Fire Safety Provisions Research Articles

ОБЕСПЕЧЕНИЕ ПОЖАРНОЙ БЕЗОПАСНОСТИ ТОВАРНО-РЕАГЕНТНОГО ХОЗЯЙСТВА ПРОИЗВОДСТВА МАСЕЛ

The article considers provision of fire safety of commercial-reagent facilities of oils production

Managing the Utilization of Preventive Measures for Fire Resistance in the Hospitals

Abstract The study analyzed the current situation of public hospitals in the capital of Baghdad exclusively and diagnosed the resources available; especially after the high demand for these hospitals as a result of the citizen’s need to review the hospital to take care of them, especially after the Corona pandemic. Eight major hospitals in Baghdad were selected to determine the current reality of providing fire safety tools or equipment and what are the preventive measures needed to reduce it. The results after practical study showed many defects and weaknesses in the current situation due to their reliance on the traditional management to manage and provide all preventive measures and safety tools, which was also confirmed by the results of the field survey that indicated a large gap and absence of an internal protection system against fire accidents. The study concludes by suggesting basic alternatives to improve the safety of hospital buildings, including improving system evaluation, establishing a management system for firefighting equipment, periodic monitoring and accident analysis, and establishing a reliability management system for safety training. The study recommends to activating a new management system to improve the current utilization in Iraqi public hospitals.

Математическое моделирование и управление пожарным риском методом линейной интерполяции

The relevance of the set task to minimize the socio-economic risks associated with fires is shown in the article. Particular attention is paid to ensuring the safety of people in case of fires. A brief description of fire risks and their minimum requirements is given. Additionally, the dynamics of evacuation of people in horizontal areas during a fire is described. Foreign experience on the issue under consideration is given. Also, the indicators of speed of evacuation and the intensity of movement of people are formed in accordance with the density of the human flow by the method of linear interpolation. Mathematical dependences are described concerning the density of human flows on the characteristics of premises, changes in the speed and intensity of the evacuation of people on the horizontal section. Mathematical dependencies are described by functions. At the same time, the article shows the need in developing the set issue in the future. The prospects for the development of scientifically based mathematical models describing the processes of evacuation of people in the event of fires at the facilities, regardless of their functional purpose, are considered. With further development, modeling is proposed. It is possible to develop such an express assessment on the proper provision of fire safety for people, based not on the mathematical calculations themselves, but on the tabular values that can be guided by the specialists who do not have special knowledge.

ПРОБЛЕМИ ПРАВОВОГО ЗАБЕЗПЕЧЕННЯ ПОЖЕЖНОЇБЕЗПЕКИ ДЕРЖАВИ

The article examines the issue of state fire safety in terms of modern trends in its development. It has been proven that one of the important elements of the rule of law is ensuring the appropriate level of fire safety in the state. Any state creates a security system based on its capabilities. The state ensures fire safety with the help of the appropriate system of executive authorities; set of legal norms regulating both the organizational structure of the system of executive authorities and the processes of its functioning and development. The range of directions for improving the process of ensuring fire safety in Ukraine is quite wide. The legal provision of fire safety in Ukraine has gone through a rather long path of development. A big problem is that in the regulatory acts on fire safety, the measures to ensure it are defined differently, and sometimes they are duplicated. Fire safety is multifaceted, including: social, economic, legal, technical, medical, environmental and other elements. There is quite a lot of information about economic and technical problems of fire safety, legal (material and procedural) problems of prevention, detection, investigation of offenses that led to the occurrence of fire. The implementation of new forms and methods aimed at reducing the administrative burden on business while maintaining an adequate level of protection of the individual, property, society and the state against fires and emergency situations should become priorities in the activities of control and supervisory bodies that ensure fire safety. It was determined that in order to reduce the severity of the consequences of fires, it is necessary to intensify the joint efforts of state authorities, local self-government bodies, as well as enterprises and, most importantly, citizens, and to ensure the improvement of measures of a legal, organizational, economic, social and scientific and technical nature, which will allow to guarantee more their active use in the process of ensuring fire safety. The author's vision of the essence and concept of fire safety is proposed, and fire safety as a structural element of the state's national security is analyzed. The methods of fixing the term "fire safety" in the legislation of our state have been determined.

Особенности применения требований пожарной безопасности в условиях риск-ориентированной модели деятельности

PURPOSE. Risk-based activity model is aimed at reducing administrative pressure on business in order to develop national economy. In this regard, the federal state fire supervision (FSFS) bodies are faced with the challenge of applying the minimum necessary fire safety requirements, justified by the calculation, taking into account the risk of causing harm in order to avoid unreasonable costs for the right holders of the protected facilities for excessive fire safety requirements. However, the application of complex calculated estimates of fire danger level to develop proportionate fire safety measures when conducting control and supervision activities is impossible due to lack of time. Therefore, it is necessary to develop an information support tool for employees of the FSFS bodies, which makes it possible to qualitatively assess the compliance of the protected facility with the fire safety requirements within the time specified by law. The purpose of the research is to enhance the technologies of conducting FSFS in connection with the social and economic conditioning of goals of control and supervision activities. The objectives of the research are to justify the need for the development and application of rapid assessments for a reliable calculated danger level and acquisition of skills to establish the proportionality of fire safety requirements to the danger level. METHODS. The theory of system analysis, risk theory, methods of information synthesis, methods of expert analysis, are the scientific basis of the study. FINDINGS. In the current social and economic conditions, it is necessary to enhance the technology of conducting FSFS on the basis of proportionality of interference of control and supervision bodies with the activities of persons being inspected. The costs for fire safety provision are many times greater than fire damage prevented by these measures. This creates social tension in the application and implementation of fire safety requirements as it reflects the disproportionate interference of control and supervision bodies into the activities of controlled persons. Such inefficient application of fire safety requirements has developed due to inconsistencies in the area of effective fire safety requirements application to the risk of causing harm (damage), which shows their insufficiency or redundancy in relation to fire damage. RESEARCH APPLICATION FIELD. The results of the study can be used to develop fire safety requirements, for law enforcement practice by employees of the FSFS, for students, masters and adjuncts of educational institutions of fire-technical profile. CONCLUSIONS. The need to develop information support tools for inspectors of the FSFS bodies in the form of rapid fire risk assessments has been confirmed and is due to the measure of responsibility that falls on the FSFS bodies when making decisions on the mandatory requirements proportionate to the risk of causing harm. In this regard, the area of effective application of fire safety requirements should be proportionate to the danger level established by the predictive design scenarios of fire safety regulatory documents, which can be reliably established by the FSFS authorities using rapid assessments when conducting inspections of protected facilities under time pressure.

Behavior of Steel Beams Subjected to Bending and Shear Loading Under Localized Fire Conditions

Civil structures were designed to carry a variety of loading during their service life, including fire hazards. As a result, providing fire safety to structural members is one of the most important tasks in civil infrastructure design. Steel structural members are subject to fire-induced damage or collapse due to their high heat conductivity and quick loss of strength and stiffness qualities. Furthermore, the failure in steel beams under the combined effects of bending, shear, and fire loading is poorly understood in the literature. A present study consists of experimental investigations on the fire response of steel beams under bending and shear dominant loading. The specimens have a constant length of 1250 mm. The total depth of the specimens was changed according to the section chosen: 4 in, 6 in, and 8 in (10 cm, 15 cm, and 20 cm). The results of tests show that beams can fail suddenly due to a high drop in yield and ultimate strength of the steel beam. the increase in temperature degree reduced greatly the yield and ultimate flexural strength of the steel beams with different sizes (for all groups). This reduction reached at some times to 50% for the ultimate strength capacity of the specimen. Shear strength is also affected greatly by fire exposure and the reduction reached to about 38%. Furthermore, the design strength capacity can only tolerate loads at low temperatures. This reduction in strength was noted under flexural and shear dominant loading. Moreover, the design strength capacity can withstand against loading at low-temperature degrees only.

Fire safety assessment for older adults in high-rise residential buildings in India: a comprehensive study

PurposeThe statistics show that older adults have been major fire victims in high-rise buildings. However, the fire safety building codes in most countries are not inclusive and do not reflect provisions for older adults. The research aims to develop a fire risk assessment index system for older adults living in high-rise residential buildings in India. The study further develops a fire rating system to improve fire safety provisions in high-rise buildings in India.Design/methodology/approachThe paper employs Delphi, analytic hierarchy process (AHP) and fuzzy comprehensive risk evaluation techniques. It considers 18 in-depth interviews and group discussions with builders, developers, architects, policymakers, and fire safety experts and consultants to develop a fire risk assessment system for older occupants living in high-rise residential buildings in India.FindingsThe fire protection systems and fire management systems are not as per the needs of older adults. The egress system components need improvisation considering the challenges of older adults.Research limitations/implicationsThe study is limited to older adults living in high-rise residential buildings in the capital city of Gujarat, Ahmedabad.Practical implicationsThis study will assist policymakers in developing fire safety standards that are targeted to the needs of older persons living in high-rise residential buildings during a fire evacuation.Originality/valueWhile several approaches for measuring fire risk in high-rise residential buildings exist, no such system has been developed specifically for older adults in India.

Adequacy of Fire Safety Measures of Residential Buildings in Peri-Urban Neighbourhoods of Ibadan, Oyo State, Nigeria

The spate of fire outbreaks and the lack of capacity to mitigate the incidence in most urban areas reflect the violation of physical planning regulations and relevant building codes. In the past two decades, the peri-urban neighbourhoods have witnessed rapid developments as a result of the growing population in these areas. However, the level of compliance of various developments with the provisions of the existing National Fire Safety Code remains unclear. Consequently, an assessment of the adequacy of fire safety provisions vis-à-vis the effectiveness of the fire safety standards in rapidly urbanising communities became imperative. This study examined the adequacy of fire safety measures of residential buildings in peri-urban neighbourhoods of Ibadan, Oyo State, Nigeria. Relevant studies were reviewed while structured questionnaires were administered to 320 respondents across four towns in Lagelu West Local Council Development Area (LCDA). A total 296 questionnaires were retrieved representing 92.5% rate of response. Responses were analysed with basic descriptive statistic tools. The mean scores were interpreted using cut-off points and results presented in tables and charts. The study found that human activities and attitudes constituted the principal causes of fire incidence and that there is good compliance with passive fire control guidelines in the study area. However, the active fire control systems were grossly deficient in residential buildings. Moreover, lack of active fire control equipment, lack of community fire safety apparatus, and lack of reliable water supply constituted the principal challenges against effective fire control measures facing the neighbourhoods. Whilst filling the gap in literature especially on fire hazards in peri-urban areas, the study recommended the strict compliance with extant fire safety codes by property owners, provision of community fire safety apparatus by the government, residents’ awareness programs on fire safety measures, subsidized active firefighting equipment and improvement of road and water infrastructure, amongst others.

Effects of water spray on smoke layer in buildings with natural venting

Fire safety is always an important issue in the indoor and built environment. There might be hidden conflicts among different systems such as suppression and smoke control. The effect of water spray on smoke movement in halls with natural venting system is reported in this paper. A series of scale modelling experiments were carried out to study the temperature variation under water spray. A small vent on the opposite side of fire source would intensify smoke stratification and result in a higher smoke temperature. Water spray would weaken the smoke stratification due to the cooling effect on the smoke and the downward drag on the smoke layer. The temperature development of smoke was the result of competition of these two effects on the smoke layer. When the effect of water spray was stronger, the average smoke temperature tended to be lower, and the temperature difference of the ceiling to the smoke layer interface was smaller. When the effect of the opening dominated, the results were reversed. These results would be useful for providing fire safety in indoor and built environment.

Вклад выдающихся пожарных деятелей России в развитие пожарной охраны страны в начале ХХ века

Purpose. The article assesses the position of the state authorities of the Russian Empire in the field of protecting the population from fires and considers the initiatives taken by the prominent figures in firefighting of the Russian Empire to improve the activities of Fire Service, as well as develop fire legislation and training system for fire departments. The study is aimed at analyzing and evaluating the activities of prominent figures in firefighting of the Russian Empire to improve the fire safety system. The focus of the study is the state policy of the Russian Empire in the early 20th century in the field of fire provision. The subject of our study is the active civic stand taken by prominent figures in firefighting of Russia in the early 20th century in order to draw the attention of state authorities to the dramatic situation the Empire faced due to the increase in the number of devastating fires. Methods. The main study’s methods are the following: the historical method, in which the processes of the dynamics in organizing Fire Service in Russia in the late 19th – early 20th centuries are comprehended, and the historical-systemic method, which made it possible to consider Fire Service as an integral system, in the unity of all its connections and relations, and also as a subsystem of the institutional organization to ensure life protection in the Russian Empire. The study also used an institutional approach. It allows determining, from the standpoint of the concept of institutionalism, how the basic framework of the fire safety system was formed, as well as analyzing the role of the state in the development of fire safety provision, the degree of interest and participation of society representatives in strengthening Fire Service. Findings. Our research is the first to study the problem of ensuring fire safety in Russia in the early 20th century through the prism of the problem “state authorities and society in Russia”. Also for the first time, materials of some specialized periodicals of the early 20th century are introduced into academic circulation. Research application field. The research materials can be applied in scientific papers devoted to the study of Fire Service history, as well as in educational process. Conclusions. The author comes to the conclusion that thanks to the initiative and efforts of many prominent figures of Russia in the field of fire safety, their high citizenship, professionalism, energy, love for people and devotion to the honorary profession of a firefighter, the main shortcomings in the organization of Fire Safety in the Russian Empire were identified and recommendations for their elimination were given, the main directions for improving the fire safety system were determined and the foundation for development of fire-engineering training in Russia was created.

Криотехнология обеспечения пожарной и экологической безопасности резервуаров автозаправочных станций

Introduction. The principles of comprehensive fire and environmental safety of gasoline tanks using cryogenic technology in the installation of environmental and fire safety on the example of gas stations are substantiated. Goals and objectives. Substantiation of the principles of comprehensive provision of fire and environmental safety of gasoline tanks at filling stations using cryogenic technology in the installation for ensuring environmental and fire safety (OEEFS). Methods. Fire and environmental safety of closed containers for storing liquid hydrocarbons (in our case, gas station tanks) can be ensured by: - recirculation of vapors in closed volumes - "gas tank-reservoir"; - capturing hydrocarbon vapors on breathing fittings; - dilution of the vapor phase in the gas space of the tank to reduce the emission of vapor-air mixtures to the outside; - phlegmatization of the vapor-air space of the reservoir with inert gases; - combining these methods (the method reflected in the application of OEEFS). Results and discussion. A diagram of the application of cryotechnology in the construction of an installation for ensuring environmental and fire safety is shown in Fig. one. Conclusions. Despite the objective pros and cons of a particular recovery technology, the final choice depends on the specific operating conditions of the equipment at the facility: the technically achievable level of minimizing emissions, logistics chains, types and characteristics of raw materials, etc. Therefore, to achieve maximum efficiency and versatility, our technological scheme includes the use of an additional unit: carbon-vacuum adsorption, liquid absorption or membrane module. Keywords: gas stations, fire safety, cryogenic technology, gasoline, environmental safety

МЕСТО СИСТЕМЫ МОЛНИЕЗАЩИТЫ И ЗАЩИТЫ ОТ СТАТИЧЕСКОГО ЭЛЕКТРИЧЕСТВА В МЕТОДИКЕ ОЦЕНКИ ВЕЛИЧИН ПОЖАРНОГО РИСКА НА ПРОИЗВОДСТВЕННЫХ ОБЪЕКТАХ

Purpose. The authors of the article draw attention to the explicit lack of such probable sources of combustible medium ignition as static electricity discharges, a direct lightning strike, as well as the impact of secondary factors of lightning (electrostatic and electromagnetic induction) in the Methodology for determining the estimated fire risk values at production facilities of. Methods. Statistical analysis methods: data assembling and grouping statistical observation materials; sampling; correlation and regression analysis, etc. have been used in the study. Findings. The article considers the established practice of determining the fire risk values and contradictions have been found between the Methodology for determining fire risk values at production facilities and the Technical regulations on safety of buildings and structures. The statistics analysis of fires caused by lightning and electrostatic discharges and the experience of other countries have made it possible to conclude that an additional coefficient should be introduced when calculating fire or explosion probability from the degree of compliance with lightning protection requirements. The authors draw attention to the problem of a risk-oriented approach – focus on the calculation result, which has an impact on ensuring fire safety. Research application field. It is advisable to include the results of the study in the scientific-research and development work of scientific-research organizations of EMERCOM of Russia and other ministries and departments. The materials can also be used when discussing the procedure for applying the risk-oriented approach to the control and supervisory activities in the Russian Federation. Conclusions. Failure of taking into account the state of protection against lightning and static electricity when calculating the fire risk of the facility reduces the reliability of the assessment for participants in the fire safety provision system.

ОСНОВНЫЕ ПОДХОДЫ К РЕАЛИЗАЦИИ ФЕДЕРАЛЬНОГО ГОСУДАРСТВЕННОГО ОБРАЗОВАТЕЛЬНОГО СТАНДАРТА ВЫСШЕГО ОБРАЗОВАНИЯ ПОКОЛЕНИЯ 3++ ПО СПЕЦИАЛЬНОСТИ ПОЖАРНАЯ БЕЗОПАСНОСТЬ

Purpose. The article analyzes the normative documents of the Ministry of Education and Science and the Ministry of Labor, which underlie the development of the basic educational curriculum for the new Federal State Educational Standard 3 ++ majoring in 20.05.01 “Fire safety”. The types of professional activity in the specified specialty are considered, the range of tasks is outlined when introducing an independent assessment of qualifications into the institute system of specialists training. The principle has been determined, which, if not observed, will result in the unbalancing of specialist program. Methods. Theoretical level methods were used within the framework of the research, in particular, analysis, as well as methods of the empirical level – description, comparison and testing. Findings. The research resulted in the development of a scheme for a two-stage education system in the implementation of the Federal State Educational Standard of Higher Education 3 ++, and the direction of specialization for a specialist program has been determined as well. Research application field. The results obtained will help to further develop the main professional educational curricula of a specialist program in two areas, in which graduates will be equally in demand. Conclusions. Taking into account the above said, the study will progress in developing a separate specialist program, aimed at the needs of the labor market in the field of fire safety (engineering, preventive and managerial personnel of the services providing fire safety in an organization).

Normative regulation of fire safety of infrastructural objects of hydrogen energetics

Introduction. Now many countries produce measures for a transfer of their economics to an application of a hydrogen energetics. Because of a high fire hazard of hydrogen a fire safety provision of infrastructural objects of the hydrogen energetics is a very important task. The infrastructural objects of the hydrogen energetics are the facilities aimed on a production and storage of hydrogen, transportation of gaseous (GH2) and liquid (LH2) hydrogen, an application of hydrogen for an energy generation, car refueling stations etc. Scientific basis for a creation of the fire safety normative documents was laid in studies of Russian and foreign investigators.Russian normative documents. Russian normative documents in the area considered are analyzed in this work. A draft of the Technical Regulation on a safety of the facilities aimed on production, storage, transportation and application of hydrogen is the most important among them. This document contains a lot of specific requirements which should be used independently of a type of the hydrogen facility. Therefore this document can be considered as extremely “rigid” for a practical applications. A set of rules SP 162.1330610.2014 is aimed on the regulation of the safety requirements for the facilities using liquid hydrogen. The document PB 03-598-03 considers the safety requirements for a production of hydrogen by an electrolysis of water. A conclusion was made that Russian normative basis is not sufficient for a development of the hydrogen energetics.Standard NFPA 2. The standard NFPA 2 can be considered as a most important normative document containing the safety requirements for the facilities for production, storage, transportation and application of hydrogen in a gaseous and a liquid phase. This standard contains both general and specific requirements for the infrastructural objects such as car refueling stations, storages of hydrogen in the gaseous and the liquid phase and also using metal hydrides, hydrogen production facilities, energy generation objects using hydrogen, technological equipment containing hydrogen, laboratory facilities, car parks for the cars using hydrogen as a fuel etc.Conclusions. It was found that there is no comprehensive set of the normative documents regulating fire safety of infrastructural objects of hydrogen energetics. The series of the Russian normative documents in this area which should be created was proposed. A conclusion was made that the requirements of NFPA 2 can be used at a creation of the Russian normative basis of the hydrogen energetics.

MARINE FIRE-DANGEROUS SITUATIONS FACTORS’ VALUES FORECASTING BASED ON ARTIFICIAL NEURAL NETWORK

The article describes the procedure of marine fire-dangerous situations factors’ values forecasting based on artificial neural network. These factors are temperature, optical air density, aerosol concentration. Given procedure is flexible and can be expanded for other factors of fire-safety state of monitored object. Artificial neural network with architecture of three-layer perceptron is used for forecasting. The article gives a common scheme for realization of fire-dangerous situations factors’ values forecasting, substantiates the choice of used artificial neural network’s architecture, gives perceptron learning algorithm. As a result of given procedure execution factors’ values forecasting is implemented for prevention of fire-dangerous situation and the adoption of early actions. In case of integration of the developed procedure inside ship information management systems’ algorithmic support is capable of dramatically raise effectiveness of decisions made while providing fire safety on ships.

MATHEMATICAL MODEL OF MARINE FIRE-DANGEROUS SITUATION HAZARD RATE BASED ON FUZZY OUTPUT SYSTEM

The article describes development of mathematical model of marine fire‑dangerous situation hazard rate based on fuzzy output system. Stepwise process of fuzzy inference is described in detail, particularly: formation of rules base, input variables fuzzification, aggregation of sub‑conditions, activation of sub‑conclusions, accumulation of conclusions and defuzzification of the output variables. Algorithm of fuzzy marine fire safety database formation based on Mamdani algorithm is disclosed. Membership function type is chosen and substantiated. Developed model provides algorithmic support of security and viability marine systems with mathematical apparatus for decision making for the purpose of elimination of fire or effective fire‑extinguishing in case of rapid flame development. Integration of developed mathematical model inside ship information management systems’ algorithmic support is capable of dramatically raise effectiveness of decisions made while providing fire safety on ships.

Judicial protection of several legitimate environmental interests as a way to prevent violations of environmental security

The article analyzes some aspects of the legal provision of fire safety in the forests of Ukraine as a component of environmentalsafety on the example of forest fires in Zhytomyr and Kyiv regions in the spring of 2020, the legislative regulation of subordinationand coordination of state and departmental fire protection units on prevention and elimination of forest fires is analyzed, identified someshortcomings of legal regulation in the relevant field. It is concluded that in order to increase the effectiveness of forest fire fighting, itis necessary to improve certain regulations on the interaction of fire departments of different authorities, strengthening their technicalsupport for timely detection of fires and their rapid extinguishing. It is emphasized that Forests play a surprisingly important role inensuring the human right to a safe environment for life and health. It is noted that provided that if fire safety in forests is properlyensured (resulting in the absence of fires or their prompt cessation) will ensure environmental safety, because the environmental risk offire (probability of causing damage to human health or life as a result of harm to human health and life due to environmental pollution(especially atmospheric air).It is concluded that current legislation regulates in detail the activities of the departmental fire protection of the State ForestAgency in the field of prevention and elimination of forest fires, while to the activities of fire departments of the SES of Ukraine aregiven less attention.
 According to the results of the analysis of regulations and the main problems that arose during firefighting in Kyiv and Zhytomyrregions in the spring of 2020, we consider it expedient to highlight the following main shortcomings of regulatory and legal regulationof fire safety in the forests of Ukraine:– lack of clear provisions on coordination and subordination of fire brigades of different authorities in the elimination of forest fires;– lack of clear provisions on the coordination of fire brigades and other stare authorities in terms of involving their equipmentfor forest fires.

ENSURING THE PERMISSIBLE VALUE OF FIRE RISK IN OPEN WAREHOUSES PRODUCTION FACILITIES

Formulation of the problem. In the field of fire safety, the term "fire risk" is used, ie it is a measure of the possibility of realizing the fire danger of the objects of protection and its consequences for people and material values. Safeguarding the fire safety of security objects consists of identifying, analyzing and evaluating fire risk, which allows the development and implementation of appropriate measures to reduce it to an acceptable level. The most dangerous fires are fires in open warehouses of production facilities. In most cases, such fires, if not detected early, have time to spread over large areas and cause material damage. In most cases, fire protection at the open warehouses of production facilities, taking into account the fire risk, is practically non-existent. Therefore, investigating the issue of fire safety at these sites, taking into account the fire risk and the use of automatic fire alarms and fire alarm systems, is an urgent and timely task.The goal of the work. Develop a methodology for providing fire safety for open warehouses of manufacturing facili-ties, taking into account fire risk and using automatic fire alarms and alerts.Fire Safety, №36, 2020 39Formulation of the problem and its solution. The task of determining the area of service for fire detectors and detec-tors in open warehouses of production facilities was set and solved. In addition, dependencies were obtained to determine the components of fire risk. An example of determining fire risk for open timber composition was then considered. The results of the calculations performed for the above example confirmed the reliability of the developed methodology of en-suring fire safety for open warehouses of production facilities.Conclusions and specific suggestions:1. A methodology for ensuring fire safety for open warehouses of production facilities was developed, taking into account the fire risk and thereby ensuring the inadmissibility of serious consequences from the fire for the working warehouse.2. The following set of fire protection systems and systems provides acceptable fire risk for the object of protection for up to 10 years of their operation. Therefore, the arrangement of open warehouses with such fire-fighting equipment and systems is mandatory.3. The dependencies developed to determine the components of fire risk were based on the basic principles of the theory of reliability and showed high reliability and adequacy with the true values considered in the example.

Fire disaster preparedness of public buildings in Ibadan metropolis, Nigeria

Fire outbreaks have risen to a worldwide attention in recent years as both an environmental and economic issue. Despite the fact that nothing could be sustainably done to completely stop the occurrence of fire disaster, something could be done to mitigate the spread. This study therefore assessed fire preparedness and mitigation provisions in the events of fire disaster in public buildings in Ibadan Metropolis, Nigeria. Disaster Preparedness provided the conceptual framework for this study. Cross-sectional survey was adopted in this study. Forty three (43) public buildings and one hundred and eight (108) building users were conveniently selected and sampled. Data were gathered through direct observation and questionnaire administration in selected buildings. Findings showed that banks, social buildings and hospitals were the public buildings more committed to providing and maintaining fire safety equipment. The study also revealed that 51.9% of the occupants of the public buildings have poor knowledge in the operation of fire safety installations. The study concluded by recommending that existing fire safety provisions in building codes should be reviewed and implemented with defaulters punished according to the law. Additionally, public building occupants should be compelled to participate in regular training on fire safety, fire disaster first aid and evacuation procedure.

The Dangerous Fire Factors Formation the on an Oil and Gas Complex Objects When Using the Combustible Environment on the Tetrachlormethane Basis

Enterprises of the oil and gas complex related to the budgetary-forming ones and they provide about 50% of the annual budget in our country. At the same time, these enterprises regarded as the most fire-hazard objects. Currently the problems of fire safety provision for the objects of the oil and gas complex are the most especially actual. The development of the enterprises accompanied by a complication of the technological processes and production as well. These processes invariably entail an increase of amount of combustible gases, combustible and volatile flammable liquids at these objects of oil and gas industry. As a result, it became possible the appearance and uncontrolled development of the fires which are capable to lead to the large-scale anthropogenic disasters B along with significant human, material and ecologic losses. Therefore, an estimation of the fire safety for the substances utilized at the objects of oil and gas complex proves to be a key element for the provision of the fire safety at the protected objects.