Protracted Phonological Development Research Articles

Phonological assessment and analysis tools for Polish: Construction and use

ABSTRACT This contribution presents tools for the assessment of phonological development of Polish-learning children and an initial qualitative evaluation thereof. The tools are consistent with those developed for 16 other languages in a cross-linguistic study of phonological development that is embedded in the framework of constraint-based nonlinear phonology. This theoretical foundation underlies the composition of a Polish word list for elicitation plus a supplementary analysis and intervention planning form (where intervention is warranted). A qualitative pilot study evaluated the tools in terms of adherence to underlying theoretical constructs, coverage of Polish phonology in the developmental context and utility for testing two children, one of whom was characterised by protracted phonological development. Further steps are required to develop the test into a norm-referenced instrument for clinical and research purposes, including quantitative evaluations of the tools’ psychometric properties.

On the role of syllable structure in atypical phonological development: Evidence from the acquisition of /l/ by Portuguese children

ABSTRACT The alveolar lateral is phonetically and phonologically complex. Previous studies have shown that /l/ is one of the last segments to be acquired by typically developing Portuguese children. However, little is known about how Portuguese children with atypical development acquire /l/. In this paper, we investigate the acquisition of /l/ by Portuguese children with protracted phonological development (DLD; SSD). We explore the effect of syllable structure and segmental properties in the acquisition of /l/ and describe mismatches used for target /l/, thus contributing empirical evidence to the ongoing discussion on differential diagnoses for children with primary phonological disorders. Our results show that the lateral is more problematic in SSD than in DLD, with the manner of articulation being more problematic than its place. A syllable-segment interface effect was attested. Mismatches showed a preference for [w, ɾ, ø]. The results are discussed considering their implications for clinical practice and the role of target phonetic and phonological properties in the /l/ acquisition path.

Singleton consonant onset acquisition in monolingual Granada Spanish-speaking preschoolers with typical versus protracted phonological development: Impacts of word structure and feature constraints - CORRIGENDUM.

Singleton consonant onset acquisition in monolingual Granada Spanish-speaking preschoolers with typical versus protracted phonological development: Impacts of word structure and feature constraints – CORRIGENDUM

Singleton consonant onset acquisition in monolingual Granada Spanish-speaking preschoolers with typical versus protracted phonological development: Impacts of word structure and feature constraints.

While consonant acquisition clearly requires mastery of different articulatory configurations (segments), sub-segmental features and suprasegmental contexts influence both order of acquisition and mismatch (error) patterns (Bérubé, Bernhardt, Stemberger & Ciocca, 2020). Constraints-based nonlinear phonology provides a comprehensive framework for investigating the impact of sub- and suprasegmental impacts on acquisition (Bernhardt & Stemberger, 1998). The current study adopted such a framework in order to investigate these questions for Granada Spanish. Single-word samples of monolingual preschoolers in Granada (29 typically developing; 30 with protracted phonological development) were transcribed by native Spanish speakers in consultation with an international team. Beta regression analyses showed significant effects of age, developmental group, and word structure variables (word length, stress, position of consonants and syllables within the word); salience, markedness and/or frequency across the phonological hierarchy accounted for many patterns. The study further demonstrates the impacts of sub- and suprasegmental constraints of the phonological system on consonant acquisition.

Complexity resolved: profile of a Slovenian child with protracted phonological development over an intervention period

ABSTRACT This paper describes the complex phonological patterns of one Slovenian-speaking girl with protracted phonological development who received phonological intervention. At 4;6, the child’s word length, stress and vowels were age-level, but she showed reduced match levels (accuracy) for syllable structure and consonants. Unusual constraints on word position and sequences, particularly concerning fricatives and stops, resulted in many assimilations, reduplications and metatheses. Addressing these constraints in the first intervention period (to 4;9) led to higher overall accuracy and a transition from less typical to more typical mismatches (“errors”), e.g., sibilant grooving (stridency) and rhotic production as singletons and in clusters. The profile focuses on that initial pre- and post-treatment period, giving a brief overview of the follow-up intervention and outcomes and reflecting on implications for future research and clinical practice. 1 1 The abstract is available in Slovenian language (see Supplementary material).

A Polish five-year-old with protracted phonological development

ABSTRACT This case study examines the phonology of a five-year-old Polish-speaking boy with protracted phonological development. A multi-tier analysis of his phonology revealed that word length, stress patterns, vowels and most consonants were largely compatible with the adult target while coronal consonants requiring fine control of tongue shape (fricatives, affricates, liquids) and most consonant clusters posed difficulty for the child in all word positions. Labial and dorsal features were well-established; in fact, [Labial] outcompeted other places of articulation in problematic sequences of both singletons and clusters. The case profile demonstrates asynchronous development of individual phonological elements and tiers. A proposed treatment plan exploits the child’s strengths to address his needs and minimise the discrepancy between the tiers.

Interdentals to the rescue: a German four-year-old with protracted phonological development

ABSTRACT This paper examines the phonology of a German four-year-old with asynchronous phonological development: age-level word structure and vowels, but a restricted consonantal inventory. Both expected and unexpected developmental patterns were evident. While the absence of dorsal non-continuants and most coronal and labiodental fricatives and affricates is not unexpected in four-year-olds with PPD, less expected was his mastery of more marked /l/ and /ʁ/ and the pervasive use of ungrooved interdental fricatives (or affricates) as substitutions. Ungrooved interdentals often replace grooved fricatives and affricates, but in his system, they also replaced stops in more marked prosodic positions (unstressed initial syllables and clusters) and labiodental /f/. His case profile demonstrates the autonomy of phonological tiers (levels) but also the restrictive interactions that occur when one tier dominates, in his case, word structure. A proposed treatment plan targets new feature combinations and consonant sequences in order to address the asynchrony.

When codas trump onsets: an English-speaking child with atypical phonological development before and after intervention

ABSTRACT This case study presents an English-speaking preschooler with severely protracted phonological development (PPD) before and after two six-week blocks of intervention (36 sessions). Pre-treatment (3;8), he showed very low whole word, singleton consonant, vowel, and word shape matches. He had two major uncommon patterns: (1) higher accuracy for word-final consonants compared with word-initial (WI) and word-medial (WM); and (2) frequent substitution of onset consonants with glottals [h] or [ʔ]. Goals and treatment strategies were selected using a nonlinear phonological approach. Post-treatment, there was a notable decrease in frequency of glottal substitutions and concomitant increase in word shape, consonant, and vowel match. Pre- and post-treatment data are presented and discussed in terms of theoretical and clinical implications.

When in doubt, glottal stop: A Mandarin-speaking three-year-old with protracted phonological development

ABSTRACT As part of a special issue on case profiles in protracted phonological development (PPD), we present a Mandarin-speaking three-year-old boy from Shanghai with severe PPD and no other developmental concerns. In comparison with typically developing (TD) children and a peer group from Shanghai with PPD, he had a very low Whole Word Match score (3.7% of words matched the adult targets exactly), reflecting severe constraints on word structure, consonants and diphthongs/triphthongs. His phonological output resembled that of younger children in its absence of fricatives, liquids and diphthongs/triphthongs alongside fairly high match for word length, tones and monophthongs, labials /p/ and /m/ and dorsal /k/. However, less expected was a pervasive glottal stop substitution in onset. The analysis describes his needs in detail but also strengths that could be exploited in phonological intervention.

The influence of word stress on segmental and cluster match: a Bulgarian three-year-old with protracted phonological development

ABSTRACT The current paper analyses speech data of a monolingual Bulgarian girl (“Etty”, aged 3;11) with protracted phonological development (PPD). Etty's profile demonstrates the strong effects of prohibitive word structure constraints on segmental and whole-word accuracy. Single-word utterances were audio-recorded by a native speaker and transcribed phonetically by three transcribers. Data were analysed within a constraints-based nonlinear phonological framework (Bernhardt & Stemberger, Introduction to this issue). Even though the child's segmental system met age-level expectations in stressed syllables, strong constraints against initial unstressed syllables and consonant sequences reduced her overall accuracy and intelligibility. The data highlight the importance of examining all aspects of the phonological hierarchy, and further define the scope of PPD for Bulgarian.

Complexity and sequence constraints in a Granada Spanish-speaking four-year-old with protracted phonological development

ABSTRACT This article describes the phonology of a Granada Spanish-speaking 4-year-old boy with Protracted Phonological Development (PPD) from the perspective of constraint-based nonlinear phonology. Although he had acquired basic word structure and a near-complete repertoire of vowels and consonants, he had difficulties producing more complex word structures (multisyllabic words, clusters, diphthongs) and producing sequences of consonant manner and place features across vowels. The analysis outlines his strengths and needs in phonological development, and proposes an intervention plan to address constraints on complexity and sequences.

Protracted phonological development of a Portuguese six-year-old from the perspective of nonlinear phonology

ABSTRACT 1 1 is also available in European Portuguese. As a contribution to a special issue with individual profiles in protracted phonological development (PPD), we present a European Portuguese-speaking six-year-old, “Vicente”. By age six years, Portuguese-learning children have generally mastered most of the phonology. However, Vicente showed severe persisting PPD, which was negatively impacting his general socialisation. Although word length and stress often matched the adult targets as did many consonants and vowels, consonants were restricted in distribution and sequences. Consonant clusters showed a particularly high proportion of reduction. A constraints-based nonlinear phonological analysis led to a proposed intervention plan to address needs across the phonological hierarchy in the context of his greater need for enhanced socialisation: starting with the more attainable new word positions and sequences for consonants in his inventory, before addressing a major need for new word structure (clusters) and minor needs for segmental development (additional coronals).

When liquids and fricatives outrank stops: A Kuwaiti Arabic-speaking child with Down syndrome and protracted phonological development

ABSTRACT This paper describes the phonological system of a monolingual Kuwaiti Arabic-speaking 9-year-old girl with Down Syndrome (DS) as part of a special crosslinguistic issue presenting individual profiles of children with protracted phonological development within the framework of constraints-based nonlinear phonology. Her responses to a 100-word speech test were audio-recorded and transcribed narrowly by two native speakers. Analyses showed low accuracy for word shapes (CV sequences), primarily because of expected deletion patterns in initial weak syllables and clusters, but also reflecting inaccuracies in segment length. Vowel match was also relatively low. For consonants, she unexpectedly showed lower accuracy for stops than typically later-developing liquids and fricatives. This case study provides researchers and speech-language pathologists with broader information about expected and unexpected patterns in children with DS and protracted phonological development in general.

Individual profiles in protracted phonological development across languages: introduction to the special issue

ABSTRACT Although group studies provide necessary information about the range and frequency of phenomena in phonological development, individual profiles (case studies) can be used to describe entire phonological systems in detail. Profiles from different languages can highlight similarities and differences across languages that may be less obvious in group studies. The current issue presents profiles of children with protracted phonological development (PPD: speech sound disorders) from 16 languages (Akan, Kuwaiti Arabic, Bulgarian, Canadian English, Farsi, Canadian French, German, Greek, Icelandic, Japanese, Mandarin, Polish, European Portuguese, Slovenian, Granada Spanish, Swedish). Utilising a constraints-based nonlinear phonological framework, each profile describes a child’s strengths and needs in word structure, segments, features and their interactions and suggests an intervention plan. Where available, follow-up data from after clinical intervention are included. This introductory paper provides the theoretical background for the papers and reflects on the findings, drawing out particular themes and implications for phonological and developmental theories and clinical intervention.

Idiosyncratic consonant clusters: a Farsi-speaking child with protracted phonological development

ABSTRACT This study presents a nonlinear phonological analysis of speech data from a Farsi-speaking child with protracted phonological development (aged 4;8) with very low accuracy on consonants. Results revealed some common phenomena (fricatives produced as stops; dorsals and non-anterior coronals produced as anterior coronals) and some uncommon phenomena (nasals produced as oral stops; voicing and devoicing of singleton obstruents in all word positions). These phenomena interacted in word-medial clusters to create an unusual sequence of two anterior-coronal or two bilabial stops, with C1 voiced and C2 voiceless, clusters which do not occur in the basic phonology of Farsi spoken by adults. We present a non-linear constraints-based analysis of the child’s speech production and a plan for intervention targeting the child’s special difficulties.

When consonants resemble vowels: investigating protracted phonological development in Akan

ABSTRACT This paper addresses the phonology of an Akan-speaking child aged 5;3 with Protracted Phonological Development. His phonological system had many strengths, with most consonants accurate at least some of the time and with many long words, but with weaknesses that lead to a very low Whole Word Match. In addition to some difficulty with consonant and vowel sequences (leading to assimilation), there are issues relative to complex consonants that contain vowel features (consonants with secondary articulations, the labiopalatal glide, and /r/) and with syllabic consonants (nasals and /r/) that lead to deletion, epenthesis, and some extensive changes in output. One complex place of articulation (alveolopalatal) is well-established and frequently overgeneralized in the output. We present a non-linear analysis of his speech production and a plan for intervention targeting his difficulties.

Phonological delay of segmental sequences in a Greek child’s speech

ABSTRACT This paper investigates persistent elements of protracted phonological development (PPD) at ages 5;10 and 6;3 in a monolingual Greek girl’s speech following earlier articulation intervention (3;6) and post-intervention assessment (4;3). The re-assessment data examined here, five months apart, were elicited using the Phonological Assessment for Greek (PAel). Results reveal interesting idiosyncratic patterns in the production of segmental sequences (VV, CC) in complex syllables and longer words, with a striking imbalance between singletons and sequences, which holds especially true for inconsistency in the acquisition of /ɾ/ across CV, CC, and C.C contexts. Phonological delay surfaces as chronological mismatches, idiosyncratic forms and, most notably, disparity between segmental and structural development.

A Japanese 4-year-old with protracted phonological development: the challenge of coronals

ABSTRACT This study examines the phonology of a Japanese four-year-old with mildly protracted phonological development (PPD) as a contribution to a special crosslinguistic issue presenting individual profiles in PPD within the framework of constraint-based nonlinear phonology. Although the child’s word structure and vowels were well-established, certain consonant classes presented challenges. Coronal anterior obstruents often showed posteriorization (backing): dorsal stops replaced coronal stops, and with some exceptions, alveolopalatal affricates replaced anterior fricatives and affricates. The feature [+continuant] was also not yet established: palatal and bilabial fricatives and /h/ were either deleted or replaced with glottal stop; and non-anterior affricates replaced coronal fricatives. If affricates are analyzed as a sequence of [-continuant]-[+continuant], they were possible transitional elements from non-continuants to continuants. The profile culminates with suggestions for intervention based on the nonlinear phonological analysis, consistent with other papers in this special issue.

Word structure and consonant interaction in a French-speaking child with protracted phonological development

ABSTRACT This paper presents data from a Québec French-speaking child with protracted phonological development (PPD) who received phonological intervention based on a nonlinear phonological framework. At 5;3, he showed relative strengths in word structure compared with consonants (e.g., /s, f, v, k, ɡ/). Addressing segmental constraints in intervention led to higher overall accuracy and more consistent production of singleton consonants and word-medial consonant sequences and further gains in word structure. As part of a special cross-linguistic issue on individual profiles in PPD, the current paper provides an in-depth pre/post-treatment phonological analysis and contributes to emerging normative French-Canadian data on assessment and treatment.

Consonants lost: a Swedish girl with protracted phonological development

ABSTRACT This paper addresses the phonology of a Swedish girl, aged 3 years 10 months, with extensive phonological difficulties that include an unusual phonological pattern. She had relatively well-developed phonological building blocks in terms of features, stress pattern and word length (number of syllables), but had extensive difficulties regarding syllable and word shapes, with frequent deletions of both segments and whole syllables. Word-initial position was dominated by non-continuant consonants, both voiced and voiceless, with extensive deletion. Word-medial position was dominated by voiceless obstruents, with extensive use of [j] in place of voiced consonants. Word-final position was similar to word-medial, but with more deletion than [j]. Non-initial stressed syllables resemble word-initial syllables. Consonant clusters mirrored singletons, i.e. with similar substitution patterns or deletions. We present a non-linear analysis of her speech production, and a plan for intervention targeting her special difficulties.