East Province Research Articles

Incorporating embodied carbon transfer and sequestration service flows into regional carbon neutrality assessment in China

Reliable and effective carbon neutrality assessments are crucial prerequisites for implementing various low-carbon policies and achieving carbon neutrality goals. Although the impact of embodied carbon transfer and carbon sequestration service flows on regional carbon neutrality is becoming increasingly significant, these factors are not effectively incorporated into current carbon neutrality assessments. Based on a thorough review of the literature and theoretical analysis, this study attempts to construct a regional carbon neutrality assessment framework that incorporates embodied carbon transfer and carbon sequestration service flows. This framework is then applied to assess carbon neutrality and its influencing factors in China's provinces. Our findings reveal that carbon emissions and sequestration capacities have increased across Chinese provinces, with the highest emissions in North and East China, and the highest sequestration in Southwest China. Economically developed provinces like Beijing, Zhejiang, and Jiangsu transfer substantial embodied carbon to provinces such as Inner Mongolia, Shanxi, and Hebei, while Guangxi, Sichuan, Yunnan, and Qinghai are major providers of carbon sequestration services. Carbon neutrality levels in Chinese provinces show a ring-shaped distribution, increasing from the inner to outer rings. Higher levels are found in Southwest and Northwest provinces (e.g., Yunnan, Qinghai, Guangxi), and lower levels in North and East provinces (e.g., Shanxi, Beijing, Zhejiang). Factors like urbanization rate, population density, per capita GDP, and energy consumption structure negatively impact carbon neutrality levels, whereas ecological land area and annual precipitation have positive impacts. In summary, incorporating embodied carbon transfer and carbon sequestration service flows into the regional carbon neutrality assessment framework facilitates a more comprehensive analysis of regional carbon neutrality levels and their influencing factors. This approach broadens the theoretical and methodological scope of regional carbon neutrality assessments and provides scientific references for the implementation of low-carbon policies and the advancement of carbon neutrality goals.

Analysis of Influence of Environmental Crisis in the Lake Urmia Basin on the Middle East

Although all of the existing water resources and lakes in the world are not suitable for agriculture,their preservation plays a very decisive role in preventing environmental disasters. Unfortunately, water sources in many countries are not strictly protected and are in danger of drying up as a result of artificial factors. Lake Urmia located between East and West Azerbaijani provinces in Iran is one of these lakes. Since the 1990s of the last century, the water level in Lake Urmia, which is considered one of the largest lakes in the world in terms of salinity, has decreased and is currently facing the threat of drying up. The complete drying of the lake will not only damage the ecosystem in the region, its side effects may also manifest in neighboring countries and the whole Middle East region. This process will also accelerate the migration flow from the region to other provinces and neighboring countries. Thus, the lake crisis in Urmia is hazardous for the entire region. The purpose of this study is to reveal the main causes of drying lake, predict threats emerging in the region and look for solutions to eliminate this crisis.

Factors affecting rural youth participation in the smallholder farming sector

Youth participation in agriculture across Africa remains notably low, failing to reflect significant investments made in the sector. Much of the discussion to date on factors affecting rural youth participation in agriculture has occurred in the absence of robust and compelling evidence. As a result, most policy decisions rely on misconcep­tions about youth intentions and involvement in agriculture, leading to ineffective strategies for increasing their participation. This study aims to examine the factors influencing rural youth partici­pation in agriculture, particularly in the context of smallholder farming. A pre-tested, structured ques­tionnaire collected data from 200 youths (aged 15 to 35 years) across three districts of Mashonaland East Province in Zimbabwe. Both inferential and descriptive statistics were employed to analyze the data. The findings indicate that the future of agri­culture and food security in the study areas is uncertain, with more than 70% of the youth surveyed indicating they do not anticipate engaging in agriculture during the next five years. The factors associated with youth participation in agriculture were found to be multifaceted, encompassing demographic, economic, psychological, educa­tional, and technological dimensions. To enhance youth involvement in agriculture, the study recom­mends a shift from the traditional siloed approach to an interdisciplinary strategy that includes com­prehensive planning, investment, and decision-making.

The economic contribution of camel-based livestock systems in North-African drylands: the case of East and South Moroccan provinces

The economic contribution of camel-based livestock systems in North-African drylands: the case of East and South Moroccan provinces

Association between neighborhood built environment and resident leisure walking – A cross-sectional study in China

IntroductionPhysical activity has a vital influence in promoting health and sustainable development of society and environment. Leisure walking, as a widely embraced low-cost physical activity, can effectively help reduce the prevalence of chronic diseases and enhance health. Improving the neighborhood built environment may affect the quality of leisure walking, as an activity that depends upon features of the built environment. MethodsUsing data from the 2015 China Health and Nutrition Survey, we obtained a sample of 1006 residents from 134 neighborhoods in nine provinces east of the Heihe-Tengchong Line in China. We used logit mixed-effect models and linear mixed-effect models to measure associations between neighborhood built environment characteristics and leisure walking durations within urban, suburban, county-seat, and rural neighborhoods. We differentiated between leisure walking on weekdays and weekends. ResultsResidents in rural neighborhoods that had dirt or paved roads had shorter leisure walking durations compared with residents in rural neighborhoods that had mainly gravel roads. Residents in urban neighborhoods that had gyms had shorter leisure walking durations compared with residents in urban neighborhoods for which the nearest gym was outside the neighborhood. The presence of parks did not show any significant association with leisure walking durations in any neighborhood type. The presence of bus stops was associated with greater leisure walking durations in county-seat neighborhoods, as were more restaurants in suburban neighborhoods. ConclusionSeemingly mundane built environment factors such as road pavement type appeared to be more closely associated with the duration of leisure walking than previously studied parks. Different built environment factors were associated with leisure walking duration within specific neighborhood types. Further research should focus on the characteristics of leisure walking behavior in various spatial contexts and during different time periods to continue to reveal the complex interactions between built environment factors and leisure walking.

Heavy Metal Accumulation Trends for Tsunga, Tomatoes and Rape in Soils from Two Provinces of Zimbabwe

Tomatoes, tsunga (mustard) and rape were sampled from Mashonaland East and Central provinces of Zimbabwe. Aim was to assess hyper accumulative tendency of these towards heavy metals (Cd, Cu, Co, Cr, Ni, and Pb). Most of these heavy metals were noted to be of anthropogenic origin. Co, Mn and Cr were noted to be naturally inherent in Mushimbo, Mutoko soils. Heavy metal levels in irrigation water were within internationally acceptable ranges according to ATSDR. There was no direct reflection of level dependency between the water and plants studied. Bioaccumulation of cadmium and lead levels occurred in all vegetables despite low levels in the soil environment. High heavy metal levels in arable land as compared to virgin land proves contamination at play and also the anthropogenic origin. It was concluded that different vegetables accrue different heavy metals at different rates under the same environment. It was recommended to do more investigations on factors that determine absorption and hyper accumulation tendency of heavy metals in plants. This data could be used as a basis for recommending what crops to grow and in specific areas hence promote food safety in addition to food security for the nation.

Molecular and Serological Survey of Asymptomatic Malaria Infection in Endemic Area Sistan and Baluchestan Province in East of Iran

Molecular and Serological Survey of Asymptomatic Malaria Infection in Endemic Area Sistan and Baluchestan Province in East of Iran

Coupling Mechanisms of Eco-environmental Quality and Human Activities in China and Their Influencing Factors

In the context of sustainable development, it is important to thoroughly investigate the coupling mechanism between China's eco-environmental quality and human activities, as well as identify the influencing factors, in order to provide scientific references for achieving sustainable development goals in China. This study applied trend analysis, coupling coordination degree, LMDI, and optimal parameter geographic detector models to explore and evaluate the coupling mechanism between China's eco-environmental quality and human activities. The findings of the study were as follows:① During the research period, there was a growth trend in China's coupling coordination degree, human activities, and eco-environmental quality. Human activities and coupling coordination degree exhibited a spatial differentiation pattern with the Hu Line as the boundary, showing an "east high, west low" distribution. The eco-environmental quality demonstrated a "south high, north low" differentiation pattern. ② The overall trend of China's coupling coordination type transformation was shifting from lower-level to higher-level coordination types. ③ Based on the geographic detector and LMDI models, the dominant factors influencing the coupling coordination degree in most provinces east of the Hu Line were social and economic factors, as well as the comprehensive coordination index. In contrast, the dominant factors in most provinces west of the Hu Line were natural environmental factors and coupling degree. ④ The evaluation of the impact of changes in human activities on eco-environmental quality revealed that the regions east of the Hu Line were mainly characterized by favorable development and effective protection, whereas the regions west of the line were mainly characterized by destructive development and ineffective protection. It is suggested that the regions on both sides of the Hu Line should prioritize development based on local prerequisites influencing the coupling coordination degree and the relative relationship between human activities and eco-environmental quality. It is crucial to actively adjust development strategies and pursue a sustainable development path towards the high-level coordination between eco-environmental quality and human activities.

Loan Repayment Performance on Smallholder Tobacco Contract Farmers. A Case of Ward 21 Marondera District, Mashonaland East Province

This study examined the factors affecting loan repayment performance among smallholder tobacco contract farmers in Mashonaland East Province in Marondera District, Ward 21. The study was a quantitative research. A total of 222 respondents were administered with structured questionnaires to provide the relevant information. The information was gathered from respondents in Ward 21 Marondera District using the multistage sampling technique. A Linear regression model was applied to analyse factors that affected tobacco output and a Probit model was applied to analyse factors that affected loan repayment performance among smallholder tobacco farmers. The majority of the respondents who participated were males and they were the ones making household financial decisions. Results from the linear regression model showed that of the 9 variables that were tested, education level, tobacco land irrigation land and farm experience were significant at a 5% level of significance. Results from the probit model showed that of the 27 variables that were tested, household size, land size, experience, other loans due, other crop enterprise, loan purpose, other sources of income and side marketing were found statistically significant at a 5% level of significance. Therefore, it is recommended that the lenders pay much attention to land size, experience and the size of households of the farmers before extending credit to them as these were found to be contributing the highest variance in loan repayment performance

SPATIAL INSIGHTS INTO EARTHQUAKE STRENGTH: A SULAWESI CASE STUDY USING ORDINARY AND ROBUST KRIGING METHODS

The data from the Meteorology, Climatology and Geophysics Agency (BMKG) in the last 22 years shows that there have been 230 destructive earthquakes in Indonesia with the highest incidence in 2021. One of the islands frequently hit by earthquakes is Sulawesi Island. According to the 2020 Disaster Risk Index Book (IRBI), 63 of the 81 regencies/cities on Sulawesi Island have a high category earthquake risk index. Based on this, information is needed as a first step in disaster mitigation so that the government can take preventive and anticipatory actions to reduce risks associated with earthquakes and ensure the safety of people on the island of Sulawesi, one of which is obtained through spatial interpolation. In this study, the Kriging methods of interpolation, Ordinary Kriging (OK) and Robust Kriging (RK) were used. From the analysis with OK and RK, the best theoretical semivariogram model is the Exponential model with nugget, sill and range values of ​​respectively 0.40, 0.70, and 6.50 for OK and 0.35, 0.90 and 9.50 for RK. Both methods produced the results that most areas of Sulawesi Island have the potential for shallow earthquakes with a magnitude of around 3.2 to 4.0 on the Richter scale. The potential for earthquakes with high strength is more common around the seas to the east and north of Central Sulawesi Province. The highest estimation results are at the coordinates of 120,029° East Longitude, 1.159° North Latitude, namely in the sea north of South Dampal. According to the results of K-Fold Cross Validation and Leave One Out Cross Validation, the more accurate method for estimating earthquake strength on Sulawesi Island is the RK method because the RMSE and MAPE values ​​in the RK method are smaller than the OK method.

Commercialization of African indigenous vegetables: evidence from Mashonaland East province, Zimbabwe

Commercialization of African indigenous vegetables: evidence from Mashonaland East province, Zimbabwe

An investigation on diversity species of snails and slugs in the east of Tehran province

An investigation on diversity species of snails and slugs in the east of Tehran province

Burden of upper gastrointestinal cancers in the east of Golestan province (Golestan cohort study).

Cancers, especially Upper Gastrointestinal Cancers (UGCs), pose a substantial burden on society, particularly in developing nations. Golestan province, Iran, is known for its high UGC rates globally. This study delves into the disease burden of UGCs in the eastern part of Golestan province. This study was conducted using the results of the Golestan cohort study. 2711 patients participating in this cohort, who visited Atrak Clinic during 2001-2020, participated in this study. After excluding patients with incomplete records, 2481 patients were included in the study. To compute the metrics of years of life lost (YLL), years of life lived with disability (YLD), and disability-adjusted life years (DALY), we utilized the World Health Organization's standard life table, stratified by age and gender. The majority of UGC patients in our study were married (81.8%), had limited formal education (82.6%), and were predominantly male (61.1%). A substantial proportion resided in suburban areas (85.8%), and over half of the patients (52%) reported a history of drug addiction. The mean age at diagnosis for men was 65.76 years with a standard deviation of 11.34, while for women, it was 64.38 years with a standard deviation of 11.66. Regarding disease impact, YLL, YLD, and DALY for men were 21 240, 1956, and 23 196 (307.8 per 100 000), respectively. For women, these figures were 15 609 for YLL, 1367 for YLD, and 16 976 (223.1 per 100 000) for DALY. After the increasing trend of the burden of UGCs in Golestan province in the early years of the study, this rate has been decreasing in recent years. Effective strategies necessitate collaborative efforts across various sectors to alleviate this burden, focusing on preventive measures, timely diagnosis, and well-coordinated therapeutic interventions.

‘서희의 외교 전략’을 통한 동북아시아 외교 문제의 해법

This study examines and applies the diplomatic strategy of Seo Hee, a renowned Goryea diplomat, in resolving Northeast Asian diplomatic challenges that remain unresolved in the 21st century. The examination focuses on Seo Hee’s diplomatic negotiations in the wake of Goryeo’s territorial dispute with the Khitans.
 Seo Hee’s diplomatic resolution with Khitan general Xiao Sunning, leading to the acquisition of six provinces east of the Aprok River(Yalu River), may offer clues to resolving presentday diplomatic issues in Northeast Asia involving Korea. Based on the framework of Seo Hee’s diplomatic resolution with Xiao Sunning, this study proposes solutions to conflicts over the Northern Limit Line (NLL) interpretation between South Korea and North Korea, territorial claims to Dokdo between South Korea and Japan, and the exclusive economic zone between South Korea and China.
 Furthermore, the study advocates benchmarking South Korea’s foreign policy and strategy Seo Hee’s diplomatic resolution in the current international politics in the contradiction and persuasion, terming this diplomatic strategy Seo Hee’s diplomatic strategy for the contradiction and persuasion. Two key proposals emerge from Seo Hee’s diplomatic strategy: first, the importance of training and contradiction and persuasion style diplomatic experts; and second, the adoption of a pragmatic foreign policy with a win-win strategy in which the country and its diplomatic counterpart create mutually favorable outcomes together, rather than a one-sided win or loss. The study posits that South Korea’s diplomacy will make further progress with proper application of these proposals.

Policy Formulation Based on Village Development Index (IDM) in East Java Province

The Ministry of Village published Ministerial Regulation (PERMENDES) No. 2 of 2016 regulation, on the subject of Building Village Index. The building village index is an index composite from the social resilience index, economic resilience index, and ecology resilience index. IDM can be used to measure the success of a village in carrying out village development. Status improvement of villages in the Regency/City of East Java is needed, subsequent to IDM results. The purpose of this research is to describe the condition of villages in regencies/cities in East Java based on the three IDM forming indices and to find out the East Java Government’s policy direction in increasing village potential. The research method used is qualitative descriptive with explanatory/naturalistic research. The result show that, in 2019, the majority of villages in the Regency/City Province East Java were developing villages and there were still two very disadvantaged villages. The result of the distribution of the resilience index shows that the social resilience index is the best distribution. It is necessary to have a strategy to achieve the overall development. The East Java Provincial Government provides a strategy for realizing development through village potential, these strategies include, Lumpang Bude, Bumdesa Clinic, Uncle Village, East Java Puspa, Empowered Village, Bank Mushroom Seeds, Sapa Village, and Simanis.
 Keywords: ecological resilience index, economic resilience index, social resilience index, village development index, village status

PENYULUHAN KESEHATAN HEWAN DI DESA CAMPLONG II, KECAMATAN FATULEU, KABUPATEN KUPANG, PROVINSI NUSA TENGGARA TIMUR

The outbreak of Foot and Mouth Disease (FMD) and African Swine Fever (ASF) in Indonesia needs to be counteracted by providing education and increasing awareness to the farming community about the importance of animal health and its impact on the economy and human health. Apart from that, the public also needs to be educated about the transmission and prevention of FMD, which is still free in NTT, and ASF disease, which is currently being eradicated. Members of the Telekomunit Farmers Group, the Sanam Tuan Farmers Group, the Sabu Bani Farmers Group, and the Setetes Madu Farmers Group in Camplong II Village, Fatuleu District, Kupang Regency, Nusa Province East Southeast are being helped through communication and education as part of this service activity. The goal is to make them more aware of the threat of PMK and ASF. In this activity, the community was also educated about rabies, which has become an epidemic in TTS, one of the areas on the island of Timor, and has been designated as an extraordinary rabies event.

Dissemination of indigenous knowledge in Mashonaland east province, Zimbabwe

Africa has a wealth of knowledge that is currently facing extinction unless drastic measures are taken to disseminate it. This study investigates the dissemination of indigenous knowledge by traditional leaders in the Mashonaland East Province in Zimbabwe. A qualitative methodology that used hermeneutic phenomenology and knowledge conversion theory was used to explore the dissemination of indigenous knowledge by traditional leaders in the Mashonaland East Province, in Zimbabwe. Purpose sampling was used to determine the study population. Data collected from interviews with traditional leaders and other members of the community were augmented with reviewed documents from the ministry responsible for the appointment of traditional leaders. Data was analysed thematically according to the study objectives. The findings of this study revealed that traditional leaders are among the custodians of indigenous knowledge who should ensure that indigenous knowledge is preserved for posterity. It was established that the constitution of Zimbabwe empowers traditional leaders to guard jealously the indigenous knowledge of their communities through the development of strategies for spreading the knowledge to future generations. Various indigenous knowledge scholars concurred that the lack of proper dissemination of indigenous knowledge culminates in its extinction. Dissemination strategies that include the use of information communication technologies were proposed. Furthermore, the study recommends that indigenous knowledge should first be captured and documented to enable greater dissemination.

Exploring the Competences of Rural Primary School Heads in Financial Management: A Case Study of Primary Schools in Mudzi District, Mashonaland East Province of Zimbabwe

Exploring the Competences of Rural Primary School Heads in Financial Management: A Case Study of Primary Schools in Mudzi District, Mashonaland East Province of Zimbabwe

The Impact of the Early Childhood Development (Ecd) Program: A Case Study of Mutoko District in Mashonaland East Province in Zimbabwe

The Impact of the Early Childhood Development (Ecd) Program: A Case Study of Mutoko District in Mashonaland East Province in Zimbabwe

Financial Risks in Rural Public Secondary Schools: The Case of 5 Selected Schools in Mudzi District of Mashonaland East Province, Zimbabwe

Financial Risks in Rural Public Secondary Schools: The Case of 5 Selected Schools in Mudzi District of Mashonaland East Province, Zimbabwe