Quantum Entanglement Of Protons Research Articles

Shock-wave model of the earthquake and Poincaré quantum theorem give an insight into the aftershock physics.

A fundamentally new model of aftershocks evident from the shock-wave model of the earthquake and Poincaré Recurrence Theorem [H. Poincare, Acta Mathematica 13, 1 (1890)] is proposed here. The authors (Recurrences in an isolated quantum many-body system, Science 2018) argue that the theorem should be formulated as “Complex systems return almost exactly into their initial state”. For the first time, this recurrence theorem has been demonstrated with complex quantum multi-particle systems. Our shock-wave model of an earthquake proceeds from the quantum entanglement of protons in hydrogen bonds of lithosphere material. Clearly aftershocks are quantum phenomena which mechanism follows the recurrence theorem.

Relevance of the electronic environment for the neutron scattering behavior of protons

A large number of neutron Compton scattering (NCS) experiments on hydrogen containing materials like liquid water, metal hydrogen systems and organic compounds has been reported on where a striking effect of a strong neutron proton scattering cross section shortfall has been found. This effect—which has been very recently confirmed using electron–proton Compton scattering on organic polymers—was attributed to the existence of short lived protonic quantum entanglement and/or to the breakdown of the Born–Oppenheimer approximation during the scattering process. Recent NCS experiments on various metal hydrogen systems strongly indicate the relevance of the electronic environment surrounding the proton. Concretely, changing the electronic charge density around or the bonding conditions of the protons leads to different cross section anomalies in those materials. It is concluded that the electronic environment determines the decoherence process of the protons thus leading to these different anomalous shortfalls.

Short lived protonic quantum entanglement and coupling to the electronic environment in LaH 2 and LaH 3

Very recently, a temperature dependent decrease of the protonic neutron scattering cross section σ H in LiH using neutron Compton scattering (NCS) has been reported. The decrease of σ H – which has been found in various materials using different experimental methods – is attributed to short-lived protonic quantum entanglement and it was suggested that the novel temperature dependence is due to the different coupling of the protons to the environment. The exact mechanism of the loss of coherence (i.e. decoherence) of the protonic quantum entangled states due to the interaction with the environment in condensed matter is not fully understood yet. To shed more light onto that, the NCS of LaH 2 and LaH 3 has been measured. While LaH 2 is metallic, LaH 3 is an isolator, thus providing completely different electronic environments the protons are coupled to. The experiment shows that σ H is smaller for LaH 3 than it is for LaH 2. This result strongly suggest that the different couplings of the protons to the different electronic environments lead to different anomalies.

The measurement of anomalous neutron inelastic cross-sections at electronvolt energytransfers

It has been proposed that short-lived quantum entanglement of protons in condensedmatter systems would result in anomalous inelastic scattering cross-sections at electronvoltenergy transfers. This proposal seems to be confirmed by neutron measurements on theVESUVIO spectrometer at ISIS and by measurements using other techniques. However,there have been a number of published suggestions of ways in which the observed effects onVESUVIO could be introduced by assumptions used in the data analysis. In this paper it isshown using experimental data and Monte Carlo simulations that these suggestions cannotexplain the observed cross-section anomalies. The other assumptions of the dataanalysis are also examined. It is shown that the assumption of a Gaussian peakshape for the neutron Compton profile can introduce significant errors into thedetermination of cross-section ratios, but also cannot explain the observed anomalies.

Anomalous neutron scattering and coupling of protons to the environment at different temperatures

We show neutron Compton-scattering (NCS) results of polycrystalline LiH at 300 and 20 K. It is found that the total scattering cross section density of the protons is anomalously decreased as compared to the tabulated one. Furthermore, measurement at 20 K showed larger anomalies than the one at 300 K. The latter result is in contrast to previous NCS measurements on other metallic hydrides at different temperatures. An interpretation of the experimental results within the concept of protonic quantum entanglement and its decoherence due to the interaction with the environment is suggested.

Decoherence of entangled protons and attosecond dynamics of C-H bond breaking

In previous neutron Compton scattering experiments on liquid H2O/D2O at room temperature, a decrease of the ratio σH/σD of the H total scattering cross section density σH and the D total scattering cross section density σD has been observed. Furthermore, this decrease exhibits a strong dependence on the H:D composition of the liquid. A striking anomalous decrease of the proton-scattering intensity with respect to that of the carbon nucleus has also been observed in solid fully protonated polystyrene. These results were given a theoretical explanation based on short-lived protonic quantum entanglement. Here, we present the sub-femtosecond dynamics and dissociation of C–H bonds in liquid mixtures of H-acetone (CH3COCH3) and D-acetone (CD3COCD3) with H:D compositions 0.2:0.8, 0.45:0.55, and 0.70:0.30 at T≈298 K. This experiment has shown that (i) the experimental value of σH/σD is strongly decreased with respect to its conventional value (=10.7); (ii) this decrease is strongly dependent on the H:D composition of the liquid H-acetone/D-acetone mixture; and more strikingly (iii) all σH/σD ratios have been found to be significantly smaller than the σH/σD values of the H2O/D2O mixtures. The latter result implies that different dynamics of the decoherence process are involved due to different electronic environments.

Sub-femtosecond dynamics and dissociation of C–H bonds in solid polystyrene and liquid benzene

In previous work [C. A. Chatzidimitriou-Dreismann et al., J. Chem. Phys. 113, 2784 (2000)] we provided first results of the subfemtosecond dynamics of C–H bond dissociation of solid fully protonated polystyrene at T≈295 K, applying neutron Compton scattering (NCS). A striking anomalous shortfall of the proton scattering intensity with respect to that of the carbon nucleus has been observed. A theoretical explanation based on short-lived protonic quantum entanglement (QE) has also been given. Here we present a twofold extension of that work: Investigation of the found anomaly (i) in solid D-polystyrene with various degrees of aromatic protonation [(-CD2CDC6HxDy-)n with x+y=5] and (ii) in liquid C6H6 and C6H6–C6D6 mixtures. A striking decrease of the neutron cross-section density of H by 20% (on the average) was observed, which appeared to be weakly dependent on the H:D atomic ratio. This result indicates that the considered effect is mainly of intramolecular origin. In contrast to previous NCS experiments on metallic hydrides which revealed a strong scattering time (τscatt) dependence of the decrease of the neutron cross-section density of H, this effect is only slightly apparent in polystyrene and benzene, thus indicating different dynamics of the decoherence process due to different electronic environments. All presented results imply that short-lived QE may be highly relevant for chemical and biological systems.

Sub-femtosecond dynamics and dissociation of C–H bonds in the condensed phase: Effects of entangled protonic states

According to quantum theory, adjacent particles of condensed systems may exhibit quantum interference and/or correlation phenomena being caused by interparticle interactions. Here we present, for the first time, direct experimental evidence for short-lived quantum entanglement of protons of C–H bonds. Neutron Compton scattering results from solid polystyrene reveal that, in the sub-femtosecond time scale, the measured cross-section density of the protons is “anomalously” reduced by ca. 20%. A first-principles theoretical treatment of this effect is given, which is based on the well-known van Hove formalism, and also takes explicitly into account quantum entanglement of protonic states and its decoherence. Besides its fundamental physical character, the effect may have considerable chemical and biological applications, and also be of technical importance, e.g., for the engineering of some neutron moderators.

Anomalous neutron reflectivity of H 2O–D 2O mixtures at the silicon/liquid interface

The neutron reflectivity from Si/D 2O and Si/H 2O–D 2O interfaces at room temperature has been investigated in considerable detail. The silicon wafer used had a hydrophobic coating. The analysis of the experimental results shows: (1) the behaviour of the reflectivities R( Q) for Q≲ Q c ( Q c being the wave number of the total reflection edge) follows the conventional theory; (2) the mixtures exhibit enhanced reflectivities – as compared with conventional expectations – for momentum transfers Q higher than Q c. Result (2) reveals a new phenomenon, which among other aspects shows that one of the basic hypotheses in all previous H 2O–D 2O contrast variation work, the assumption of homogeneity in the isotopic concentration in the liquid, is questionable. This phenomenon can be a signature of (a) protonic quantum entanglement as suggested by one of the authors (C.A.C.-D.), or (b) of a hitherto unexplored physical chemistry of isotope mixtures near surfaces.