Prototypical Representative Research Articles

Structural characterization of two prototypical repressors of SorC family reveals tetrameric assemblies on DNA and mechanism of function.

The SorC family of transcriptional regulators plays a crucial role in controlling the carbohydrate metabolism and quorum sensing. We employed an integrative approach combining X-ray crystallography and cryo-electron microscopy to investigate architecture and functional mechanism of two prototypical representatives of two sub-classes of the SorC family: DeoR and CggR from Bacillus subtilis. Despite possessing distinct DNA-binding domains, both proteins form similar tetrameric assemblies when bound to their respective DNA operators. Structural analysis elucidates the process by which the CggR-regulated gapA operon is derepressed through the action of two effectors: fructose-1,6-bisphosphate and newly confirmed dihydroxyacetone phosphate. Our findings provide the first comprehensive understanding of the DNA binding mechanism of the SorC-family proteins, shedding new light on their functional characteristics.

PPARα/ACOX1 as a novel target for hepatic lipid metabolism disorders induced by per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances: An integrated approach

BackgroundPer- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are persistent and ubiquitous environmental contaminants with well-documented hepatotoxicity. However, the mechanistic linkage between PFAS exposure and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) remains largely elusive. ObjectivesThis study aimed to explore PFAS-to-NAFLD link and the relevant molecular mechanisms. MethodsThe cross-sectional analyses using National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) data were conducted to investigate the association between PFAS exposure and NAFLD. A combination of in silico toxicological analyses, bioinformatics approaches, animal experiments, and in vitro assays was used to explore the molecular initiating events (MIEs) and key events (KEs) in PFAS-induced hepatic lipid metabolism disorders. ResultsThe cross-sectional analyses with NHANES data revealed the significant association between PFAS exposure and hepatic steatosis/NAFLD. The in silico toxicological analyses showed that PPARα activation induced by perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) and perfluorooctane sulfonic acid (PFOS), prototypical representatives of PFAS, is the critical MIE associated with NAFLD-predominant liver diseases. Transcriptome-based bioinformatic annotation and analyses identified that transcriptional upregulation of hepatic acyl-CoA oxidase 1 (ACOX1) in PPARα-regulated peroxisomal β-oxidation pathway was the KE involved with PFOA/PFOS-perturbed hepatic lipid metabolic pathways in humans, mice and rats. The in vivo and in vitro assays further verified that ACOX1-mediated oxidative stress contributed to mitochondrial compromise and lipid accumulation in PFOA/PFOS-exposed mouse hepatocytes, which could be mitigated by co-treatment with ACOX1 inhibitor and mitochondria ROS scavenger. Additionally, we observed that besides PFOA and PFOS, hepatic ACOX1 exhibited good-fit response to short-term exposures of long-chain (C7-C10) perfluoroalkyl carboxylic acids (PFHpA, PFNA, PFDA) and perfluoroalkyl sulfonic acids (PFHpS, PFDS) in human hepatocyte spheroids through benchmark dose (BMD) modeling. ConclusionOur study unveils a novel molecular target for PFAS-induced hepatic lipid metabolic disorders, shedding new light on prediction, assessment, and mitigation of PFAS hepatotoxicity.

Molecular insights into titin’s A-band

The thick filament-associated A-band region of titin is a highly repetitive component of the titin chain with important scaffolding properties that support thick filament assembly. It also has a demonstrated link to human disease. Despite its functional significance, it remains a largely uncharacterized part of the titin protein. Here, we have performed an analysis of sequence and structure conservation of A-band titin, with emphasis on poly-FnIII tandem components. Specifically, we have applied multi-dimensional sequence pairwise similarity analysis to FnIII domains and complemented this with the crystallographic elucidation of the 3D-structure of the FnIII-triplet A84-A86 from the fourth long super-repeat in the C-zone (C4). Structural models serve here as templates to map sequence conservation onto super-repeat C4, which we show is a prototypical representative of titin’s C-zone. This templating identifies positionally conserved residue clusters in C super-repeats with the potential of mediating interactions to thick-filament components. Conservation localizes to two super-repeat positions: Ig domains in position 1 and FnIII domains in position 7. The analysis also allows conclusions to be drawn on the conserved architecture of titin’s A-band, as well as revisiting and expanding the evolutionary model of titin’s A-band.

On the interpretation of German <em>einige</em>. The effect of tense and cardinality

We present a study investigating the effect of tense (past vs. future) on the computation of scalar implicatures in connection with the German quantifier einige ‘some’ in an interactive experiment, which included a financial incentive for participants to consider whether another speaker would share their judgment. We tested the hypothesis that scalar implicatures are less frequently drawn in future tense than in past tense. In addition, we studied to what extent sets with various cardinalities are prototypical representatives of einige + N. We hypothesized that larger cardinalities are more prototypical representatives of the quantifier einige than smaller cardinalities (relative to the cardinality of the total set). We analyzed the experimental data with probabilistic Bayesian models with a linking hypothesis between participants’ responses and readings based on utility maximization in simple decision problems. In line with the hypotheses, we found that less scalar implicatures are drawn in future tense than in past tense, which replicates the results of previous research on English some, and that with an increase in set size acceptance of statements involving einige also increases.

Argument structure of emotive interjections: Evidence from Polish

The present article offers the first principled assessment of the argument structure of emotive interjections from a cognitive, constructional, and prototype-driven perspective. The evidence demonstrates that, in Polish, emotive interjections are tied to argument-structure patterns – they form constructions with (experiencer, causer, recipient, patient, theme, goal, locative, and addressee) complements which, from a categorial perspective, are most similar to arguments within the argument-adjunct continuum. Consequently, a radical view on the asyntagmatic, non-constructional, and syntax-external behavior of emotive interjections should be replaced by a more nuanced proposal: Emotive interjections – including their prototypical representative – exhibit syntactic properties that may approximate, to a greater or lesser extent, the syntax of other lexical classes traditionally viewed as syntagmatic and constructional.

Kuidas ära tunda adjektiivi? Korpuskäitumise mustrite analüüs

Artiklis uurime adjektiivi morfosüntaktilisi tunnuseid ja selgitame, kuivõrd on prototüüpsele adjektiivile omistatavad tunnused (nt ühildumine, võrrete moodustamine) adjektiiviklassile eriomased. Loome neile tunnustele tuginedes parameetrid, mille abil eristame korpuse andmete põhjal adjektiive teistest sõnaliikidest. Tüüpilise adjektiivi korpusprofiili tuvastamise kaugem eesmärk on rakenduse loomine, mis võimaldaks leksikograafidel ebaselgete juhtumite puhul kontrollida sõna adjektiviseerumise astet. Tutvustame kuue parameetri testimise tulemust 12 sõnarühma peal, millest igaühte kuulub 10 sõna. Sõnavalikul arvestame adjektiiviklassi piiripealseid juhtumeid ja leksikograafilisi kitsaskohti. Analüüsime, mil määral hälbivad erinevad testrühmad testitud parameetrite põhjal prototüüpsest adjektiiviklassi esindajast ning vaatleme ka variatsiooni adjektiiviklassi sees. Kõrvale kaldeanalüüs võimaldab välja selgitada parima eristusvõimega parameetrid. Eukleidilise kauguse mõõtmine eristab hästi adjektiivisarnased sõnad ja rühmad nendest, mis sarnanevad prototüüpsele adjektiivile vähem. *** How to recognize adjectives? An analysis of corpus patterns This study was inspired by a survey of Estonian lexicographers (Paulsen, Vainik and Tuulik 2019), where the lexicographers expressed the need for a new digital tool that would facilitate word class identification for ambiguous cases. In the case of adjectives, the lexicographers emphasized the difficulty of determining if a verb participle has sufficient adjectival use to be included in dictionaries as an adjective. In the article, we examine the morphosyntactic features characteristic of the adjective class and test different parameters in the corpora to differentiate adjectives from other word classes. We provide an overview of the test results of six parameters. In the study we analysed 12 groups of 10 words each. The test groups and test words were chosen manually, with consideration given to the problematic cases outlined by the lexicographers. We compared different types of adjectives or near to adjectives (the test groups) as well as different word classes (the control groups). To analyse the parameters’ capability to set adjectives apart, a deviation study was conducted. We determined a normative range for prototypical adjectives and set the minimum and maximum value for every parameter. In addition, we calculated the deviation of other test groups from the prototypical adjective range. The groups of particular focus (regular verb participles vs. adjectives) were best differentiated by three parameters. The sentence beginning testword+noun parameter (which determined if and how often a test word starts a sentence in the complement position) sets participles apart with 90% accuracy. Also, the parameter that measured the existence of comparative forms for test words was 100% accurate. The adverb parameter (which measured how often a test word is preceded by an adverb) was able to distinguish adjectives from verb participles with 80% accuracy. Among all groups, the comparative form parameter was the most accurate in the deviation study at setting prototypical adjectives apart from other test groups. A Euclidean distance analysis was able to differentiate adjective-like test words and test groups from others that do not behave similarly to prototypical adjectives. As all tested parameters produced meaningful results and were able to differentiate some word classes from adjectives, they can be input for a new digital tool which would show a word’s deviation from prototypical word class representatives to help lexicographers with word-class-related decisions.

A Phenotypic‐based Drug Discovery Approach to Inhibit the Misfolding of Hyperphosphorylated Tau Isoform 1N4R

The vast majority of Alzheimer’s disease (AD) drug development efforts have failed because of significant gap in the understanding of the pathophysiological processes and insufficient effort in identifying, optimizing, and validating small molecules inhibitors of aggregation. AD involves the misfolding of amyloid‐beta which forms Aβ plaques and, subsequently, activates different types of microglial cells leading to a pro‐inflammatory state. Microglia when activated have been known to increase tau phosphorylation and drive the trans‐synaptic spread of aggregated hyperphosphorylated tau (p‐tau). Most importantly, the spatiotemporal distribution of neurofibrillary tangles predicts cognitive impairment. Instead of the unmodified tau that shows minimal effects on cell viability, our research focuses on the control of p‐tau that possesses disease‐relevant molecular features, including hyperphosphorylation and cytotoxicity. Our drug discovery project is centered on the isoform 1N4R due to its prevalence (1N) and long‐distance trans‐synaptic propagation (4R). We identified compounds that inhibit the aggregation and cytotoxicity of p‐tau, which represent a novel approach for AD drug discovery and development. Due to lack of binding pocket(s) and fast‐switching conformation of p‐tau, we opted for a phenotypic‐based drug screening approach to identify and optimize hit candidates. In our current project, the anti‐aggregation activity and cellular protection of newly synthesized small molecules were evaluated with biophysical methods (thioflavin S fluorescence assays, photo‐induced cross‐linking of unmodified proteins, dynamic light scattering) and survival assays with human neuroblastoma SH‐SY5Y cells. We prepared and tested 3 different series of small molecules and challenged these molecules with our first‐tier screening assay, i.e. thioflavin S fluorescence assays. Ureas and sulfonylureas series failed to inhibit the aggregation of p‐tau 1N4R. The best prototypical representative of the sulfonamide series, compound JF‐19‐73, effectively antagonized the cytotoxicity of p‐tau in vitro at low micromolar concentrations, suggesting the potential for neuroprotection in vivo. Other representatives of the sulfonamide series exhibited an intermediate effect to antagonize the aggregation and cytotoxicity of p‐tau isoform 1N4R. This project opens doors in targeting undruggable prone‐to‐aggregate proteins such as p‐tau and provides a molecular scaffold for further optimization and pre‐clinical studies focused on AD drug development.

Discriminating between the dissociative photoionization and thermal decomposition products of ethylene glycol by synchrotron VUV photoionization mass spectrometry and theoretical calculations.

Understanding the combustion chemistry of biofuel compounds is of great importance in the intelligent selection of next-generation alternative fuels. Ethylene glycol (C6H10O2) is a prototypical representative of potential biofuels. In this work, the thermal decompositions along with the dissociative ionization of ethylene glycol are studied by synchrotron VUV photoionization mass spectrometry. As a part of the dissociative ionization study, the appearance energies of seven fragments are measured. Using the theoretical calculation results, the possible formation channels of these fragments are proposed. In particular, the productions of CH3OH+ and CH3OH2+ are suggested to be from the isomerization/dissociation process, where double proton transfer processes are highlighted. Using a tunable VUV source, the high-temperature pyrolysis products of ethylene glycol are differentiated from the dissociative ionization products. Specifically, two isomeric products vinyl alcohol and acetaldehyde by H2O elimination are obtained. Formaldehyde and methanol from direct C-C bond cleavage are identified. The fragmentations of fragile radicals such as hydroxymethyl, methoxy and ethoxy are used to explain the missing products from the direct C-C and C-O bond dissociation reactions. There is no experimental evidence for the occurrence of the H and H2 elimination reactions which may have not been accessed under the present temperature conditions.

TAXIS REPRESENTANTS IN THE GERMAN AND DUTCH LANGUAGES

Problem statement. The article describes taxis representatives in German and Dutch, which are polypropositive statements with prepositional deverbatives with taxis prepositions of temporal and circumstantial semantics. Results. The statements of two types (primary and secondary) are described, which are the core and peripheral constituents of the functional-semantic subfield of the dependent taxis in the German and Dutch languages. The core constituents include statements of the primary type with taxis prepositions of temporal semantics, while the peripheral constituents should include statements of the secondary type with taxis prepositions of circumstantial semantics. Taxis prepositions of temporal semantics mark the primary taxis semantics of simultaneity and non-simultaneity, and taxis prepositions of circumstantial semantics explicate the secondary taxis semantics of simultaneity. Conclusion. The examined statements of the primary type and of the secondary type are prototypical representatives of both primary-taxis values of simultaneity and non-simultaneity in «pure form», and secondary taxis values of simultaneity, combined with concomitant circumstantial values (conditions, concessions, purpose, mode of action, etc.).

Word form "pravda" in periphery of nouns: indexing of first modalation stage

The purpose of the study is to study the degree to which differential features of substantive word forms such as "pravda", "fakt", "chush'", "nonsens" that represent the periphery noun zone on the modalation scale in the typical contexts match, on the one hand, differential features of prototypical representatives of the initial point of transposition, i.e. the nuclear noun, and on the other hand, the prototypical representatives of the endpoint of transposition, i.e. the nuclear denominative modal words. Through the methods of oppositional analysis, indexing, linguistic experiment, distributive and transformational analysis, the author has established and characterized the transposition stages of nouns of the "pravda" type into the category of parenthetic-modal components of the utterance, which explicate the modus subject's assessment of the communicated information in the aspect of persuasiveness. Using the example of the peripheral noun "pravda", the procedure of calculating the degrees of its modalation is shown. Combinatorics and the proportion of features of interacting nouns and parenthetic-modal units are discovered in the structure of the studied word form. Observations and conclusions can be used for a comprehensive description of the mechanism of modalation of words and word forms from different parts of speech.

A hybrid static–dynamic continuum approach for concurrent atomistic‐to‐continuum methods

AbstractConcurrent atomistic‐to‐continuum methods commonly employ either a dynamic or a quasi‐static continuum model. Both of these approaches have advantages and drawbacks which render their applicability problem‐specific. We present a new hybrid static–dynamic continuum model, which combines the advantages of both approaches while potentially removing the drawbacks. This numerical approach is an innovative superposition of a dynamic and a quasi‐static subproblem and, thus, is limited to linear elastic continua. We apply the approach to a prototypical representative of the concurrent atomistic‐to‐continuum methods and namely, the coupled atomistic and discrete dislocation method. We present three numerical examples to compare the performance of the dynamic, quasi‐static and hybrid continuum model.

Twins – A weak link in the magnetic hardening of ThMn12-type permanent magnets

Nd2Fe14B-type materials exhibit the highest energy product around room temperature and hence dominate the high-performance permanent magnet market. Intensive research efforts aim at alternative material systems containing less critical elements with similar or better magnetic properties. Nd- and Sm-based compounds with a ThMn12-type structure exhibit intrinsic properties comparable or even superior to Nd2Fe14B. However, it has not been possible to achieve technically relevant coercivity and remanent magnetization in ThMn12-based bulk sintered magnets. Using SmFe11Ti as a prototypical representative, we demonstrate that one important reason for the poor performance is the formation of twins inside micro-crystalline grains. The nature of the twins in SmFe11Ti was investigated in twinned “single crystals” and both bulk and thin film poly-crystalline samples, using advanced electron microscopy and atom probe tomography as well as simulations and compared with benchmark Nd2Fe14B. Both micro-twins and nano-twins show a twin orientation of 57±2° and an enrichment in Sm, which could affect domain wall motion in this material. Micromagnetic simulations indicate that twins act as nucleation centers, representing the magnetically weakest link in the microstructure. The relation between twin formation energies and geometrical features are briefly discussed using molecular dynamic simulations.

Electronic structure and transport properties of sol-gel-derived high-entropy Ba(Zr0.2Sn0.2Ti0.2Hf0.2Nb0.2)O3 thin films

High-entropy perovskite thin films, as the prototypical representative of the high-entropy oxides with novel electrical and magnetic features, have recently attracted great attention. Here, we reported the electronic structure and charge transport properties of sol-gel-derived high-entropy Ba(Zr0.2Sn0.2Ti0.2Hf0.2Nb0.2)O3 thin films annealed at various temperatures. By means of X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and absorption spectrum, it is found that the conduction-band-minimum shifts downward and the valence-band-maximum shifts upward with the increase of annealing temperature, leading to the narrowed band gap. Electrical resistance measurements confirmed a semiconductor-like behavior for all the thin films. Two charge transport mechanisms, i.e., the thermally-activated transport mechanism at high temperatures and the activation-less transport mechanism at low temperatures, are identified by a self-consistent analysis method. These findings provide a critical insight into the electronic band structure and charge transport behavior of Ba(Zr0.2Sn0.2Ti0.2Hf0.2Nb0.2)O3, validating it as a compelling high-entropy oxide material for future electronic/energy-related technologies.

Supervisor and employee identity coalescence and normative unit commitment

This research examines how supervisor–subordinate relational dynamics influence how individuals become bound to their work unit. As such, it addresses recent calls for theory-driven research into the psychological mechanisms that influence relational identity formation as well as related organizational outcomes. The work integrates self-determination and identity theory as a means of exploring nuanced relationships that clarify how role perceptions impact supervisor–employee and unit relationships. Data were collected from 259 nurses from two healthcare organizations. The questionnaire included measures of perceived competence, perceived autonomy, identification with supervisor, and normative unit commitment and demographic descriptors. A proposed model was tested via mediated-moderation regression analyses. Consistent with predictions, nurses' perceptions of their competence were found to interact with their experience of autonomy in their work to influence their identification with supervisor such that stronger competence perceptions effect identification when employees also experience higher autonomy. Further, this interaction was found to work through supervisor identification as well as to directly influence employee normative commitment to their unit. This investigation strengthens our understanding of how supervisors can positively impact subordinates' connectedness to their work unit. To this end, we elaborate how the supervisor, as a prototypical representative in the unit, helps bridge employee empowerment and unit commitment.

Origine et diffusion des expressions romanes du type jaune paille

All major Romance languages have patterns of the type jaune paille for expressing shades of colour represented by some prototypical object. The first constituent of this pattern is a colour term, while the second one designates a prototypical representative of the colour shade. The present paper starts with a short discussion of the controversial grammatical status of this pattern and its constituents. Its main aim, however, concerns the origin and diffusion of this pattern. We have not found hard and fast evidence that Medieval Italian pigment compounds of the type verderame influenced the rise of the jaune paille pattern, which first appears in French in the 16th century. This pattern continued to be a minority solution during the 17th century, but established itself during the 18th century. In the 19th century, Italian, Spanish and Portuguese adopted the pattern jaune paille, while it did not reach Catalan and Romanian before the 20th century.

Does hospital competition lead to medical equipment expansion? Evidence on the medical arms race.

With the implementation of a series of pro-competition policies in China, the hospital market competition has been intensified dramatically over the past decade. Based on previous literature, such competition is very much likely to bring about an upgoing trend in the promotion and expansion of medical facilities among hospitals as an essential strategy for attracting patients, which is known as Medical Arms Race (MAR). Comprehensive evaluations have been conducted by previous studies on the consequences of the MAR, which, however, merely provided inadequate empirical evidence on the relationship between hospital competition and MAR. Utilizing the variations in hospital competition across various regions and through different time periods in Sichuan Province as a prototype representative of the nationwide situation, a dynamic panel data model was established and adopted in this study for investigating whether intensified hospital competition had resulted in the expansion of medical facilities in China during the corresponding time period. The geopolitical boundaries and Herfindahl-Hirschman Index (HHI) were respectively employed to define the hospital market and measure the competition degree. We found that a 10% reduction in HHI is associated with an 8.79% increase in regional total costs of advanced medical equipment per capita, suggesting that hospital competition would lead to medical equipment expansion. Our results provide novel evidence on MAR which is particularly applicable for the healthcare system in China, providing suggestions for nationwide healthcare reform in order to mitigate potential negative outcomes induced by the implementation of pro-competition policies.

A variational Monte Carlo approach for core excitations.

We present a systematically improvable approach to core excitations in variational Monte Carlo. Building on recent work in excited-state-specific Monte Carlo, we show how a straightforward protocol, starting from a quantum chemistry guess, is able to capture core state's strong orbital relaxations, maintain accuracy in the near-nuclear region during these relaxations, and explicitly balance accuracy between ground and core excited states. In water, ammonia, and methane, which serve as prototypical representatives for oxygen, nitrogen, and carbon core states, respectively, this approach predicts core excitation energies within 0.3 eV of experiment and core excitation peak separations within 0.1 eV of experiment.

Does Procedural Justice Leads Towards the Feelings of Compliance, and Cooperation With, and Empowerment of Law Enforcement Agencies in Pakistan: The Mediating Role of Moral Solidarity between Police and Community

Purpose/Objective: The aim of this paper is to identify why or why not police get support and cooperation from the public. Relational models of authority argue that people evaluate the degree to which the police reflect the group's moral values by assessing the fairness of the procedures they use to exercise their authority. Moreover, as per the social identity approach, people's cooperation with the police is motivated in part by their judgment that the police are prototypical representatives of the group's moral value. Combining both approaches in a single theoretical framework, we applied Sunshine & Tyler (2003) model, on citizens’ feelings about Pakistani Law enforcement agencies (LEA). In this, we hypothesized that procedural justice aligned police and citizen moral values in form of moral solidarity. This moral solidarity in turn effect LEA’s effectiveness through increased cooperation from citizens as their feelings of Compliance and Cooperation with LEAs increased along with the people’s will to give power to them. Methodology/Design: Empirical validity was established by conducting a survey using a close-ended questionnaire. Data was collected from 296 citizens of Karachi and analyzed using confirmatory factor analysis and structured equation modeling. The study has used a nonprobability purposive sampling technique while data was analyzed employing PLS-SEM using Smart PLS version 3.2.8. Findings: The results showed that moral solidarity has a positive significant effect on orientation towards policing, whereas procedural justice has a significantly positive effect on moral solidarity and orientation towards policing. Moreover, moral solidarity has a complementary mediating effect between procedural justice and orientation towards policing. Findings also showed that moral solidarity alone as well as along with Orientation towards Policing seems to have a significant and positive mediation in the effect of justice on compliance, cooperation and empowerment. Implications: Community policing encourages that, instead of the incident-oriented method that has continued to dominate in tandem with the professional model, the problem-solving attitude of police be embraced.

The fable of "The Doctor and the Goose," by Charles Chauvin Boisclair Deléry, D.M.P.

Charles Chauvin Boisclair Deléry, D.M.P. - doctor of medicine of Paris, was perhaps the prototypical representative of Creole physicians, practising medicine in Louisiana in the 1800s, who were regarded as being equally proficient with pen, pills or pistols. This paper presents accounts of Deléry's yellow fever debate with Jean-Charles Faget, D.M.P., and their near duel, and his famous duel with Joseph Rouanet. Because of the personal and professional need to maintain honor, Rouanet may have challenged Deléry to a duel, not only because of vociferous disagreements between them over blood transfusion safety and efficacy, but due to Deléry's humiliation of Rouanet in his fable, "the Doctor and the Goose." We recovered the poem, transcribed and translated it, and discuss it as a device of witty rhetorical persuasion-a technique of the time used to belittle one's learned opponents. Fortunately, Deléry was not as equally proficient with pens and pistols, as both he and Rouanet survived the duel.

Indexation of modalation levels of finite verbs in peripheral zone of introductory-modal units

The object of this research is the linguistic mechanism of modalation in Russian language that produces lexical-semantic expressions of subjective modality of expression, and more extensively – of the text. Modalation is understood as a special type of functional and functional-semantic transposition of linguistic units from different parts of speech and inter-part-of-speech semantic-syntactic classification of introductory-modal words and expressions. The subject of this research is the levels of correspondence of differential signs of linguistic unit (verb), explicating in typical context a certain level of separation from the initial class (A) and convergence with the derivative class (B), deferential signs of prototypical (nuclear) representatives of class A and class B. Methodological framework contains the research of Russian and foreign author on the theory of parts of speech and syncretism in grammatical structure of a language. For determination of gradual form of modalation of the finite forms of verbs, the study applies oppositional method that allows describing on the scale of transitivity the different stages of their functional and functional-semantic transposition into the introductory-modal units. The index number calculation of correspondence of modalates to prototypical (nuclear) verbs and introductory-modal words and expressions is conducted using the indexing method. The scientific novelty is defined by the fact that this work is firs to carry out indexing of correspondence of the peripheral deverbative modalates (“it is said”) to prototypical finite verbs (“are saying”) and prototypical devebative introductory-modal units (“perhaps”). As a result, it is established that in periphery zone of introductory-modal words and expressions, the modalate “it is said” shows 72% congruence (similarities and differences) with nuclear finite verbs (“are saying”) and 54% to nuclear deverbative introductory-modal words (“it seems”, “perhaps”).