Prototype Samples Research Articles

Consumer Behavior Analysis as a Form of Pre-market Survey for the Black Pule (Alstonia spectabilis) Antimalarial Tablet Prototype

Background: Malaria a disease caused by the protozoan parasite Plasmodium with a high incidence of spread that is still found in remote tropical places, especially areas around gardens, swamps, forests, and mines such as eastern Indonesia. The commonly used antimalarial drug chloroquine has experienced resistance, encouraging researchers to look for effective alternative treatments. Formulation development of Standardized Herbal Medicine (OHT) from black pule was carried out as a potential new alternative treatment as an antimalarial. Objectives: The purpose of this study was to determine the level of liking and quality assessment or characteristics of the prototype of antimalarial OHT tablets. Methods: The method used in this research is descriptive quantitative which aims to describe the panelists' perspective on the product and to analyze product marketing. In this research method includes hedonic test and hedonic quality test which is a series of organoleptic tests and consumer acceptance tests by tasting and observing the product followed by filling out a form according to what is felt and observed. Results: The results obtained from this research, namely the preference test of the overall characteristics of the prototype of antimalarial black pule tablets (Alstonia spectabilis) showed a good sensory impression and characteristics. The positive results obtained from all aspects have illustrated that the panelists have considerable interest in the prototype sample and assess that the prototype tablets are suitable for dissemination to the public. Conclusions: Based on the research, it can be concluded that the prototype of black pule (Alstonia spectabilis) tablets tested through hedonic and hedonic quality tests produced overall good results, characterized by the tendency of panelists to choose "Like" in the hedonic test of sensory impressions and positive values in the hedonic quality test.

High-accuracy beam generation and scanning using reconfigurable coding metasurface

Metasurface technology has attracted widespread attention, owing to its remarkable capability to control electromagnetic properties. In this paper, we design a reconfigurable reflective metasurface array operating at 5 GHz for beam generation and scanning based on coding metasurface. Field programmable gate array (FPGA) is equipped for switching the states of PIN (positive-intrinsic-negative) diodes loaded on the metasurface in real-time, resulting in a 180° phase difference. To obtain multi-beam radiation and high-accuracy beam steering, the coding sequence to produce the target radiation pattern is calculated by an algorithm program. We design the fitness function of a genetic algorithm (GA) to optimize the sequence corresponding to the target directions. The simulation result shows that with the accuracy of 1°, the proposed metasurface is capable of generating multi-beam and scanning two-dimensional beams within the 50° range. Further, we fabricate and measure a prototype sample of 15 × 15 elements, which is verified feasible by comparing the measured result and the simulation. This work demonstrates the great potential of applying this reflective metasurface to wireless communication or radar.

Lightweight and broadband metamaterial absorber based on ITO impedance film

In this paper, we present a lightweight, broadband metamaterial absorber that exhibits polarization stability and is insensitive to incident angles. The absorber is composed of one layer of indium tin oxide impedance surface, three layers of quartz fiber composite material, and one layer of paper honeycomb on a metal sheet. Our proposed absorber has a 90 % absorptivity bandwidth of 13.19 GHz, ranging from 4.83 GHz to 18.12 GHz at TEM plane wave normal incidence, covering the entire X and Ku band. We illustrate the variation of design parameters and the distribution of electromagnetic field and current to investigate the absorption mechanism. To demonstrate the effectiveness of our design, we fabricate a prototype sample and measure its absorption performance. The results show a bandwidth of 12.38 GHz, ranging from 4.91 GHz to 17.29 GHz, with a low profile of 0.095λL at the lowest operating frequency. The experimental results are in good agreement with the numerical simulation, effectively verifying our proposed design.

High strength induced wide band gap formations in additively manufactured cubic metamaterial

Strength and band gap are the two basic physical features of the cubic metamaterial. How to design band gap characteristics with high strength of structure is the key for the further industrial application in vibration control of the cubic metamaterial. Here a cubic metamaterial is designed by optimal selection of crystal orientation angle to obtain wide band gaps with high strength. The prototype samples were fabricated using advanced additive manufacturing technology to tensile-pressure experiments and sine frequency sweep experiment, thereby demonstrating the validity of the obtained results. Results indicated that the normalized bandwidth of simple cubic (SC) metamaterials is 0.47 and the ultimate strength is 25.99 MPa. The normalized bandwidth is increased by 3.1 times and 47 times higher than that of the metamaterials of face-centered cubic (FCC) and body-centered cubic (BCC). Its ultimate strength is increased by 3.5 times and 6.7 times. The static simulation results revealed that the maximum mises stress values of SC, FCC, and BCC metamaterials were 1.71, 10.49, and 31.40 MPa respectively. The attenuation amplitude of the elastic wave measured by experiment is 80 dB, which is consistent with the simulation results. The bandwidths of cubic metamaterials exhibit a positive correlation with their strength. The variation in crystal orientation angles plays a crucial role in elucidating the underlying mechanism behind the positive correlation between the strength and the band gap. The further buckling analysis of SC metamaterial with high strength and wide bandgap characteristics reveals that the negative Poisson’s ratio structure experiences a reduction in bandwidth and strength as buckling deformation intensifies.

Task-Specific Alignment and Multiple-level Transformer for few-shot action recognition

In the research field of few-shot learning, the main difference between image-based and video-based is the additional temporal dimension. In recent years, some works have used the Transformer to deal with frames, then get the attention feature and the enhanced prototype, and the results are competitive. However, some video frames may relate little to the action, and only using single frame-level or segment-level features may not mine enough information. We address these problems sequentially through an end-to-end method named “Task-Specific Alignment and Multiple-level Transformer Network (TSA-MLT)”. The first module (TSA) aims to filter the action-irrelevant frames for action duration alignment. Affine Transformation for frame sequence in the time dimension is used for linear sampling. The second module (MLT) focuses on the Multiple-level feature of the support prototype and query sample to mine more information for the alignment, which operates on different level features. We adopt a fusion loss according to a fusion distance that fuses the L2 sequence distance, which focuses on temporal order alignment, and the Optimal Transport distance, which focuses on measuring the gap between the appearance and semantics of the videos. Extensive experiments show our method achieves state-of-the-art results on the HMDB51 and UCF101 datasets and a competitive result on the benchmark of Kinetics and something-2-something V2 datasets. Our code will be available at the URL: https://github.com/cofly2014/tsa-mlt.git.

5‐2: Integrated Design of Capacitive Touch and Electromagnetic Sensor for Flexible OLED Display

This work presents a novel structure for integrating capacitive touch and electromagnetic resonance (EMR) sensors on thin film encapsulation (TFE) of OLED display. Through co‐layer design of touch bridge electrode and EMR coil, the number of mask can be reduced, and the module thickness can also be decreased. In addition, the Cs loading of touch and the resistance of EMR coils are both reduced by the unique pattern design. Finally, an 8‐inch prototype sample was developed, and the hybrid sensor achieved sensitive touch and EMR stylus scribing functions after debugging.

A Compact Circular Waveguide Directional Coupler for High-Order Mode Vacuum Electronic Devices

In this paper, a compact circular waveguide directional coupler for high-order mode vacuum electronic devices is presented and investigated. To reduce the size, the primary and secondary waveguides of this coupler are connected in an orthogonal way by two coupling holes. Moreover, to improve the directivity and operating bandwidth, a method of loading adjustable metal stubs on the isolating port is proposed and introduced in design. A Ka-band TE01-mode circular waveguide directional coupler was designed, and the structure parameters were optimized by electromagnetic simulation. To verify the design, a prototype sample was fabricated, assembled, and tested. The experimental results show good agreement with the simulations, and the directivity are improved by adjusting the metal stubs on the isolating port. In the experiment, a 26.7 dB directivity at 35 GHz was obtained, and the bandwidth of directivity above 20 dB was higher than 7 GHz, corresponding to a relative bandwidth higher than 20%. Meanwhile, the TE01° mode maintained good transmission efficiency in this compact high-order mode directional coupler.

Colour prediction as a weaving design selection help tool in Jacquard CAD

The final colour prediction of a weave design made of dyed yarns is a difficult problem. This study shows how a geometric model can be developed to obtain the final colour prediction objectively. For this purpose, a woven material was divided into weft, warp and pores. Then, all parameters needed for the calculation of each colour contribution were identified. A geometrical model based on construction parameters was developed to predict the surface colour contribution of each coloured yarn in a weave surface. To validate the predicted colorimetric data, a visual assessment experiment was conducted. Then, the difference between the predicted and actual colour appearance of the weave pattern was evaluated and analysed in function of weaving structures, and weft yarns colours. For this purpose, simple woven structures (plain, twill 1/3, basket 2/2 and satin Turc) with four coloured weft yarns were used. Results show that the proposed model could correctly predict the final colour of weave designs. Therefore, the model has the potential to eliminate subjective evaluations and reduce prototype sample production by automating the process of weave/colour simulation, thereby reducing the cost and time for product development. The methods of utilization of colour in woven textiles depend upon the composition of the weave design to be woven and the structure parameters of the cloth.

Distribution of Heterogeneous, Highly Impure Soy Material in a Deep Air Channel

The paper highlights a lack of machines and equipment capable of cleaning highly impure soybean material efficiently and productively. Most of the existing grain cleaning machines are designed for the materials conforming to GOST 17109-88 that specifies weed and oilseed impurity contents of 2 and 6 percent, respectively. In reality, a typical soybean post-harvest waste often contains 20 to 60 percent of material unsuitable for extracting raw protein, that makes this type of material completely non–separable for this type of machine. (Research purpose) The research aims to determine the optimal efficiency of separating heterogeneous bulk mixtures in a vertically ascending air channel. (Materials and methods) To accomplish this, the authors employed a rotary batch classifier RBK 30 and a prototype sample of a precision air classifier PAC with column air flow accelerators. The paper defines impurity separation completeness and soybean waste separation efficiency in a novel pneumatic classifier, considering the accelerator thickness and the height above the processed material. (Results and discussion) The findings reveal that traditional pneumatic channels achieve no more than 20 percent of separation efficiency for highly impure soybean material, while the precision air classifier demonstrates approximately a 45 percent separation. (Conclusions) Typical air flow machines struggle with high impurity of material. The separation efficiency of highly impure material can be enhanced by equalizing the air flow velocity inside and above the layer of the separated material and installing a core air flow accelerator. The study indicates that the material being processed can be separated by air flow, provided a specialized pneumatic separation channel is used. Due to the ratio of the core accelerator height and the height above the material, the air flow velocity inside and above the separated layer is equalized.

A Novel Tactile Sensing System Utilizing Magnetorheological Structures for Dynamic Contraction and Relaxation Motions.

It is well known that the rheological properties of magnetorheological (MR) material change under a magnetic field. So far, most works on MR materials have been oriented toward actuating characteristics instead of sensing functions. In this work, to realize dynamic tactile motion, a spherical MR structure was designed as a sensor, incorporating a magnetic circuit core to provide maximum dynamic motion. After manufacturing a prototype (sample), a sinusoidal magnetic field of varying exciting frequency and magnitude was applied to the sample, and the dynamic contraction and relaxation motion depending on the exciting magnetic field was observed. Among the test results, when 10% deformation occurred, the instantaneous force generated was from 2.8 N to 8.8 N, and the force when relaxed was from 1.2 N to 3.5 N. It is also shown that the repulsive force within this range can be implemented using an acceptable input current. The special tactile sensing structure proposed in this work can be used as a sensor to measure the field-dependent viscoelastic properties of human tissues such as stomach, liver, and overall body. In addition, it could be usefully applied to robot surgery, because it can mimic the dynamic motions of various human organs under various surgical conditions.

Modeling and research of a magnetoelectric converter for hydro and pneumo actuators

Purpose. Presentation of the results of modeling and practical implementation of a magnetoelectric converter for hydraulics and pneumatics systems of the aerospace industry. Methodology. Calculations of three-dimensional magnetic fields are carried out with the Finite Element Method by JMAG program. The solution of the differential equations connecting the input voltage, current, magnetic flux and torque is performed by numerical integration. Results. As a result of calculations, the converter configuration was obtained. Tests of the prototype model of the converter confirmed the principle workability of the adopted design and design solutions in its development. Practical value. Tests of the converter prototype sample confirmed the fundamental performance of the adopted design and constructive solutions.

IFRN: Insensitive feature removal network for zero-shot mechanical fault diagnosis across fault severity

Zero-shot learning is a promising technique for diagnosing mechanical faults in complex and uncertain environments. However, when diagnosing mechanical faults across different severities using zero-shot learning, the impact of insensitive features should be minimized due to the susceptibility of zero-shot prototypes and the vulnerability of vibration signals. To accomplish this, an Insensitive Feature Removal Network (IFRN) with an entire attention mechanism (EAM) module and a denoise autoencoder module is proposed to remove insensitive features hierarchically by dividing them into two categories: common insensitive features (CIF) and private insensitive features (PIF), each with different properties depending on their corresponding sub-labels presence in mechanical faults. Concretely, EAM removes insensitive features that the classifier cannot differentiate with the help of the entire attention weight comparison by attention generation, attention comparison, and attention limitation parts. Then, the denoise autoencoder module with long short memory term (LSTM) is utilized to remove the insensitive features that are not completely removed, especially for the insensitive features that independently arise. The IFRN’s effectiveness is demonstrated through comparative experiments and ablation studies using the Case Western Reserve University (CWRU) dataset, where the experimental result shows that IFRN outperforms conventional zero-shot learning methods. Furthermore, an analysis with prototype distance and sample aggregation is presented to further justify the effectiveness of the proposed method in reducing the prototype shift and improving classification accuracy by removing insensitive features.

Supervised Risk Predictor of Breast Cancer Based on Intrinsic Subtypes.

To improve on current standards for breast cancer prognosis and prediction of chemotherapy benefit by developing a risk model that incorporates the gene expression-based "intrinsic" subtypes luminal A, luminal B, HER2-enriched, and basal-like. A 50-gene subtype predictor was developed using microarray and quantitative reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction data from 189 prototype samples. Test sets from 761 patients (no systemic therapy) were evaluated for prognosis, and 133 patients were evaluated for prediction of pathologic complete response (pCR) to a taxane and anthracycline regimen. The intrinsic subtypes as discrete entities showed prognostic significance (P = 2.26E-12) and remained significant in multivariable analyses that incorporated standard parameters (estrogen receptor status, histologic grade, tumor size, and node status). A prognostic model for node-negative breast cancer was built using intrinsic subtype and clinical information. The C-index estimate for the combined model (subtype and tumor size) was a significant improvement on either the clinicopathologic model or subtype model alone. The intrinsic subtype model predicted neoadjuvant chemotherapy efficacy with a negative predictive value for pCR of 97%. Diagnosis by intrinsic subtype adds significant prognostic and predictive information to standard parameters for patients with breast cancer. The prognostic properties of the continuous risk score will be of value for the management of node-negative breast cancers. The subtypes and risk score can also be used to assess the likelihood of efficacy from neoadjuvant chemotherapy.

Using furniture factory waste sawdust in wood-plastic composite production and prototype sample production

This study investigated the possibility of furniture factory waste sawdust (FFWS) utilization in polypropylene (PP) composites and producing furniture support leg prototypes. Test samples were manufactured using a single screw extruder and injection molding machine utilizing 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, and 35% by weight of FFWS and 0% or 3% maleated polypropylene (MAPP). Selected mechanical and physical properties of manufactured samples were determined. The presence of FFWS and MAPP significantly improved mechanical properties compared to neat PP. The higher FFWS amount increased the flexural strength, flexural modulus, tensile modulus, impact resistance, and density. Tensile strength and elongation at break decreased with filler amount, but the addition of MAPP caused a dramatic increase in tensile strength. In addition, flexural strength, flexural modulus, tensile strength, elasticity modulus, and density values of the composites containing MAPP had higher values than the ones without MAPP. However, impact resistance and elongation at break values were slightly decreased with the addition of MAPP. Optimization results showed that formulation mixtures containing 20% filler and 3% MAPP fit best for prototype furniture legs manufacturing.

Experimental Study of the Hydrodynamics of an Open Channel with Algae Attached to the Side Wall

The construction of large-scale water diversion projects has effectively alleviated the current situation of the uneven distribution of water resources in China. However, due to the siltation of very fine sediment and organic matter on the side wall of an open channel, and the slow velocity of the side wall flow field, it is easy for epipelic algae to be produced, which affects water quality. Because prototype observation cannot be used to predict the series of flow in real time, and the calculation of the mathematical model is affected by parameter limitations, these two methods often cannot truly reflect the hydrodynamic characteristics of an open channel with epipelic algae. Therefore, by referring to the design parameters of the water diversion project channel, this study took the epipelic algae growing on the side wall of an open channel as the research object and used the scale of 1:30 to carry out a generalized flume experiment. Through the analysis of the physical characteristics of the prototype sample, and the simulation of the cohesive force between the oblique side wall and the epipelic algae, multi-group and multi-series hydrodynamic tests were carried out. The velocity distribution law and flow field distribution law were analyzed. The research results show that the presence of epipelic algae has a certain hindering effect on the flow velocity and significantly reduces the range of the peak velocity of the channel along the water depth. The position of the maximum velocity on the vertical line of the channel flow appears at the relative water depth of 0.6. In the case of small flow, the epipelic algae group only reduces the average flow rate of the channel by 5~6%; in the case of large flow, the effect of epipelic algae on the channel flow rate is minimal. This paper includes important scientific guiding significance and practical value for the regulation of water quantity and water quality safety, as well as the protection of long-distance projects.

HOW DO PROTOTYPES CHANGE? CHARACTERISING QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE CHANGES BETWEEN PROTOTYPE ITERATIONS

AbstractPrototyping strategies and technology often focus on reducing the fabrication time and cost between design iterations, however, there is limited knowledge about the specific characteristics of change that prototyping strategies aim to impact. To investigate, and better understand these characteristics, this study curates and systematically analyses a representative dataset of 50 'real-world' prototype samples. The study aims to explore the various elements that constitute a design change and to determine their impact on the scale of volumetric change detected. The results highlight emergent patterns and correlations between study metrics to better understand the reasons for design change and the frequency and scale of changes detected in the sample dataset. Findings reveal that the purpose of a design change is, in certain cases, highly correlated to the scale of change affected, and that some changes are more prevalent in the dataset than others, with an average volumetric difference of 4.2% between sample versions detected. The study provides an initial characterisation of prototype change to guide iterative prototyping processes and improve the efficiency and effectiveness of design iterations.

A formaldehyde-free bio-composite sheet used as adhesive with excellent water-wet bonding performance

Formaldehyde-free liquid adhesives derived from biomass are attractive candidates to petroleum-based counterparts. However, developing solid bio-adhesive with excellent wet strength and bonding performances remains a lasting challenge. Here, we report a bio-composite sheet consisting of soybean flour, paper, and cross-linking agent (Polyamidoamine-epichlorohydrin, PAE), and its wet strength and bonding performances was evaluated by paper straw and plywood application. The covalent crosslinking by the reaction of soybean protein and PAE plays a major role in the enhancement of various properties of the cured bio-composite sheet. The tensile stress of cured bio-composite sheet was only lower than the prototype sample 14.5% after 100 ℃ water soaking treatment for 2 h. Paper straw rolled from the bio-composite sheet displayed boiling water stable at the same condition, while had better flexural strength and natural degradability than the plastic straw. Bonding strength of plywood boned with bio-composite sheet reached 1.38 MPa, which was exceeded 97.1% than the requirement of the Chinese National Standard GB/T 9846–2015 for interior plywood. Given the simple and general strategy, the products based on bio-composite sheet can potentially be a new approach on the use of biomass adhesives, which also be a suitable solution to solve the environmental challenges (e.g., formaldehyde) in the field of biomass-based composites.

Deep neural network training method based on vectorgraphs for designing of metamaterial broadband polarization converters

In this work, we proposed a method of extracting feature parameters for deep neural network prediction based on the vectorgraph storage format, which can be applied to the design of electromagnetic metamaterials with sandwich structures. Compared to current methods of manually extracting feature parameters, this method can automatically and precisely extract the feature parameters of arbitrary two-dimensional surface patterns of the sandwich structure. The position and size of surface patterns can be freely defined, and the surface patterns can be easily scaled, rotated, translated, or transformed in other ways. Compared to the pixel graph feature extraction method, this method can adapt to very complex surface pattern design in a more efficient way. And the response band can be easily shifted by scaling the designed surface pattern. To illustrate and verify the method, a 7-layer deep neural network was built to design a metamaterial broadband polarization converter. Prototype samples were fabricated and tested to verify the accuracy of the prediction results. In general, the method is potentially applicable to the design of different kinds of sandwich-structure metamaterials, with different functions and in different frequency bands.

Void fraction research and destructive examination of CFETR toroidal field coil protype joints

The CFETR toroidal field coil (TFC) is designed to generate a peak magnetic field of 14.5 T at 4.2 K, with an operating current of 95.6 kA. The creation of superconducting joints is one of the most delicate parts of TF winding package (WP) fabrication, as the superconducting joints play an important role in the electrical and cooling circuit connection. ASIPP has produced a prototype sample containing three types of joints using a CFETR TF cable in conduit conductor (CICC) in 2022 and has obtained good resistance test values. This paper describes the study of joint void fraction (VF) and pixel-based image recognition analysis, and evaluation of contacts between conductive components. And the solution of the expansion of the twin box terminal in the manufacturing process and the groove design examination of spliced joints.

Design of Switchable Frequency-Selective Rasorber With A-R-A-T or A-T-A-R Operating Modes

This work presents a switchable frequency-selective rasorber (SFSR) with two operating modes. Switching from transmission to reflection can be achieved by appropriately adding feeders and PIN diodes based on cascaded two-dimensional lossy and lossless frequency-selective surface (FSS) screens. The proposed SFSR can realize out-of-band absorption. Analysis of the equivalent circuit model (ECM) can be useful for achieving a switchable rasorber. As the state of the PIN diodes changes, the working state of the SFSR can be switched from low-frequency reflection and high-frequency transmission to low-frequency transmission and high-frequency reflection, respectively. In the final-revision simulation of the working band of the SFSR, in the ON state, reflection and transmission peaks of -0.55 dB at 4.06 GHz and -0.52 dB at 5.97 GHz, respectively, are achieved; in the OFF state, the transmission and reflection peaks of -0.31 dB at 4.04GHz and -0.26 dB at 6.01 GHz, respectively, are obtained. A prototype sample is developed and validated. The results are in good agreement with those of the full-wave simulation. The proposed design can be used in intelligent anti-jamming communication.