Provision Of Treatment Services Research Articles

Counselling approaches and characteristics of recovering substance use disorder counsellors working in addiction treatment agencies in New York, USA

Purpose: The objective of this qualitative study is to investigate the perspectives of recovering counsellors on counselling approaches and the influence that their personal attributes have on clients.
 Design/Methodology/Approach: Purposive and snowball sampling techniques were utilised, and semi-structured face-to-face interviews were carried out with 18 recovering counsellors in New York, USA. Thematic analysis was employed to analyse the data.
 Findings: Motivational interviewing (MI), and cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT), and support groups were popular therapeutic modalities among many participants. Recovering counsellors underlined that utilising personal qualities contributed positively to treatment outcomes by establishing a long-lasting relationship with clients.
 Conclusion: This study's findings underscored the significance of exploring recovering SUD counsellors' viewpoints regarding their counselling approaches and personality traits in underscoring their role in providing treatment services to clients.
 Research Limitations: The study reflects recovering counsellors' perspectives at a specific moment, but the dynamic nature of recovery implies that their views and approaches may evolve over time, affecting the long-term implications of their counselling methods.
 Practical Implications: Organizations may consider providing supervision to recovering counsellors, acknowledging the challenges they face, and leveraging their personal qualities for better client engagement.
 Contribution to Literature: The study's emphasis on therapeutic modalities and personal qualities provides practical insights for optimizing counselling approaches and maximizing the benefits of employing recovering counsellors in SUD treatment settings.

Telehealth and In-Person Behavioral Health Services in Rural Communities Before and During the COVID-19 Pandemic: Multisite Prospective Cohort Study.

The COVID-19 pandemic triggered widespread adjustments across the US health care system. Telehealth use showed a substantial increase in mental health conditions and services due to acute public health emergency (PHE) behavioral health needs on top of long-standing gaps in access to behavioral health services. How health systems that were already providing behavioral telehealth services adjusted services and staffing during this period has not been well documented, particularly in rural areas with chronic shortages of behavioral health providers and services. This study investigates patient and treatment characteristic changes from before the COVID-19 PHE to during the PHE within both telehealth and in-person behavioral health services provided in 95 rural communities across the United States. We used a nonrandomized, prospective, multisite research design involving 2 active treatment groups. The telehealth cohort included all patients who initiated telehealth treatment regimens during the data collection period. A comparison group included a cohort of patients who initiated in-person treatment regimen. Patient enrollment occurred on a rolling basis, and data collection was extended for 3 months after treatment initiation for each patient. Chi-square tests compared changes from pre-PHE to PHE time periods within telehealth and in-person treatment cohorts. The dependent measures included patient diagnosis, clinicians providing treatment services, and type of treatment services provided at each encounter. The 4780 patients in the telehealth cohort and the 6457 patients in the in-person cohort had an average of 3.5 encounters during the 3-month follow-up period. The encounters involving anxiety, dissociative, and stress-related disorders in the telehealth cohort increased from 30% (698/2352) in the pre-PHE period to 35% (4632/12,853) in the PHE period (P<.001), and encounters involving substance use disorders in the in-person cohort increased from 11% (468/4249) in the pre-PHE period to 18% (3048/17,047) in the PHE period (P<.001). The encounters involving treatment service codes for alcohol, drug, and medication-assisted therapy in the telehealth cohort increased from 1% (22/2352) in the pre-PHE period to 11% (1470/13,387) in the PHE period (P<.001); likewise, encounters for this type of service in the in-person cohort increased from 0% (0/4249) in the pre-PHE period to 16% (2687/17,047) in the PHE period (P<.001). From the pre-PHE to the PHE period, encounters involving 60-minute psychotherapy in the telehealth cohort increased from 8% (190/2352) to 14% (1802/13,387; P<.001), while encounters involving group therapy in the in-person cohort decreased from 12% (502/4249) to 4% (739/17,047; P<.001). The COVID-19 pandemic challenged health service providers, and they adjusted the way both telehealth and in-person behavioral therapy services were delivered. Looking forward, future research is needed to explicate the interaction of patient, provider, setting, and intervention factors that influenced the patterns observed as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic.

Rumination and quality of life among Northern Plains Indians.

Therapeutic mechanisms targeting multiple mental health disorders are key for providing treatment services with high-disparity, low-resource populations. Rumination, a cognitive response style, is a well-recognized transdiagnostic factor across disorders in the general population (Arditte et al., 2016; Nolen-Hoeksema, 1991). This study explored the influence of rumination, and mediational effect of mental health disorder, on Quality of Life among a sample of 585 Northern Plains Indian (NPI) women and men. Using secondary data from a Mood Disorder Assessment Validation study, parallel mediation path analyses indicated rumination did not have a direct influence on quality of life. However, rumination indicated higher anxiety (R² = .38, p < .001), depression (R² = .60, p < .001), and substance use symptoms (R² = .14, p < .001). As rumination increased, significant increases occurred in severity of symptoms reported for women and men for all diagnoses- but lower perceived quality of life occurred only in the presence of depressive symptoms (women, B = -28.19, p < .001; men, B = -20.15, p < .001). Significant differences arose between NPI women and men, with women reporting higher rumination, anxiety, and depression and men reporting higher substance use. Based on these results, rumination is useful as a transdiagnostic factor for NPIs, as rumination helped uncover maladaptive coping mechanisms among NPIs in the sample. In addition, quality of life assessments can help target maladaptive coping in treatment by taking a holistic view of well-being that accounts for risk factors while supporting traditional views of healing. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2021 APA, all rights reserved).

Evaluation of Technical Efficiency of Hospitals during COVID-19 Crisis: A Case Study of Kohgiloyeh and Boyer-Ahmad Hospitals

Background: Hospitals are the most important executive part of healthcare systems. During COVID-19 crisis, they faced a sudden demand, and spent the hospital resources and equipment in order to provide treatment services to COVID-19 patients. Considering that the provision of services was focused on these patients, the efficiency of hospitals during this crisis was not clear. The purpose of the current research is to investigate the efficiency of hospitals affiliated with Kohgiluyeh and Boyer Ahmad University of medical sciences, as well as the imaging units as the most important diagnostic department in the time of this pandemic.&#x0D; Methods: This was a quantitative and retrospective study which examining technical efficiency of 6 hospitals affiliated with Kohgiluyeh and Boyer Ahmad University of medical sciences. In addition, the technical efficiency of the imaging units (CT scan, radiology and ultrasound) in these hospitals was evaluated. Technical efficiency was calculated and compared through different scenarios based on different inputs and outputs during the pandemic. The model used in this research was multi-stage DEA. To analyze the data, the output maximization model and variable returns to scale were used. Relevant data were collected for a one-year period, from October 2020 to October 2021. Technical efficiency was calculated using Deap 2.1.&#x0D; Results: The average technical efficiency of the hospitals affiliated with Kohgiluyeh and Boyer Ahmad University of medical sciences during COVID-19 pandemic was 0.80 which was satisfactory. The average efficiency of CT scan, ultrasound and radiology units in the studied hospitals and based on the defined scenarios was 0.67, 0.44 and 0.40, respectively. This shows that the ultrasound and radiology units are far from efficient.&#x0D; Conclusion: The hospitals under study as well as CT scan units were efficient during COVID-19 crisis. Examining the efficiency of the returns compared to the scale showed that increasing the number of beds as well as the equipment would not increase efficiency. Paying attention to the needs of population under study and financing them accordingly, would lead to the financial efficiency of the hospitals.

Health digitalisation and innovative entrepreneurship status. A qualitative exploration of private sector in Greece and synthesis of main issues

This primary research aims to examine to what extent Greek health entrepreneurs, as they looking for options to grow their businesses, have realized the opportunities offered to them by the new technologies. Furthermore, to which level they have implemented innovative practices, based on the potential of digitalisation, to improve the operation of their entrepreneurial activities in providing treatment services to the citizens as well as to cooperate with other structures and other organisations. The research explores the views of the entrepreneurs on using digital practices at their services and their impact regards to the reduction of operating costs, the control of materials and the change of the patient-doctor cooperation grid. A qualitative study was conducted with semi-structured interviews in twelve healthcare companies from various regions of Greece. The selection of the sample was made with the Convenience Sampling strategy. The interviews were conducted in Greek with the owners or managers of these healthcare units and the duration was 45 minutes. The content of the semi-structured interviews was classified into three thematic categories. The first section dealt with innovative digital interventions in relation to suppliers, materials, wares, supplies and payments. The second section is concerned with innovative digital interventions compared to the public services and self-administrative authorities, insurance funds and public health structures. The third section is concerned with the innovative digital interventions in relation to the quality care of the patient, his treatment and upgrading the offered health services. The research showed that there were discrepancies in the development of innovative digital activities among the examined companies. Innovative digital interventions were developed by health enterprises, especially in the field of their internal operation and in the service of their patients. On the contrary, many digital interventions could not be completed since there has been an incompatibility with public services and public health structures where the digital transition has not progressed in the same level. Entrepreneurs who preferred traditional forms of operating and offering services to their patients, they did so by fearing that innovative digital activities required more financial capitals and new qualified staff that would surely increase their operating costs.

Psychometric Properties of the Turkish Version of the Screening Instrument for Borderline Personality Disorder

Patients with borderline personality disorder are a population for whom mental health professionals have difficulty in both diagnosing and providing treatment services. This study aimed to investigate the psychometric properties of the Screening Instrument for Borderline Personality Disorder (SI-Bord) in a Turkish sample. Participants were invited to study via online methods between August 2020 and October 2020. Data were collected from 661 participants ranging between the ages of 18 and 67 (Mean = 35.99). This study demonstrated that the Turkish version of SI-Bord is a valid and reliable measure to evaluate borderline personality disorder, which is encountered in clinical practice both as a comorbid disorder and as a unique diagnosis requiring a differential diagnosis. [ Psychiatr Ann. 2022;52(9):380–387.]

A qualitative study exploring the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on People Who Inject Drugs (PWID) and drug service provision in the UK: PWID and service provider perspectives.

BackgroundPeople Who Inject Drugs (PWID) are subject to distinct socio-structural inequalities that can expose them to high risks of COVID-19 transmission and related health and social complications. In response to COVID-19 mitigation strategies, these vulnerabilities are being experienced in the context of adapted drug treatment service provision, including reduced in-person support and increased regulatory flexibility in opioid substitution therapy (OST) guidelines. This study aimed to explore the longer-term impact of the pandemic on the health and wellbeing of PWID in the UK, including provider and client experiences of treatment changes.MethodsInterviews were conducted with 19 PWID and 17 drug treatment providers between May and September 2021, recruited from drug and homelessness charities providing treatment services and healthcare in the UK. Data were analysed using reflexive thematic analysis.ResultsMost participants expressed ongoing fears of COVID-19 transmission, although socio-structural inequalities limited the contexts in which physical distancing could be practised. In addition, virus mitigation strategies altered the risk environment for PWID, resulting in ongoing physical (e.g. changing drug use patterns, including transitions to crack cocaine, benzodiazepine and pregabalin use) and socio-economic harms (e.g. limited opportunities for sex work engagement and income generation). Finally, whilst clients reported some favourable experiences from service adaptations prompted by COVID-19, including increased regulatory flexibility in OST guidelines, there was continued scepticism and caution among providers toward sustaining any treatment changes beyond the pandemic period.ConclusionsWhilst our findings emphasize the importance of accessible harm reduction measures attending to changing indices of drug-related harm during this period, there is a need for additional structural supports to ensure pre-existing disparities and harms impacting PWID are not exacerbated further by the conditions of the pandemic. In addition, any sustained policy and service delivery adaptations prompted by COVID-19 will require further attention if they are to be acceptable to both service users and providers.

Is Methadone Safe for Patients With Opioid Use Disorder and Coronavirus Disease 2019 Infection?

The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has led to not only increase in substance misuse, substance use disorder, and risk of overdose but also lack of access to treatment services. Due to lack of knowledge of the course and impact of COVID-19 and outcomes of it’s interactions with existing treatments, the Substance Misuse Service Team initiated a safety improvement project to review the safety of opioid substitution treatment, particularly the safety of methadone. This preliminary retrospective cross-sectional audit of safety improvement intiative underscores the importance of providing treatment services to those with opioid use disorders and that methadone is safe among this population with a high burden of comorbidity, most of which leads to negative outcomes from COVID-19. The outcomes show that patients who have COVID-19 should continue with opioid substitution treatment with methadone. Although treatment with methadone is safe, symptomatic patients should be monitored. In addition, patients who take methadone at home should be educated on the risk of overdose due to, and adverse outcomes from, COVID-19 infection. Patients should monitor themselves using pulse oximeter for any signs of hypoxia.

Examining the gender dimension in the non-medical use of over the counter and prescription only medication

There is concern regarding gender differences in problematic non-medical over the counter (OTC) and/or prescription only medication (POM) use. This issue has traditionally been considered a predominantly male and/or younger persons’ problem, but more recent transnational evidence shows that women across their life-course are increasingly and often more severely affected. Nevertheless, the bulk of research, policy and treatment services continue to be focused on men. This suggests the need for increased awareness, a shift in research and policy agenda and improved treatment access and engagement approaches, informed by a robust examination of the gender dimension. We present here a summary of current evidence around the epidemiology of non-medical use of OTC and POM and highlight the gender differences across the domains of healthcare interactions, changes across the life-course, experiences of trauma and barriers to obtaining support. We conclude by proposing a re-gendering agenda to challenge the ‘male by default’ tendency when designing, delivering and evaluating treatment services. For example, utilising co-production with a strengths-based approach has been found to balance gender power with positive outcomes for participants. Such approaches can help to address stigma and marginalisation, by embedding the lived experiences and voices of women in designing and providing treatment services, safe spaces and gender-sensitive treatment programs. It also means promoting coordinated, holistic, multidisciplinary and multi-agency approaches, and establishing a research strategy to fill knowledge gaps around the experiences of women. These changes should improve engagement with treatment services and consequent outcomes, especially in relation to OTC/POM.

Knowledge, attitudes, and perceptions toward informed consent and its implications among dental professionals in South India: A cross-sectional study

Objectives: To assess the current knowledge, attitudes, and perceptions toward informed consent and legal conflicts among Dental professionals in the Dental colleges of South India. Methods: This descriptive cross-sectional study was carried out at eight dental teaching institutions of Andhra Pradesh and Telangana. A structured close-ended questionnaire was used to obtain data from the dentists, including the postgraduates and teaching staff. The aim was to assess the knowledge on informed consent in the routine practice of dentistry. Results: A total of 450 professionals were approached; among them, 368 were included in the survey. Independent variables such as age, gender, clinical practice experience, and levels of designation were assessed for association with perceptions of informed consent. Majority of the study population felt the necessity of informed consent in daily dental practices. In addition, 75.2% of the professional population were aware of legal conflicts as they reported that if a doctor working in an institution does fault in providing treatment services without consent, then they will be liable before the law. There was a statistically significant association between the age of the study population and their attitude toward the necessity of consent in treating patients (P = 0.03). Similarly, there were variations in the opinions of gender toward the nature of informed consent, which was proved to be statistically significant (P = 0.027). Moreover, clinical practice experience was significantly associated with knowledge of informed consent evolution and types of consent required for a child between 7 and 17 years of age (P = 0.002 and 0.028), respectively. Conclusion: About 86% of the surveyed dentists are aware of the importance of informed consent in practical dentistry and consider it as an ethical and legal obligation. Moreover, expressed consent is the preferred means of obtaining consent from patients for the most dental procedure. Majority (89%) of them responded that the questionnaire gave them additional information about lawsuits and preferred streamlining the process of informed consent through Institutional review boards to avoid legal conflicts.

Medicolegal Issues with Reference to NDPS and MHCA in Management and Rehabilitation of Persons with Substance Use Disorders.

Medicolegal Issues with Reference to NDPS and MHCA in Management and Rehabilitation of Persons with Substance Use Disorders.

Exploring the Perspectives of Healthcare Providers on Providing HIV Prevention and Treatment Services for Key Populations in Rwanda: A Qualitative Study

Exploring the Perspectives of Healthcare Providers on Providing HIV Prevention and Treatment Services for Key Populations in Rwanda: A Qualitative Study

57.4 FAMILY DYNAMICS AND LIFE AFTER TRANSITION IN TRANSITIONAL-AGED YOUTH

Frequently, a child’s concerns about gender or thoughts about gender identity create or exacerbate problems in families. Attendees will better understand how to intervene to help ameliorate complex family dynamics and communication patterns when working with gender-diverse youth. Addressing family dynamics in the context of COVID-19 stressors and telepsychiatry will be addressed. Parents may disagree about how to engage and support their children. They may engage in conflict with the child about gender identity and choice, or they may be confused about their child and their thoughts and wishes. Parents may also be unsure of how to help their child with peers, school personnel, or others. This also may lead to conflict and frustration with resulting lack of acceptance and mutual alienation. The child’s age and developmental level also must be included in a therapeutic understanding of the situation. Finally, a family’s circumstances and stresses often further complicate matters. This presentation will review family therapy approaches to these situations. Family engagement, comfort with the problem, and a vision that the situation can work out will be discussed. Focus on the values of the family and their connections with each other can lead to a sense of renewed attachment and mutual support. Methods of patiently dealing with conflict, ensuring safety, and building mutual support will be emphasized. Engaging other families in similar situations can be helpful, and assisting the family in utilizing knowledgeable resources will be discussed. Promoting a hopeful and optimistic path to the future through uncertainty is at the heart of this treatment. Working with the whole family system is crucial when providing treatment services to gender-diverse youth.

Termal Konaklama İşletmelerinde Sunulan Hizmetin, Müşteri Memnuniyeti Açısından Değerlendirilmesi: Kahramanmaraş Örneği

Thermal tourism is an important tourism activity that increases regional development as well as providing treatment services to its participants. Customers using thermal tourism prefer businesses that provide thermal services in order to being treated and to benefit from the effects of nature. Kahramanmaras Province has the potential to compete with other thermal regions in terms of thermal resources. The factor that distinguishes thermal hotel businesses from each other will be possible by keeping the satisfaction of the customers at the highest level during the time that their stay in the thermal hotel. The purpose of this study is to determine the satisfaction of customers who stay in thermal enterprises. Since thermal hotels which has tourism management certificates operate in Dongele Hot Springs, Onikisubat district, 483 customers who stay in this region were surveyed and these surveys were analyzed through the SPSS 21 program. According to the analysis findings, it was concluded that the customers who stay in the thermal facilities in Kahramanmaras were satisfied by the service they received from the enterprises.

Psychological Distress and Quality of Life among Hospital Staff in India during COVID-19 Pandemic

Background: Hospital staff has been constant and at the forefront to provide treatment services to the patient with risk of COVID-19 infection. The fear and uncertainty forced by the COVID-19 pandemic have become a risk for physical and psychological health among health care professionals.Aim: To explore the stress, anxiety, depression, and quality of life among hospital staff working in general and mental health hospitals during the outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic.Methods: The present survey was an online study among hospital staff in India. We received a total of 373 responses by the stipulated time from hospital staff - participants with written consent diverted for further study. Socio-demographic datasheet, quality of life (QOL- BREF), depression, anxiety, and stress scale (DASS-21) were included in the Google form.Results: The results showed 2.4% of depression, 6.3% of anxiety, and 5.9% of stress among hospital staff. Nursing staff, physicians, and lab technicians had higher stress, anxiety, and depression. The result also revealed 4.3% physical, 16.6% psychological, 65.4% social, and 21.7% environmental health had a poor level of QOL in hospital staff.Conclusion: Healthcare workers are stressed, anxious, and depressive while working in the COVID-19 pandemic situation. To sustain and develop quality in healthcare services, physical and psychological wellness programs can enhance mental health and quality of life among hospital staff.

Health Education to Reduce Helminthiasis: Deficits in Diets in Children and Achievement of Students of Elementary Schools at Pontianak, West Kalimantan.

Worms are still a serious problem for poor and developing countries. Children, especially school-age children, are more at risk of infection. Efforts need to be made to prevent the effects of worms. Prevention can be done through a promotive approach. This observational study with a pre-posttest and cross-sectional approach is aimed at evaluating the effectiveness of health education on healthy and helminthic behavior and analyzing the impact of helminthiasis on the deficit in the diet and children's learning achievement. The number of samples is 60 students from five grade 3 and 4 elementary schools in North Pontianak, West Kalimantan. The sampling technique was carried out by proportional random sampling. Worm infection in elementary school students was 16.7%, anemia was 55%, and learning achievement scores were less than the average grade of 55%. There was a significant difference in health counseling towards a decrease in the worm number (p = 0.046). There was a significant relationship between healthy living behavior and helminthiasis (p = 0.005). There was a significant relationship between helminthiasis and anemia (p = 0.017). There is a relationship between helminthiasis and learning achievement in elementary school children (p = 0.017). There is a relationship between anemia and learning achievement (p = 0.005). It is necessary for public health centers to provide treatment services for worms and health education about the effects of helminthiasis on health and learning achievement. The school should provide hand washing facilities in schools, and parents should play an active role in improving clean and healthy lifestyle habits at home.

The Vital Role of a Full Continuum of Psychiatric Care Beyond Beds.

The authors make the case for expanding the national discussion of inpatient psychiatric beds to recognize and incorporate other vital components of the continuum of care in order to improve outcomes for individuals with serious mental illness. They review the varied terminology applied to psychiatric beds and describe how the location of these beds has changed from primarily state hospitals to the criminal justice system, emergency departments, inpatient units, and the community. The authors propose 10 recommendations related to beds or to contextual issues regarding them. The recommendations address issues of mental illness terminology, criminal and juvenile justice diversion, the Emergency Medical Treatment and Labor Act, mental health technology, and the mental health workforce, among others. Each recommendation is based on findings from publicly available data and clinical observation and is intended to reduce the human and economic costs associated with severe mental illness by promoting a robust, interconnected, and evidence-based system of care that goes beyond beds.

Measuring Service Quality of the Pain Clinic at Ramathibodi Hospital

Background: Evaluating gap between patient’s expectation and perception of service quality of the pain clinic through the service quality model is necessary to improve service quality, which will lead to patient’s satisfaction.&#x0D; Objective: To compare the difference between patient’s expectation and perception of service quality of the pain clinic at Ramathibodi Hospital.&#x0D; Methods: A survey of patients of the pain clinic at Ramathibodi Hospital using the service quality questionnaire. The sample consisted of 266 patients who received pain treatment services from August 11, 2016, to December 10, 2016.&#x0D; Results: Most patients were female (63.16%), married (61.28%), educational level lower than bachelor degree (57.52%), monthly income ≤ 30,000 Thai Baht (75.56%), attended treatment service more than 3 times (85.34%), and average age 56.47 ± 16.27 years. Overall expectation and perception and 4 subservice dimensions (tangible, reliability, responsiveness, and assurance) were not statistically significant. Empathy perceived higher than expectation. However, patients perceived the modern tool and equipment used in providing treatment services lower than expectation.&#x0D; Conclusions: Overall service quality and 4 sub service dimensions of tangible, reliability, responsiveness, and assurance of the pain clinic met expectation. Empathy was higher than expectation, while modern tool and equipment used in the clinic were lower than expectation.&#x0D;

Governing Through Partnerships: Neoconservative Governance and State Reliance on Religious NGOs in Drug Policy

This article examines states’ pursuit of partnerships with non-governmental organizations (NGOs) as a strategy of governance in drug policy. State actors have used partnerships with religious NGOs to provide treatment services and disseminate messages about prevention. I investigate the emergence of such partnerships, drawing attention to neoconservatism as a political rationality associated with the rise of the New Right. I analyze officials’ justifications and strategies for including religious NGOs in such partnerships, using archival data on drug policies in Ohio and beginning with the formation of the statewide addiction services agency in 1989. The results demonstrate how officials have increasingly recognized the characteristics of the religious community by emphasizing their social service delivery and by framing religious leaders as health educators. Given the results, I consider the impacts of partnerships for the autonomy of organizations, the oversight of care, and the generation of images of an engaged community.

Sex offender treatment professional perceptions of Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder (FASD) in the Midwest

Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder (FASD) is a neurodevelopmental condition that is precipitated by prenatal alcohol exposure. Typified by cognitive, social, and adaptive functioning impairments, FASD places impacted individuals at an elevated risk for involvement in the criminal justice system. In particular, it has been reported that some individuals diagnosed with FASD engage in inappropriate sexual behaviors. Because professionals working in the field of sexual offender treatment have the potential to strongly influence their clients, this study surveys professionals that provide treatment services to sexual offenders. Topics queried include knowledge of FASD, the role of FASD in criminal behavior, and training opportunities. The key findings from this study include that the respondents readily recognized symptoms, deficits, and consequences of FASD, but had very few opportunities to receive advanced training on FASD in the context of inappropriate sexual behavior. Findings suggest there is a strong need to develop educational and training programs that better equip professionals with the skills to assist clients with FASD in treatment settings for inappropriate sexual behavior.