Prototypical Type Research Articles

Multiband Josephson effect in an atomic scale Pb tunnel junction

Multiband superconductivity plays an important role in many emergent novel superconductors and has attracted great interest over the years. Various related experimental aspects have been intensely researched, but a quantitative understanding on the Cooper-pair transport remains still elusive, despite its fundamental and technological importance. We study a Josephson junction with a scanning tunneling microscope (STM), where both tip and sample are Pb, a prototypical type I two-band superconductor. We map the properties of the junction across a wide range of normal state conductances revealing in-gap features originating from multiple Andreev reflections (MARs) and the Josephson effect. We present the theoretical framework to extract the transmission through the transport channels and describe the Cooper-pair tunneling with quantitative precision through two superconducting bands. This paves the way for the understanding of increasingly complicated superconductors. Published by the American Physical Society 2024

The X-Ray Luminous Type Ibn SN 2022ablq: Estimates of Preexplosion Mass Loss and Constraints on Precursor Emission

Type Ibn supernovae (SNe Ibn) are rare stellar explosions powered primarily by interaction between the SN ejecta and H-poor, He-rich material lost by their progenitor stars. Multiwavelength observations, particularly in the X-rays, of SNe Ibn constrain their poorly understood progenitor channels and mass-loss mechanisms. Here we present Swift X-ray, ultraviolet, and ground-based optical observations of the Type Ibn SN 2022ablq, only the second SN Ibn with X-ray detections to date. While similar to the prototypical Type Ibn SN 2006jc in the optical, SN 2022ablq is roughly an order of magnitude more luminous in the X-rays, reaching unabsorbed luminosities L X ∼ 4 × 1040 erg s−1 between 0.2–10 keV. From these X-ray observations we infer time-varying mass-loss rates between 0.05 and 0.5 M ⊙ yr−1 peaking 0.5–2 yr before explosion. This complex mass-loss history and circumstellar environment disfavor steady-state winds as the primary progenitor mass-loss mechanism. We also search for precursor emission from alternative mass-loss mechanisms, such as eruptive outbursts, in forced photometry during the 2 yr before explosion. We find no statistically significant detections brighter than M ≈ −14—too shallow to rule out precursor events similar to those observed for other SNe Ibn. Finally, numerical models of the explosion of an ∼15 M ⊙ helium star that undergoes an eruptive outburst ≈1.8 yr before explosion are consistent with the observed bolometric light curve. We conclude that our observations disfavor a Wolf–Rayet star progenitor losing He-rich material via stellar winds and instead favor lower-mass progenitor models, including Roche-lobe overflow in helium stars with compact binary companions or stars that undergo eruptive outbursts during late-stage nucleosynthesis stages.

Performativity and political organization after the squares: rethinking horizontality and verticality

ABSTRACT This paper explores the role of performativity in political organization, especially in relation to horizontality and verticality. Taking its cues from the heightened interest in horizontal and vertical organization following the post-2010 movements of the squares and new forms of party politics that have emerged in their wake, the paper draws on Michael Saward’s and Judith Butler’s accounts of the performativity of representation and assembly, respectively, to develop an original synthesis of a discursive-organizational approach based on Laclau’s and Mouffe’s discourse theory with an understanding of the role of performativity in horizontal and vertical forms of party organization. Following initial considerations on performativity as a category that tends to be implicitly assumed but under-theorized in theoretical perspectives on post-squares organization (e.g. Chantal Mouffe and Rodrigo Nunes), the paper presents readings of Saward’s and Butler’s understandings of performativity, which are then linked to existing and ongoing work on movement parties and Volksparteien of a new type (VNTs) as prototypical types of horizontal and vertical party organization. In this vein, the paper develops an integrated framework of Discursive-Organizational Analysis (DOA) that combines post-foundational discourse analysis (PDA) with performativity theory and serves as a bridge between the semantic and pragmatic aspects of discourse.

Migration and natural attenuation of leachate pollutants in bedrock fissure aquifer at a valley landfill site

Groundwater pollution from valley type landfills is concerning, and natural attenuation by contaminants is increasingly relied upon. However, the reliability of natural attenuation in such complex sites has been called into question due to incomplete understanding of their attenuation mechanisms. Therefore, we conducted field investigations, monitoring analyses, mathematical statistics, and machine learning techniques to elucidate the natural attenuation mechanisms of pollutants within bedrock fissures at a prototypical valley type landfill located in the east Yanshan Mountains, China. Our results indicate that 50% of the monitored indicators showed extreme pollution in bedrock fissure aquifers, due to seepage from the valley type landfill site. Ammonia nitrogen, arsenic, cadmium, lead, iron, manganese, and mercury were among the contaminants that could pose serious risks to human health. Pollutant concentrations in bedrock fissure aquifers were lower during the rainy season compared to the dry season as the aquifer was rapidly recharged by strong rainfall runoff. The initial concentration of bedrock fissure water generally increased during the flow through the landfill. However, significant natural attenuation of total dissolved solids, oxygen consumption, ammonia, cadmium, and lead occurred after passing through the landfill (p < 0.05), with attenuation coefficients of 0.0041 m-1, 2.56 × E−5m−2, 4.18 × E−5m−2、0.0015 m-0.99, and 6.83 × E−33 m−12.49, respectively. The driving mechanisms for natural attenuation include physical migration, leaching, microbiological degradation, and adsorption, primarily occurring within 600–650 m downstream of the landfill boundary. This study makes fundamental contribution to the understanding of the migration and natural attenuation process of leachate pollutants in bedrock fissure aquifer, which will provide a scientific basis for implementation of natural attenuation strategies in complex site remediation. Future research should examine more precise evidence of natural attenuation feasibility in complex sites in conjunction with monitoring networks.

Exploring the Development of Progressive Construction in Chinese and Japanese EFL Writing: A Usage‐Based Approach

AbstractThis study investigates the developmental trajectory of progressive construction among Chinese and Japanese EFL learners through a usage‐based approach. A total of 600 written essays, produced by EFL learners from China and Japan with proficiency levels ranging from elementary to upper‐intermediate, were analyzed. The findings reveal that advanced EFL learners, irrespective of their L1 backgrounds, exhibit higher productivity in using progressive constructions, aligning more closely with native English speakers. Moreover, the results support the aspect hypothesis, as activity verbs are predominantly marked with progressive across all learner groups. As for the development of progressive construction, less prototypical verb types in progressives increase proportionally with proficiency levels in the top 10 contingencies. However, discrepancies in proportions among Chinese and Japanese EFL learners underscore the need for a further examination of the intricate patterns of non‐prototypical form‐meaning associations across L1 backgrounds. The present study bears significance in shedding light on the acquisition of tense‐aspect morphology influenced by L1 transfer and learner proficiency.

On-Surface Synthesis of Graphene Nanoribbons and Spin Chains

Recent advances in on-surface synthesis has allowed the selective fabrication of a number of prototypical types of graphene nanoribbons. The thereby achieved properties include width-dependent electronic band gaps in armchair graphene nanoribbons, edge-localized states in zigzag graphene nanoribbons and topological band engineering in width-modulated topological graphene nanoribbons. More recently, on-surface synthesis of magnetic nanographenes has been reported. Here, the spin originates from unpaired electrons present in nanographenes with controlled sublattice imbalance or topological frustration. The corresponding magnetic moments live in p-orbitals and are hence largely delocalized, which allows for chemical control over their exchange interaction when covalently linking several molecular building blocks. Here, I will present synthesis of various prototypical magnetic nanographenes and the possibility to covalently link them to form coupled spin systems where exchange coupling can exceed 100 meV. Using halogen-substituted precursors, we achieve the on-surface synthesis-based deterministic bottom-up fabrication of various spin chains including a triangulene spin-1 chain revealing the predicted Haldane gap and fractional excitations at the chain termini or a strictly alternating spin-½ chain with chemically engineered coupling strengths J1 and J2 . Scanning tunneling microscopy and spectroscopy is used to explore length- and site-dependent magnetic excitations. Furthermore, we apply hydrogenation to achieve spin site passivation and controlled tip-based local reactivation to fabricate and characterize specific spin patterns in one-dimensional spin chains and spin clusters.

Hardware-in-the-Loop experiments in model ice for analysis of ice-induced vibrations of offshore structures

The study investigated the use of a Hardware-in-the-Loop (HiL) technique applied in model ice experiments to enable the analysis of offshore structures with low natural frequencies under dynamic ice loading. Traditional approaches were limited by facility capacities and ineffective downscaling of the geometry of the offshore structures. The goal of the present study was to overcome these challenges and to enhance the understanding and explore the applicability of a hybrid testing technique in model ice experiments. To achieve the objective, 204 Hardware-in-the-Loop simulations in model Ice (HiLI) were analyzed. Results showed robust behavior and good performance of the HiLI due to minimal variation in measured delay, normalized root mean square error, and peak tracking error and low magnitudes of such parameters despite alterations in factors such as the choice of the numerical structural model, physical prototype, measurement system, and ice type. Notably, the performance of the HiLI was affected when testing with warm model ice or scaling for harsh ice conditions, attributed to a reduced signal-to-noise ratio and instability of the system, respectively. Experimental identification of the critical delay, along with the application of an analytical stability criterion, revealed that the instability observed, was likely induced by reducing the structural stiffness of the numerical structural model to fulfil the scaling requirements when testing for harsh ice conditions. Additionally, the study showed improved HiLI performance when the physical prototype was in contact with the model ice. This observation was further analyzed and is assumed to be caused by the coupling between the ice and physical prototype, causing a coupled and thus increased eigenfrequency of the physical prototype-ice system.

Is Model-Based Science a Kind of Historical Science?

Abstract Philosophers have yet to provide a systematic analysis of the relationship between historical science and model-based science. In this paper I argue that prototypical model-based sciences exhibit features understood to be central to historical science. Philosophers of science have argued that historical scientists are distinctly concerned with inference to the best explanation, that explanations in historical science tend to increase in complexity over time, and that the explanations take the form of narratives. Using general circulation models in climate science as a reference, I illustrate how simulation models in model-based science share these features exhibited by historical science. That model based sciences share these features raises important philosophical questions about how we should understand prototypical types of scientific enquiry, including the relationship between experimental science, historical science, and model-based science. I conclude by exploring several options for how to accommodate the noted similarities within a more general taxonomy of the sciences.

The aspherical explosions of the 03fg-like Type Ia supernovae 2021zny and 2022ilv revealed by polarimetry

Context. A peculiar subtype of Type Ia supernovae (SNe), 03fg-like (super-Chandrasekhar) SNe, show different observational properties from prototypical Type Ia SNe: they typically have high luminosities at the light-curve peak, low expansion velocities, and strong carbon features. The origin of this class of Type Ia SNe has been actively debated. Recent nebular-phase infrared observations of the 03fg-like Type Ia SN 2022pul using the James Webb Space Telescope revealed large-scale asymmetries in the ejecta and the presence of the strong [Ne II] line at 12.81 μm, suggesting a violent merger of two white dwarfs as its origin. Aims. Polarimetry is another powerful tool for studying the overall ejecta asymmetries of spatially unresolved SNe. Here, we aim to check the universality of the violent merger scenario as the origin of 03fg-like Type Ia SNe, by studying their explosion geometries using polarimetry. Methods. In this Letter we present imaging-polarimetric observations of the two 03fg-like Type Ia SNe 2021zny and 2022ilv. Results. SNe 2021zny and 2022ilv show high intrinsic polarization (∼1%–∼2%), which might be composed of multiple components with different polarization angles. This indicates that they have complex aspherical structures in their ejecta, supporting the violent merger scenario for their origin. Our observations provide the first clear evidence from polarimetry for such aspherical structures.

Design delusions and prototyping: eliciting the link between prototypes and product performance

AbstractThis study investigates the relationship between the number and type of prototypes developed in rapid prototyping contexts, a team's performance self-estimations, and final actual performance. Findings suggest a strong correlation between each of these elements, with the converse also found to be true, motivating the introduction of the concept of Design Delusion - a type of cognitive dissonance due to differences between perceived and actual states. The paper suggests that early prototyping helps identify and mitigate design delusion, improving design decisions and preventing technical debt.

Matching Compound Prototypes for Few-Shot Action Recognition

The task of few-shot action recognition aims to recognize novel action classes using only a small number of labeled training samples. How to better describe the action in each video and how to compare the similarity between videos are two of the most critical factors in this task. Directly describing the video globally or by its individual frames cannot well represent the spatiotemporal dependencies within an action. On the other hand, naively matching the global representations of two videos is also not optimal since action can happen at different locations in a video with different speeds. In this work, we propose a novel approach that describes each video using multiple types of prototypes and then computes the video similarity with a particular matching strategy for each type of prototypes. To better model the spatiotemporal dependency, we describe the video by generating prototypes that model the multi-level spatiotemporal relations via transformers. There are a total of three types of prototypes. The first type of prototypes are trained to describe specific aspects of the action in the video e.g., the start of the action, regardless of its timestamp. These prototypes are directly matched one-to-one between two videos to compare their similarity. The second type of prototypes are the timestamp-centered prototypes that are trained to focus on specific timestamps of the video. To deal with the temporal variation of actions in a video, we apply bipartite matching to allow the matching of prototypes of different timestamps. The third type of prototypes are generated from the timestamp-centered prototypes, which regularize their temporal consistency while serving as an auxiliary summarization of the whole video. Experiments demonstrate that our proposed method achieves state-of-the-art results on multiple benchmarks.

"You really are an empathic type" - Types in empathy research

In this study, we used a configuration frequency analysis (CFA) to find out whether there are certain combinations of characteristics that can be used to define prototypical empathy types. Using a sample of 9,407 participants aged between 10 and 80 years, we were able to find four clearly separated and exhaustive empathy profiles which include all relevant aspects of emotional concern, perspective taking and personal distress and at the same time can be clearly defined in relation to each other. The superordinate patterns "situation-dependent altruists (A)", "high functioning empathy (B)", "low neurotic empathy (C)" and "low empathy (D)" were identified. With these four types, a total of almost 75% of the test subjects can be assigned to the significant empathy profiles, whereby only in profile A there were significantly more female participants than in the other three. For the first time, we were able to create a comprehensive and selective typology for the construct of empathy, with the help of which, for example, the holistic success of empathy training or the motivations of altruistic actions can be better described.

Computer-based pre- and intra-operative planning modalities for Total Knee Arthroplasty: A comprehensive review

Introduction Since the introduction of total knee arthroplasty (TKA) into modern medicine, many types of digital pre- and intra-operative planning methods have been introduced. Due to the abundance of planning modalities for TKA, physicians are posed with the challenge of which type to implement into their daily practice. In the current fast-paced and research-driven medical environment it is important to understand the differences between the computer-based pre- and intra-operative planning modalities for TKA. Materials and methods The following databases were searched: MedLine, EMBASE, Web of Science, and the Cochrane Library. All articles were independently reviewed by the two reviewers (DS, ID). The following data were extracted, if available: study ID, country of conduction, type of planning modality or modalities, and the use and explanation of historical and currently employed pre- and intra-operative planning modalities for TKA. Results 39 studies were included into the systematic review. Computer assisted surgery (CAS) represents a surgical concept where computer technology is used for surgical planning. CAS for TKA was introduced in the late 1980s. Subsequently, three different types of CAS were developed to plan TKA. The first type of CAS, computer integrated instruments, also known as CAS navigation, provides a real-time view of anatomy and marked surgical instruments intra-operatively. For the second type of CAS, rapid prototyping, or 3D printing, was derived from CAS technology in which the development of patient specific instrumentation (PSI) for TKA followed. Furthermore, CAS aided the evolution of the third type of CAS for TKA: robotics. Conclusion With a high demand for TKA surgery, the challenge to achieve more accurate alignment, improved prosthesis survival, and improved patient satisfaction rates is a very topical one. Planning modalities for TKA were developed to address this demand. This comprehensive systematic review showed that the monumental development of digital planning modalities for TKA has led to a vast amount of well-researched options that surgeons can choose from and use in daily practice.

Cryo-EM structures of type IV pili complexed with nanobodies reveal immune escape mechanisms

Type IV pili (T4P) are prevalent, polymeric surface structures in pathogenic bacteria, making them ideal targets for effective vaccines. However, bacteria have evolved efficient strategies to evade type IV pili-directed antibody responses. Neisseria meningitidis are prototypical type IV pili-expressing Gram-negative bacteria responsible for life threatening sepsis and meningitis. This species has evolved several genetic strategies to modify the surface of its type IV pili, changing pilin subunit amino acid sequence, nature of glycosylation and phosphoforms, but how these modifications affect antibody binding at the structural level is still unknown. Here, to explore this question, we determine cryo-electron microscopy (cryo-EM) structures of pili of different sequence types with sufficiently high resolution to visualize posttranslational modifications. We then generate nanobodies directed against type IV pili which alter pilus function in vitro and in vivo. Cryo-EM in combination with molecular dynamics simulation of the nanobody-pilus complexes reveals how the different types of pili surface modifications alter nanobody binding. Our findings shed light on the impressive complementarity between the different strategies used by bacteria to avoid antibody binding. Importantly, we also show that structural information can be used to make informed modifications in nanobodies as countermeasures to these immune evasion mechanisms.

한국어의 피동과 비피동

The purpose of this paper is to classify the types of Korean passive sentences using the main characteristics of passive voice. To achieve this goal, we conducted a review of cross-linguistic research on passive voice and identified four key characteristics. These characteristics were then used to classify Korean passive sentences, with a detailed description of the characteristics and differences of each type. As a result, we identified Types I and II as prototypical passive sentences and Types III and IV as non-prototypical passive sentences. Additionally, we confirmed the existence of non-passive sentences among those previously discussed as passive sentences. Through this discussion, we examined the characteristics and reality of Korean passive sentences more closely. Furthermore, our understanding of Korean passive sentences was expanded by employing a prototypical approach to describe various types of passive sentences as a continuum.

Innovative Application of Biomass Material Energy Battery

This article provides an overview of the innovative research progress in the application of biomass materials in energy batteries. Biomass, as a plentiful renewable resource, has shown significant potential in various aspects of batteries, including electrodes, electrolytes, and packaging. Currently, various biomass electrode and electrolyte materials have made important advancements, leading to the development of various types of battery prototypes. Biomass batteries exhibit high specific capacity, good cycling stability, and cost-effectiveness advantages. However, widespread application still faces technical challenges such as cycle life. In the future, there is a need to strengthen basic research and technological breakthroughs, develop efficient manufacturing techniques, establish sustainable production systems, and promote the industrialization of biomass batteries. Biomass batteries have a promising future and will become an important choice for renewable energy storage.

APPROACHES TO INCREASE THE EFFICIENCY OF TRAINING AND TESTING BY CREATING A UNIFORM INFORMATION AND REFERENCE SYSTEM AND AUTOMATING THE ACTIVITIES OF THE INSTITUTE’S SCIENTISTS

The article is devoted to ways of solving certain problematic aspects of the preparation and conducting of tests, caused by the lack of a centralized approach to the creation, replenishment and access of scientists of the institute to the regulatory and legal framework and other materials necessary for the development of organizational and methodical documents for conducting tests. This causes long-term, not always high-quality preparation and testing of weapons, military, special equipment, ammunition, software and other types of experimental samples.&#x0D; The authors of the article outline approaches to increase the efficiency, automation, and quality of preparation and testing. For this purpose, it is proposed to create a single information and reference system at the institute, built on the basis of global (cloud environment) and local (local computer network) data exchange systems.&#x0D; The proposed approaches provide for the implementation of advanced information technologies that ensure the accumulation, search, access and use by scientists of the State Research Institute of Testing and Certification of Weapons and Military Equipment of the necessary regulatory and legal acts, organizational and methodological documents, reporting materials and other reference data at the stages preparation and testing of weapons, military, special equipment, ammunition, software and other types of prototypes.&#x0D; The introduction of the proposed approaches will reduce the cost of human resources for the preparation for the tests, will ensure the improvement of the quality of working out the organizational and methodical documents, which will ensure the proper conduct of the tests by the test team.

Optimization of Ketobenzothiazole-Based Type II Transmembrane Serine Protease Inhibitors to Block H1N1 Influenza Virus Replication.

Human influenza viruses cause acute respiratory symptoms that can lead to death. Due to the emergence of antiviral drug-resistant strains, there is an urgent requirement for novel antiviral agents and innovative therapeutic strategies. Using the peptidomimetic ketobenzothiazole protease inhibitor RQAR-Kbt (IN-1, aka N-0100) as a starting point, we report how substituting P2 and P4 positions with natural and unnatural amino acids can modulate the inhibition potency toward matriptase, a prototypical type II transmembrane serine protease (TTSP) that acts as a priming protease for influenza viruses. We also introduced modifications of the peptidomimetics N-terminal groups, leading to significant improvements (from μM to nM, 60 times more potent than IN-1) in their ability to inhibit the replication of influenza H1N1 virus in the Calu-3 cell line derived from human lungs. The selectivity towards other proteases has been evaluated and explained using molecular modeling with a crystal structure recently obtained by our group. By targeting host cell TTSPs as a therapeutic approach, it may be possible to overcome the high mutational rate of influenza viruses and consequently prevent potential drug resistance.

Special Delivery: Programming with Mailbox Types

The asynchronous and unidirectional communication model supported by mailboxes is a key reason for the success of actor languages like Erlang and Elixir for implementing reliable and scalable distributed systems. While many actors may send messages to some actor, only the actor may (selectively) receive from its mailbox. Although actors eliminate many of the issues stemming from shared memory concurrency, they remain vulnerable to communication errors such as protocol violations and deadlocks. Mailbox types are a novel behavioural type system for mailboxes first introduced for a process calculus by de’Liguoro and Padovani in 2018, which capture the contents of a mailbox as a commutative regular expression. Due to aliasing and nested evaluation contexts, moving from a process calculus to a programming language is challenging. This paper presents Pat, the first programming language design incorporating mailbox types, and describes an algorithmic type system. We make essential use of quasi-linear typing to tame some of the complexity introduced by aliasing. Our algorithmic type system is necessarily co-contextual, achieved through a novel use of backwards bidirectional typing, and we prove it sound and complete with respect to our declarative type system. We implement a prototype type checker, and use it to demonstrate the expressiveness of Pat on a factory automation case study and a series of examples from the Savina actor benchmark suite.

KINERJA SISTEM PENYAPU TIPE GUTTER BROOMS PADA PROTOTIPE KENDARAAN PENYAPU JALAN

The performance of the gutter brooms sweeping system was studied by conducting an experimental sweeping test. The test is carried out by operating a sweeper system to sweep plastic, paper, and leaf waste. The test results show that at a broom rotation speed of 150,6 rpm, the sweeping of plastic obtained a 100% sweeping success rate with the three settings for the height of the broom, while the sweeping of leaf waste obtained a 100% sweeping success rate at the broom position ± 0 mm touching the road surface and the sweeping of paper waste obtained a 100% sweeping success rate at the broom position ± 15 mm pressing the road surface. The comprehensive system of the gutter brooms type of road sweeper vehicle prototype can show sweeping performance with a 100% success rate, although the success rate of the sweeping is uncertain for different sweeping situations.