Dimensions Of Prototype Research Articles

How elections shape perceptions of ideal leadership.

Individuals hold internal leadership representations, termed leadership prototypes. We examined how these prototypes changed in reaction to the 2020 U.S. presidential election. A sample of Republicans (N = 200), Democrats (N = 200), and individuals who identified with neither major party (N = 200), surveyed eight times between October 2020 and January 2021, and reported their perceptions of the characteristics of the ideal leader. Results from a regression discontinuity in time and repeated measurement analyses found that the election altered two dimensions of the average U.S. leadership prototype. We specifically find participants' perceptions of Tyranny and Masculinity to decrease, that is, shifts to more Biden-like and less Trump-like leadership prototypes. Other dimensions of the leadership prototype remained stable, that is, charisma, sensitivity, dedication, intelligence, and dynamism. Analyses examined two boundary conditions of the effect: political identification and the acceptance of the election result as legitimate. Only perceived legitimacy was found to moderate the effect with the shift in leadership prototypes being driven by individuals who accepted the result of the election as legitimate. Our findings demonstrate the dynamic nature of leadership prototypes in response to real-world events and more broadly how an election can shape psychological perceptions. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).

Magnetic Resonance Imaging-Compatible Electromagnetic Actuator: Design and Tests

This paper presents the detailed design, construction and tests of a protype iron-free MRI-compatible electromagnetic actuator. The originality of this proposal lies in the use of the homogeneous static magnetic field B0, present in the MRI bore, to ensure the electromechanical energy conversion. The armature is composed of three rectangular coils in a three-phase arrangement, which makes the actuator very light-weight and compact. The operating principle is that of an AC synchronous motor with a rotating armature. In order to design the actuator, a 3D analytical electromagnetic model is developed to predict the magnetic field produced by the armature winding. Then, a 3D finite element (FE) computation is performed to validate the analytically calculated magnetic field. The developed analytical model is then inserted into an optimization routine based on Genetic Algorithms (GAs) to obtain the prototype dimensions to be realized. Finally, the prototype is constructed and tested inside an MRI research scanner. The results indicate that the reduction in the Signal-to-Noise Ratio (SNR) and the geometrical distortion are less than 5% when the actuator is powered with a current of 10 times the rated one and when it is located very close to the subject to be imaged.

Estimation of reflection loss of lossy dielectric powders using coaxial line based guided wave technique for conventional cement based microwave absorber applications

Coaxial transmission line technique to determine Plane Wave Reflection Loss of dielectric powders is proposed. The technique provides rapid determination of suitability of powders as conductive filler for Microwave Absorbers, specifically cement based Absorber. Ash by-product from steel industry including Argon Oxygen Decarburization (AOD), Acid Recovery Station (ARS) and Electric Arc Furnace (EAF) are considered over frequency range 1–12 GHz. Scattering parameters (S-matrix) of ash filled coaxial lines are measured. Short-Open technique is adopted. Formulation to compute reflection loss from measured S11 is presented. Teflon, with known reflection loss, is considered for validation. A 10 % error in computed results is observed in range 1–4 GHz, and 10–15 % in range 4–12 GHz. Broadband MAM characterization employing Free Space Methods involve enormous material requirement, frequency dependent prototype dimensions and anechoic chambers. The error percentage notwithstanding, the technique provides rapid estimates, enabling smart selection of conductive fillers, providing cost and time reduction.

WAVE TRANSMISSION AND DISSIPATION BY HYBRID (VEGETATED WITH MANGROVE) BREAKWATERS

In recent years a group of studies for coastal protection (Hashim and Catherine (2013), Maza et al. (2018), Tomiczek et al. (2020), among others) have been carried out to determine drag coefficients in mangrove forests due to ocean waves. Following the mangrove hybrid platform concept by Tagaki (2019), and actual projects such as the mangrove rehabilitation site in the Jakarta Fishing Port, the main objective of this study was to propose and test a hybrid structure capable of controlling wave energy via breaking and dissipation. The experimental tests focused on determining the rates of the wave energy distribution (reflection, transmission and dissipation) due to the presence of an afforested mangrove zone in the upper part of the breakwater. A fixed-bottom small-scale model was tested under normal and extreme marine regimes. The prototype dimensions of the breakwater are total height 5.70 m, crest width 10 m, seaside slope 2:1 (H:V) and leeward slope (1.5:1). The barrier is composed of a rigid bottom built of artificial elements (cubipods) and a long crown intended to be vegetated (with red mangroves, for example). The rationale behind this configuration is to provide ecosystem services by an artificially built mangrove forest protected by the rigid bottom. The experimental program consisted of 54 experiments divided into 7 groups corresponding to regular and irregular waves, mean and extreme and high and low tide conditions. Other variables of interest were the density and spatial distribution of mangroves, such as core materials.

EFFECT OF A SCALED CANTILEVER BEAM ON NATURAL FREQUENCY

This paper deals with the scaling factor's effect on the cantilever beam's natural frequency. Scaling a prototype dimension will make it easier to manufacture and test the dynamic characteristics of structures with enormous sizes. Natural frequency is one of the essential parameters of the vibration characteristics of the system. The phenomenon that often occurs in vibrating structures is the resonance phenomenon. Resonance is a system state in which an abnormally large vibration is generated in response to an external stimulus, happening when the frequency of the disturbance is equal to, or nearly identical to, the natural frequency of the system. This research investigates the scale factor on natural frequency using the analytical method using Euler-Bernoulli beam theory, the MSC Nastran/Patran software, and experimental testing using an impact hammer on a cantilever beam. The three methods were applied to beams with four scaling variations: 1:1, 1:2.04, 1:2.85, and 1:3.48. Based on the results, the natural frequencies increase by the size scale reduction value in the modeling. The natural frequency value in the actual structure has a value equivalent to 1/S of the natural frequency value of the scale, whereas S is defined as the downgrade scale value. This result follows the Similitude theory.

A Novel Monopole Ultra-Wide-Band Multiple-Input Multiple-Output Antenna with Triple-Notched Characteristics for Enhanced Wireless Communication and Portable Systems.

This study introduces a monopole 4 × 4 Ultra-Wide-Band (UWB) Multiple-Input Multiple-Output (MIMO) antenna system with a novel structure and outstanding performance. The proposed design has triple-notched characteristics due to CSRR etching and a C-shaped curve. The notching occurs in 4.5 GHz, 5.5 GHz, and 8.8 GHz frequencies in the C-band, WLAN band, and satellite network, respectively. Complementary Split-Ring Resonators (CSRR) are etched at the feed line and ground plane, and a C-shaped curve is used to reduce interference between the ultra-wide band and narrowband. The mutual coupling of CSRR enables the MIMO architecture to achieve high isolation and polarisation diversity. With prototype dimensions of (60.4 × 60.4) mm2, the proposed antenna design is small. The simulated and measured results show good agreement, indicating the effectiveness of the UWB-MIMO antenna for wireless communication and portable systems.

Effect of initial failure geometry on the progress of a retrogressive seepage-induced landslide

Natural and man-made slopes can undergo a retrogressive landslide when subjected to seepage. Studying the mechanism of retrogressive landslides contributes greatly to the employment of effective mitigation approaches. A multi-stage limit equilibrium-based study was performed to explore how the geometry of initial failure affects the progress of a retrogressive, multiple-rotational landslide caused by seepage flow. Seepage-stability analyses were carried out on two silty sand slopes which were previously found to experience successive rotational failures upon raising the water table in centrifuge tests. Analyzed in prototype dimensions were the slope models with the height of 24 cm and inclinations of 45° (1V:1H) and 63.4° (2V:1H) tested at different centrifugal accelerations. According to the tests, the initial shallow failures were assumed to be circular initiating from the face and emerging from the toe of the slopes in the stability analyses. The impact of curvature and length of the initial failure surface (referred to as IFS) as well as the height of the scarp shaped at each failure episode were investigated. The results show that the landslide continues until the slope profile finds a stable curvature. For the landslides that occur in the 45° inclined slope, when the initial failure initiates at a higher elevation on the slope face, the landslide retrogresses further. In addition, with an increase in the length or curvature of IFS, the final retrogression distance decreases. Further, it was observed that the progress of landslides depends on the height of the scarp exposed at each failure episode.

End-User Assessment of an Innovative Clothing-Based Sensor Developed for Pressure Injury Prevention: A Mixed-Method Study.

This study aimed to evaluate a clothing prototype that incorporates sensors for the evaluation of pressure, temperature, and humidity for the prevention of pressure injuries, namely regarding physical and comfort requirements. A mixed-method approach was used with concurrent quantitative and qualitative data triangulation. A structured questionnaire was applied before a focus group of experts to evaluate the sensor prototypes. Data were analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics and the discourse of the collective subject, followed by method integration and meta-inferences. Nine nurses, experts in this topic, aged 32.66 ± 6.28 years and with a time of profession of 10.88 ± 6.19 years, participated in the study. Prototype A presented low evaluation in stiffness (1.56 ± 1.01) and roughness (2.11 ± 1.17). Prototype B showed smaller values in dimension (2.77 ± 0.83) and stiffness (3.00 ± 1.22). Embroidery was assessed as inadequate in terms of stiffness (1.88 ± 1.05) and roughness (2.44 ± 1.01). The results from the questionnaires and focus groups' show low adequacy as to stiffness, roughness, and comfort. The participants highlighted the need for improvements regarding stiffness and comfort, suggesting new proposals for the development of sensors for clothing. The main conclusions are that Prototype A presented the lowest average scores relative to rigidity (1.56 ± 1.01), considered inadequate. This dimension of Prototype B was evaluated as slightly adequate (2.77 ± 0.83). The rigidity (1.88 ± 1.05) of Prototype A + B + embroidery was evaluated as inadequate. The prototype revealed clothing sensors with low adequacy regarding the physical requirements, such as stiffness or roughness. Improvements are needed regarding the stiffness and roughness for the safety and comfort characteristics of the device evaluated.

Development of a Mini Compression Test Machine using Arduino Microcontroller as Texture Analyzer Prototype

A texture analyzer is a standard device to measure food texture properties. This study aims to develop a mini compression test machine prototype that can function as a texture analyzer with simple operation and portability. The components and materials were chosen based on: low cost, manufacturability, and availability in the local Indonesian market. The prototype dimension was 375 × 215 × 450 mm, and used a linear ball screw slider for the translation movement with a 200 mm effective sliding distance. For obtaining the compression load, a 10 kg load cell was used, and it was replaceable by a load cell with a lower capacity if a higher measurement accuracy was required. After calibration, the linear vertical displacement and load cell had ±0.1 mm and ±1 g of accuracy, respectively. The prototype was tested to measure the texture properties of potato chops. As a result, the machine could successfully measure the load and displacement data and detect a crack phenomenon, verifying its usability as a food texture analyzer.

Development of a Modular System for Digitalization of Appraisal Process

It is noted that the existing weighing platforms for weighing dairy cattle demonstrate certain shortcomings during the grading process. It was proposed to determine the fatness of animals by scanning their sacrum with optical systems, which allows monitoring their physiological state and, in case of deterioration, promptly change the diet. (Research purpose) To develop a modular system for the digitalization of appraisal process ensuring the autonomy and independence of modules. (Materials and methods) The emphasis is paid on the necessity of integrating into the whole farm system by using a unified Internet space. The development of a modular system for digitalization of appraisal was divided into 4 modules. A grading algorithm was worked out and compared with the layout diagram of the modules in order to assess the volume of work on the grading digitalization. Four strain gauges were installed in the weighing module. (Results and discussion) It was proved that the module provides high-precision weighing of animals (C3 accuracy), regardless of the external influence factors such as cow movements and the asymmetrical position of the cow inside the system box. The results can be displayed on the display of a single control unit. The camera of the vision module was placed at a height of 2,200 millimeters, which eliminates it being damaged by the animals and provides an unobstructed view for the 3D ToF camera. The transportation dimensions of the system prototype are as follows: length – 2,500 millimeters, width – 1,564, height – 2,118 millimeters. The total mass of the manufactured system, including the original platform, is approximately 620-640 kilograms. (Conclusions) A modular system for digitalization of appraisal work has been successfully developed and created. The weighing module was tested revealing an error of less than 1 percent, when testing the system with a reference mass of 655 kilograms and that of 1,200 kilograms.

Development of Interface Device for Modular Agricultural Robotic Platform

To create multifunctional robotic platforms for agricultural use, it is reasonable to use a modular principle that will allow installing various equipment depending on the tasks assigned to the robotic tool. Providing autonomous reconfiguration capabilities will reduce human interference and maintenance costs. (Research purpose) This work is aimed at developing a scalable device for interfacing functional modules with the agricultural robotic base platform, which can provide mechanical fixation, energy transfer and information exchange. (Materials and methods) This article analyzes the previous research into the solutions for interfacing modules in robotic complexes and points out their benefits and drawbacks. Based on the analysis and own research, the interface mechanism structure was developed to ensure the correct mutual position and fixation of the module to the base platform under the assumption of possible energy and information exchange. (Results and discussion) In the course of the work, the design ratios for the interface device were derived, making it possible to calculate the permissible linear displacements and permissible angular deviation of the mechanism interfacing elements. Based on the permissible linear deviations up to 10-13 millimeters and a permissible angular deviation of 20 degrees, the main dimensions of the device prototype were obtained. A prototype interface device was operationalized with the dimensional specifications of 200 millimeters in length, 130 millimeters in width, 58 millimeters in height. Several experiments with the device prototype were carried out based on various linear and angular deviations of the interfacing elements. (Conclusions) It was found out that successful interfacing occurs in 98 percent of cases subject to admissible calculated displacements. It was concluded that the proposed interface device will allow for the autonomous replacement of modules of multifunctional robotic platforms.

Translational design prototypes for interdisciplinary public transport research

This article contributes to the understanding of prototypes within translational design practice by analysing their application during interdisciplinary research. A case study is provided to showcase how prototypes facilitated interdisciplinary research progression on a public transport research project conducted through collaboration between four university faculties and an external industry partner. Two prototype dimensions are identified as being of significance for translational designers working within these contexts: collaboration and communication. The collaboration dimension represents the level to which prototypes invite input from non-design disciplines and external stakeholders in order to develop real-world applicable knowledge that can drive research translation. The communication dimension represents the level to which prototypes can communicate research outside of the project context and disseminate knowledge to broader audiences who can assist in advancing it towards implementation.

Experimental Characteristics of Mechanical Continuously Variable Transmission with Internal Force Functions

The paper proposes a new type of a mechanical continuously variable transmission with internal force functions to upgrade the energy efficiency of a vehicle equipped with a conventional engine. The prototype of the transmission is a well-known V. F. Maltsev concurrent pulse variator in which freewheel mechanism driven members are supplemented with elastic torsions shafts. It is shown that the variator turns into a continuous transformer – a mechanical continuously variable transmission with internal force functions. There is an internal automaticity and continuity in the entire range of gear ratio changes. The configuration engineering solution is implemented in the engineering prototype. The aim of the research is experimental study of the properties and characteristics of such a mechanical continuously variable transmission. The kinematic configuration and the main structural dimensions of the engineering prototype are given. Special testing facility and measuring-and-recording equipment have been developed. A set of parameters to be recorded has been specified. The accuracy of their measurement is statistically estimated. The results of the experiments are presented in terms of output and input torque dependencies on the speed of the driven shaft. It is shown that the transmission characteristics in their dimensionless form (transformer ratio and efficiency) in the function of internal gear ratio are universal. The possibility of obtaining an infinite kinematic and significant power transmission ranges by independently changing the internal link oscillation range (level of the force function) and the rotation frequency of the drive shaft has been experimentally shown. The transmission has high transforming and energy properties, which are higher than those of hydrodynamic gears.

Design and Development of an In-Flight Actuator for Modeling Dynamic Compaction in a Geotechnical Centrifuge

Abstract The objective of this article is to present the design details and performance of an in-flight actuator for simulating dynamic compaction (DC) at enhanced gravities in a geotechnical centrifuge. The developed actuator is equipped with an automatized lifting and dropping mechanism to induce repeated impacts on the soil surface at high gravities, with prototype energies varying from 50 to 400 t-m. In addition, the developed actuator encompasses a wide range of tamper shapes, tamper diameter, and mass coupled with variable drop heights during centrifuge testing, thereby simulating both low-energy impacts and high-energy DC processes adopted in the field. The various components and working mechanism of the developed actuator are discussed, with particular emphasis on measures taken for ensuring vertical alignment of tamper and for minimizing Coriolis acceleration generated during flight. In this article, the results of four calibration tests and four centrifuge model tests of DC on a typical loose granular deposit are discussed, conducted in a 4.5-m radius large beam centrifuge facility available at IIT Bombay, India. The calibration results indicate that the impact frequency can be regulated remotely by controlling the motor voltage to enable monitoring of pore water pressure build-up in saturated soils during impact and its subsequent dissipation. The average time interval between successive impacts, in this case, is observed to be uniform and approximately 1.4–2.3 min in prototype dimensions. Further, the analysis of data captured by pore water pressure transducers and accelerometers, coupled with GeoPIV-based image analysis, was employed to demonstrate the effectiveness of DC in granular soils using the developed actuator for various tamper energies and saturation levels. The results are interpreted in terms of pore water pressure variations during impacts, crater formations, surface settlements, induced ground velocities and peak accelerations, and increases in relative density of the soil after DC.

Modelling of Pool-Type Fishways Flows: Efficiency and Scale Effects Assessment

In this study, the 3D numerical modelling of flow in a pool-type fishway with bottom orifices was performed using computational fluid dynamics (CFD) software (FLOW-3D®). Numerical results were compared with experimental data obtained from acoustic Doppler velocimetry (ADV) and particle image velocimetry (PIV) measurements. Several hydrodynamic variables that influence fishways efficiencies, such as flow depths, flow patterns, water velocity, turbulent kinetic energy, Reynolds normal stresses, and Reynolds shear stress parallel to the bottom component, were qualitatively and quantitatively compared. The numerical model accurately reproduced the complex flow field, showing an overall good agreement between the numerical model predictions and the experimental data for the analysed variables. The importance of performing a numerical model validation for all the parameters under analyses was highlighted. Additionally, scaling effects were analysed by running an upscaled numerical model of the prototype fishway. The model performed with similar accuracy for both physical model and prototype dimensions with no evidence of scale effects. The present study concludes that CFD models (namely FLOW-3D®) may be used as an adequate and efficient design and analysis tool for new pool-type fishways geometries, reducing and complementing physical model testing.

An Experimental Study on Hydraulic Model of Water Intake Canal at Steam and Gas Power Plants

The performance of the canal water intake used in the Gas and Steam Power Plant (PLTGU) cooling system is carried out by testing the physical model of the water intake canal with a 1:15 scale model. In which, the canal water intake prototype has dimensions of length, L = 33.30 m, width, B = 13.40 m and height, T = 11.67 m, scaling the prototype dimensions to the model dimensions is done by complying with Froude’s law. The purpose of this paper is to determine the flow patterns that occur in the physical model and the minimum elevation allowed based on applicable guidelines [1]. The variables measured in this study were the flow velocity in the canal and also the visual documentation of the flow pattern in the canal including the formation of vortices. Tests were carried out on three variations of tidal elevation, namely HWL, MSL and LWL. The experimental results show that the flow pattern in the channel varies with depth with an average Reynolds Number value = 3.5 × 104. Vortex formation occurs at all elevations where the vortex is formed in the area near the pump. The observations show that the critical elevation of the canal is at H = 0.29 m for the model and H = 4.35 m for the prototype.

Modified solar chimney configuration with a heat exchanger: Experiment and CFD simulation

The performance of a modified solar chimney is studied numerically and experimentally. In this solar chimney, the classical solar collector array is replaced by a heat exchanger located in the middle section of the chimney. The natural convection inside is simulated by the commercial Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) code COMSOL. This software is used first to perform an optimization of the power output and to determine the optimal dimensions of the chimney prototype. From the parameters obtained numerically, a two-meter high chimney model is built to measure temperature profiles and power output of the chimney. The comparison between numerical and experimental results shows a difference lower than 6.2% for the power generated. Our prototype achieves a higher power density in comparison with other reported prototypes based on conventional solar chimney concept of similar height.

Centrifuge Modeling of Soft Soil Reinforced with Granular Columns

This paper presents a geotechnical centrifuge model of an embankment built in stages, over a 6.0 m layer of soft soil reinforced with nine floating granular columns arranged in a 3 × 3 square grid. The container was divided in two compartments where reinforced and unreinforced soil were tested simultaneously for comparison purposes. The load was applied by means of a 4 m high sand embankment (prototype dimensions) built in three steps. For each step, the centrifuge was stopped to allow the placement of the embankment layer and then re-accelerated up to 26 g and the excess of pore pressure was allowed to dissipate after each step. The instrumentation, comprised of total stress cells, pore pressure transducers and displacement transducers, was configured to collect information about the load transfer mechanism between the soil and the instrumented central column for each loading step during pore pressure dissipation. Results showed that despite representing only 30% of the total load, the first step provoked almost 70% of total vertical displacement. Finally, the columns were exhumed for a detailed and comprehensive visual analysis aiming to support and explain the results obtained.

Wearable Wireless-Enabled Oscillometric Sphygmomanometer: A Flexible Ambulatory Tool for Blood Pressure Estimation.

This article presents the design of an unobtrusive and wireless-enabled blood pressure (BP) monitoring system that is suitable for ambulatory use. By adopting low-profile electromechanical actuators and a compact printed circuit board design, this lightweight device can be worn directly on the occlusive cuff, therefore eliminating the need of a long and obtrusive tubing interconnect between the device and the cuff, as seen in traditional ambulatory BP monitors (ABPM). Instead of executing the BP estimation algorithm directly on the device, the proposed design rather sends the raw oscillometric signal through a Bluetooth Low Energy link, thus granting any Bluetooth-enabled device to gather and process the signal using a dedicated application. This in turn allows to assess several BP estimation algorithms found in the literature without being limited by the device resources. Three of them were tested with the designed prototype and validated with a reference equipment on 11 subjects. Overall, two of the algorithms revealed a mean absolute difference with the reference equipment of less than 5mmHg and almost zero bias along with a standard deviation of less than 6mmHg. Reproducibility results shown a mean difference between successive measurements of less than 3.1mmHg and a standard deviation of less than 2.4mmHg. The assembled prototype dimensions are 63.8× 134.8× 24.8mm and features an autonomy of 63.1 hours. Comparison with commercial ABPM devices shown that the proposed design is 18% to 33% smaller volume-wise, 5% to 27% weight-wise and height is reduced by 17% to 25%.

Optimization of submerged floating tunnel cross section based on parametric Bézier curves and hybrid backpropagation - genetic algorithm

The cross-section geometry of a submerged floating tunnel (SFT) has a large effect on hydrodynamic characteristics, structural behavior and service level, making the tunnel cross section the primary factor in optimizing efficiency. Minimizing the mean drag and the dynamic variability in the lift of the SFT cross section under bi-directional (i.e., tidal) flow has a dramatic impact on the reduction of structural displacements and mooring loads. Based on a parametric Bézier curve dynamically comprising the leading-edge radius, tunnel height and width to define the SFT geometry, a sensitivity analysis of the Bézier curve parameters for a fixed aspect ratio with prototype dimensions under uniform flow conditions was conducted by applying Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD), and the pressure distribution around the SFT cross-section surface was analyzed. A theoretical method comprising the Kármán vortex street parameters was employed to verify the CFD simulation results. In order to determine the SFT cross section with optimal hydrodynamic properties, the mean drag and Root Mean Square (RMS) lift coefficients were selected as optimization objectives, and four Bézier curve parameters were the input variables, in a neural network and genetic algorithm optimization process (a hybrid BP-GA structure), which is less likely to become trapped in local minima. The results show the optimal tunnel cross section has a mean drag and a RMS lift coefficient reduced by 0.9% and 6.3%, respectively, compared to the original CFD dataset.