake of today was a reservoir until recently for providing water-power for timber rafting (‘Holztrift’). The mire vegetation today is a complex of forested parts (mainly planted Pinus sylvestris and Thuja occidentalis, but also spontaneous Picea abies, Betula pubescens and Frangula alnus), reed-lands (Phragmites) and litter meadows (Molinietum, Schoenetum, etc.). The central part has hummock-hollow complexes with regionally rare species of transitional mires (Drosera anglica, D. intermedia, Lycopodiella inundata, Scorpidium scorpioides, Sphagnum platyphyllum, S. subnitens). The results indicate that some of the mid-Holocene sediments may have been removed by the timber-rafting practices, and that water extraction from the hydrological catchment since 1967 has resulted in a partial shift of transitional mire to ombrotrophic bog. The latter potentially endangers the regionally rare species and was used as an argument to stop further water extraction.

Spatiotemporal patterns of high-mountain lakes and related hazards in western Austria

Climate-induced environmental changes are triggering the dynamic evolution of high-mountain lakes worldwide, a phenomenon that has to be monitored in terms of lake outburst hazards. We analyzed the spatial distribution and recent temporal development of high-mountain lakes in a study area of 6139km2, covering the central European Alps over most of the province of Tyrol and part of the province of Salzburg in western Austria. We identified 1024 natural lakes. While eight lakes are ice-dammed, one-third of all lakes are located in the immediate vicinity of recent glacier tongues, half of them impounded by moraines, half by bedrock. Two-thirds of all lakes are apparently related to LIA or earlier glaciations. One landslide-dammed lake was identified in the study area.The evolution of nine selected (pro)glacial lakes was analyzed in detail, using multitemporal remotely sensed images and field reconnaissance. Considerable glacier retreat led to significant lake growth at four localities, two lakes experienced stagnant or slightly negative areal trends, one lake experienced a more significant negative areal trend, and two lakes drained completely during the investigation period. We further (i) analyzed the susceptibility of selected lakes to glacial lake outburst floods (GLOFs), using two different methods; (ii) identified potential triggers and mechanisms of GLOFs; (iii) calculated possible flood magnitudes for predefined flood scenarios for a subset of the lakes; and (iv) delineated potentially impacted areas.We distinguished three phases of development of bedrock-dammed lakes: (a) a proglacial, (b) a glacier-detached, and (c) a nonglacial phase. The dynamics — and also the susceptibility of a lake to GLOFs — decrease substantially from (a) to (c). Lakes in the stages (a) and (b) are less prominent in our study area, compared to other glacierized high-mountain regions, leading us to the conclusion that (i) the current threat to the population by GLOFs is lower but (ii) the future development of emerging lakes has to be monitored carefully.

Summer weather conditions and tourism flows in urban and rural destinations

This article presents new estimates of the impact of weather conditions on overnight stays of domestic and German tourists within Austria. The data consists of panel data for nine provinces for the summer seasons 1974–2012 where the variables are measured as year to year growt rates. Results using the seemingly unrelated regression model show that sunshine hours and temperatures in a given month have a significant and positive impact on domestic overnight stays in the same month for most of the provinces except for the capital of Vienna. Furthermore, sunshine hours affect German overnight stays mainly with a 1 year lag. In general, weather effects are much larger in August and September than in June and insignificant in July. An increase in temperature by 1 °C leads to an increase in domestic overnight stays in August by 1.2 %. The weather effects are largest for the province of Salzburg where current and lagged temperatures or sunshine can explain between 23 and 47 % of the variation in domestic and German overnight stays over the sample period.

Analyses of Black Grouse (Tetrao tetrix) faeces with infrared spectroscopic methods

In recent years, the Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) was used to assess the diet, digestibility or nutritional values of food items of ruminants. However, it has never been used to analyse the diet of grouse species. Commonly used methods have so far been direct observations of birds and microscopical analyses of droppings. The sample preparation and comparison of microscopical analyses is a highly time-consuming procedure. The comparison is based on morphological structures of epidermal cells, like the shape of cells, stomata or trichomes. In contrast, the sample preparation for the FT-IR and the subsequent measuring is simple and quickly done. We investigated the diet of Black Grouse (Tetrao tetrix L.) in two study areas with infrared spectroscopic methods comparing summer and winter droppings’ content with plant reference material. The study areas are located in the provinces of Salzburg and Upper Austria, Austria. In our study, samples were measured in the mid- and near-infrared range. We tried to determine the dominating content of faecal samples at species, genera or family level or at least to assign samples to one of four main plants groups (i.e. woody plants, heathers, herbs and grasses). Our results showed a dominance of Larix decidua within the group of woody plants in both areas and, within the group of heathers, a dominance of Calluna vulgaris and Rhododendron hirsutum in one study area. Partially, our results are in marked contrast to other studies conducted in the Alps, as Vaccinium myrtillus was not detected in the samples. For further methodological studies, faecal sampling over larger areas, larger samples of plant reference material (including seeds and other parts of plants at different seasons), taking more samples per dropping and synchronous comparisons of microscopic analyses as well as FT-IR spectroscopy, are recommended.

Being a Nursing Home Resident: A Challenge to One's Identity

Going into a nursing home can turn out to be a critical life experience if elderly people are afraid of losing their independence and identity after having moved into a nursing home. In order to find out what nursing home residents need in their first year after having moved into a nursing home to maintain their identity and self-determination, 20 problem-orientated interviews with residents of three nursing homes in the Austrian province of Salzburg were conducted and analysed based on content analysis according to Mayring. The participants of this study resist against having decisions taken away from them and fight for their independence and identity. In order to be able to cope with these strains, they need the help of family members, professionals, and identity-forming conversations in new social networks in the nursing home. The study participants draw enough strength from their faith in order to fight for their independence. They develop a new identity close to their previous identity by maintaining autonomy and mobility with a clear focus on the future.

Lightning Density Distribution and Hazard in an Alpine Region

Due to the expected climate change driven increase of extreme weather events, damage risks for infrastructure and buildings are rising. Hence spatial decision-support material is necessary to enhance risk management and planning strategies. The presented study contributes to this topic by means of an analysis of cloud-to-ground lightning patterns and their impact on structural facilities using Geographic Information Systems (GIS). Lightning records from 1998 to 2009, ascertained by the European Cooperation for Lightning Detection (EUCLID), were utilized in order to apply three different lightning density approaches to an alpine area comprising the Austrian federal province of Salzburg and south- east Bavaria, Germany. Based on the derived lightning density distribution maps and an elevation model, spatial coherences between lightning activity and various topographic properties such as altitude or surface curvature were evaluated. In order to subsequently estimate the lightning hazard to buildings in the city of Salzburg, the frequencies of hazardous lightning events were estimated in GIS using a European lightning protection standard (EN62305-2 Risk Management) as a foundation. Thereby, the prototypical realization was based on the lightning density, a cadastral dataset, and elevation data. The lighting density results obtained show high lightning activity with more than 3 yearly flashes per square kilometer along the northern edge of the Alps. The hazard analysis in the city of Salzburg showed high hazards for buildings due to electromagnetic induction (up to one dangerous event in each year) and comparatively low hazards due to direct lightning strikes (one dangerous event every 10 to 2200 years).

ECLARITE: NEW DATA AND INTERPRETATIONS

The crystal structure of eclarite, first determined by Kupcik in 1984, has been refined on material from the scheelite deposit at Felbertal, Salzburg Province, Austria, to an R 1 value of 4.5% on the basis of 4141 unique reflections [ F o > 4σ( F o )]. The chemical formula of material examined, based on 20.85 large cations (Z = 4) is Cu 0.76 Fe 0.45 Ag 0.12 Pb 8.14 Bi 12.59 S 27.91 ; its unit-cell parameters are a 4.0307(1), b 22.7011(6), and c 54.615(1) A, space group Pmcn . All the principal features of Kupcik’s structure were confirmed. Three cation sites appear split into Pb and Bi subsites, and the octahedral site of the “cosalite-like” fragment is a partially occupied Bi site, flanked by three-fold coordinated, partly occupied Cu1 and Cu2 sites. The tetrahedral (Cu,Fe) site is split into a triangular position and a tetrahedral position. Replacement of Fe by Cu at the tetrahedral site and replacement of Bi by Cu at the octahedral site are positively correlated. They result in a general formula of eclarite equal to Cu 1.5 n Fe 1− n Pb 9–1.25 n Bi 12+ n S 28 in which n is the molar proportion of the copper-based fully substituted ideal end-member Cu 1.5 Pb 7.75 Bi 13.0 S 28 , and (1– n ), that of the Fe-based ideal end-member FePb 9 Bi 12 S 28 . We propose a new interpretation of the crystal structure of eclarite, as a patchwork of large galenobismutite-like regions joined by interstitial elements.

CUPROMAKOPAVONITE, Cu8Ag3Pb4Bi19S38, A NEW MINERAL SPECIES, ITS CRYSTAL STRUCTURE AND THE CUPROPAVONITE HOMOLOGOUS SERIES

Cupromakopavonite, ideally Cu8Ag3Pb4Bi19S38, is a new mineral species found in quartz veins at the scheelite deposit Felbertal, Salzburg Province, Austria. It is associated with makovickyite, oversubstituted krupkaite ( bd 55), hodrusite, and kupcikite. The mineral is opaque and grey with a metallic luster; it is brittle without any discernible cleavage. In reflected light, it is greyish white, the bireflectance is weak, and the anisotropy is moderate in air and strong in oil. Internal reflections are absent. The reflectance data (%, air) are: 42.9, 46.6 at 470 nm, 42.1, 46.5 at 546 nm, 41.3, 45.8 at 589 nm and 40.2, 45.1 at 650 nm. The average results of 15 electron-microprobe analyses are: Cu 7.29(6), Ag 5.48(4), Pb 8.84(14), Cd 0.39(6), Bi 59.9(2), S 17.90(6), total 99.80(23) wt.%, corresponding to Cu7.82Ag3.46Pb2.91Cd0.24Bi19.53S38.05 (on the basis of Me + S = 72 apfu ). The simplified formula, Cu8Ag3Pb4Bi19S38, is in accordance with the results of our crystal-structure analysis. The density, 6.85 g/cm3, was calculated using the ideal (structural) formula. Cupromakopavonite has a monoclinic cell with a 13.380(2), b 4.0007(6), c 31.083(4) A, β 93.064(2)°, V 1661.5(4) A3, space group C 2/ m , and Z = 1. The strongest eight lines in the (calculated) powder-diffraction pattern [ d in A(I) hkl ] are: 3.607(57)(207), 3.457(99)(114), 3.436(37)(208), 3.340(34)(401), 2.953(28)(311), 2.874(33) (2010), 2.834(100)(313) and 2.256(29)(1111). The crystal structure was refined to R = 4.53% and wR = 6.0% for 1834 reflections [ F o > 4σ( F o )]. Our crystal-structure determination reveals that the unusually high value of the c parameter results from: (1) regular alternation of pavonite-like N = 4 and N = 5 layers in the structure, (2) regularly oriented distribution of the pairs of Bi pyramids and pairs of Pb–Bi prisms in the thin slabs of the structure, and (3) the appearance of a new three-coordinated Cu site instead of the octahedrally coordinated Ag site in the thin slabs. Cupromakopavonite is the N = 4.5 member of the newly defined cupropavonite homologous series, and its name underscores its close structural relationships to its two neighboring members, cupromakovickyite (N = 4) and cupropavonite (N = 5). We define the structural and chemical properties of this series, with the general, ideal formula, Cu8Ag2N−6Pb4Bi2N+10S4N+20 for Z = 1, where N is the order of the homologue. It includes N = 7 (“cuproplumbian benjaminite”) and N = 8 (“cuproplumbian mummeite”).