MANET Protocols Research Articles

An innovative energy efficient routing protocol in MANET with hybridized osprey-fire hawk optimization algorithm to attain optimal routing constraints

An innovative energy efficient routing protocol in MANET with hybridized osprey-fire hawk optimization algorithm to attain optimal routing constraints

Retraction Note: Optoelectronic-aided machine learning-based stable routing protocol for MANET and beyond massive MIMO systems in 5G networks

Retraction Note: Optoelectronic-aided machine learning-based stable routing protocol for MANET and beyond massive MIMO systems in 5G networks

Modified Mother Optimization Based Online K-Means Clustering and Routing Protocol in Manet

Modified Mother Optimization Based Online K-Means Clustering and Routing Protocol in Manet

Resilient enhancements of routing protocols in MANET

Resilient of routing processes is one of the biggest challenges for data transmission in mobile networks without infrastructure. Communication under current routing protocols is through a communication path that, although the shortest, may not perform satisfactorily in terms of resilient. Routing and communication within such a path may take place using nodes that are malicious or inappropriate in the communication process due to malicious or poor technical state. This paper presents a new algorithm for various uses of mobile ad hoc networks not only in edge networks with infrastructure but also with the possibility of being used in the cloud solutions. We have modified decentralized blockchain technology and artificial intelligence using deep learning methods that have been implemented in routing processes. The objective of this algorithm was to select the most resilient communication path from the source to the destination node. Such a communication path selection consisted of selecting the nodes that were most suitable in terms of resilience, where the selection nodes was provided through a network and technical parameters. The key quality of service metrics, throughput, total delay, number of delivered signaling and data packets and the ratio between them were used to evaluate the proposed resilient routing algorithm. Modified resilient routing protocols achieved improvement in all the analyzed parameters compared to the original routing protocols. The improvement in these parameters led to an increase in the resilience of the routing process based on the actual data obtained from each node in the network and previous communications.

Comprehensive Study and Review Various Routing Protocols in MANET

Mobile Ad-hoc networks are composed of various interconnections among large number of nodes deployed for monitoring the system by means of measurement of its parameters. Recent research in wireless sensor networks has led to various new protocols which are particularly designed for routing in MANETs. To design these networks, the factors needed to be considered are the coverage area, mobility, power consumption, communication capabilities etc. These papers discuss characteristics and performance of AODV, DSR, GRP, OLSR and TORA routing protocol. The paper attempts to explores the best suited routing protocol in various conditions and environments.

Integrating Intelligent Systems in MANET- IoT Environment based on Subjective Context

The Internet of Things (IoT) has cultivated a promising environment, pivotal across diverse sectorsvia MANET protocols within the w.w.w. This technology significantly contributes to advanced services for mobiledevices in the MANET-IoT domain. However, MANET encounters security challenges, notably malicious attacksas a prime concern. To counter these threats, preventive measures like subjective-context evaluation and nodeprotection are employed, ensuring data packet integrity before delivery. This study aims to enhance theperformance of a novel reactive protocol, integrated with a fuzzy system within the MANET-IoT environment. Themethodology is implemented in two directions: 1) Establishing a secure network founded on trust parameters andshortest path selection. 2) Incorporating an integrated fuzzy system into an improved reactive routing protocolwithin the MANET environment. Subjective context ensures a secure milieu, evaluating nodes before packetdelivery based on trust and shortest path. The fuzzy system's rules determine the network's probability distribution,contingent upon trust and the number of hop counts. The proposed routing protocol is evaluated both pre- and postattacks during packet transmission. Results demonstrate its superiority in packet transmission over the originalprotocol. Three scenarios evaluate packet delivery fraction (PDF), end-to-end delay (E2E), and normalized routingload (NRL). FS-AODV's percentages were 0.9873% against AODV's 1.9871% without drop) and 0.8419% with adrop for PDF. FS-AODV's percentages stood at 0.0006% against AODV's 0.0007% without a drop and 0.0005%with a drop for E2E. In contrast, FS-AODV's percentage was 0.058%, AODV at 0.0127% without a drop, and0.066% with a drop for NRL.

Optoelectronic-aided machine learning-based stable routing protocol for MANET and beyond massive MIMO systems in 5G networks

Optoelectronic-aided machine learning-based stable routing protocol for MANET and beyond massive MIMO systems in 5G networks

Physical and Data Link Layer Performance Enhancement in MANET to Overcome Hidden -Exposed Node Problem and Packet Loss Due to Buffer Overflow

In order to improve the performance of the MANET , the lower layers of MANET protocol stack has to improve the performance to overcome the hidden and expose node problem in the Physical layer and better buffer management scheme to be included in the data link layer .MAC layer in MANET ,Some cases the transmission range of the node can be idle but due to Hidden and Exposed node , the node could not be send the packet to other nodes. Node has to wait unnecessarily event the transmission medium is free. In case of more traffic in the MANET can leads to overflow in the buffer which causes the packet loss in the transmission. If any packet missed on the transmission the source node has to retransmit to the destination. This research article proposed the Mutual Exclusion MAC protocol for avoiding hidden and exposed terminal problem in MANET and active buffer management algorithm named Intelligent better buffer management (IBM) algorithm which improves the MANET nodes buffers to avoid packet loss . The proposed protocol is implemented with the support of Network simulator 3 and results are compared with the existing different protocol proposed for the MAC layer with the parameter and buffer management schemes and results shown the enhanced results shown.

A study on energy consumption and impact on network lifetime using ANODR and DYMO routing protocol in MANETs using QualNet simulator

This study examines energy consumption and the impact on network lifetime using ANODR and DYMO routing protocols in MANETs with the QualNet simulator. Both ANODR and DYMO are designed for MANETs but employ different approaches for establishing and maintaining routes among mobile nodes. ANODR adapts routing decisions based on neighborhood information, while DYMO operates on-demand, establishing routes only when necessary. To investigate energy consumption and network lifetime, simulations or experiments should be conducted to compare the performance of these protocols under various scenarios. Analyzing these QoS metrics provides insights into the energy efficiency and impact on network lifetime of ANODR and DYMO in MANETs.

A study on routing metrics to improve the quality of service in MANET environment

MANETs, infrastructure-free, multi-hop networks with an in height grade of complexity and dispersed nodes. Without a permanent and dedicated infrastructure, a node can communicate with other nodes directly or via intermediary nodes. Routing procedures play a crucial role in enhancing the overall presentation of a dynamic network environment like a MANET, which is referred to as Quality of Service (QoS). Simply put, a number of routing protocols may employ a composite routing measure to determine the best path(s) for data transfer. The development of routing protocols for MANETs will be affected by routing metrics. Therefore, we look at quality-of-service-based MANETs. In this overview, we will examine the classification scheme for ad hoc routing methods, and we will evaluate the similarities and differences between various routing protocols. As such, we will give priority to suggestions that will result in the highest possible network performance and energy competence. In this work, we provide a summary of our research and recommendations for future directions for the subject.

Predicting and Recovering Link Failure Localization Using Competitive Swarm Optimization for DSR Protocol in MANET

Portable impromptu organization is a self-putting together, major construction-less, independent remote versatile hub that exists without even a trace of a determined base station or government association. MANET requires no extraordinary foundation as the organization is unique. Multicasting is an urgent issue in correspondence organizations. Multicast is one of the effective methods in MANET. In multicasting, information parcels from one hub are communicated to a bunch of recipient hubs all at once, at a similar time. In this research work, Failure Node Detection and Efficient Node Localization in a MANET situation are proposed. Localization in MANET is a main area that attracts significant research interest. Localization is a method to determine the nodes’ location in the communication network. A novel routing algorithm, which is used for Predicting and Recovering Link Failure Localization using a Genetic Algorithm with Competitive Swarm Optimization (PRLFL-GACSO) Algorithm is proposed in this study to calculate and recover link failure in MANET. The process of link failure detection is accomplished using mathematical modelling of the genetic algorithm and the routing is attained using the Competitive Swarm optimization technique. The result proposed MANET method makes use of the CSO algorithm, which facilitates a well-organized packet transfer from the source node to the destination node and enhances DSR routing performance. Based on node movement, link value, and endwise delay, the optimal route is found. The main benefit of the PRLFL-GACSO Algorithm is it achieves multiple optimal solutions over global information. Further, premature convergence is avoided using Competitive Swarm Optimization (CSO). The suggested work is measured based on the Ns simulator. The presentation metrix are PDR, endwise delay, power consumption, hit ratio, etc. The presentation of the proposed method is almost 4% and 5% greater than the present TEA-MDRP, RSTA-AOMDV, and RMQS-ua methods. After, the suggested method attains greater performance for detecting and recovering link failure. In future work, the hybrid multiway routing protocols are presented to provide link failure and route breakages and liability tolerance at the time of node failure, and it also increases the worth of service aspects, respectively.

Metaheuristic Based Energy Efficient Routing Protocol in MANET Using Battle Royale Optimization

Metaheuristic Based Energy Efficient Routing Protocol in MANET Using Battle Royale Optimization

Retracted: Physarum-Inspired Autonomous Optimized Routing Protocol for Coal Mine MANET

Retracted: Physarum-Inspired Autonomous Optimized Routing Protocol for Coal Mine MANET

SDODV: A smart and adaptive on-demand distance vector routing protocol for MANETs

SDODV: A smart and adaptive on-demand distance vector routing protocol for MANETs

Routing Protocols in MANET: Comparative Analysis and Performance Evaluation

Routing Protocols in MANET: Comparative Analysis and Performance Evaluation

A Survey of Ant Colony Optimization Based Algorithms for Efficient Routing in Mobile Ad-Hoc Networks

Mobile ad hoc networks are self organizing mobile nodes. Given that these portable gadgets are free to join, leave and the network topology can alter regularly. Devices in such networks must interact with one another and function autonomously through wireless channels because to a lack of infrastructure. It is difficult to create a proper routing protocol for MANETS. Swarm Intelligence (SI), may provide possible optimum solutions that guarantee high resilience, adaptability, and affordability. Additionally, they are capable of handling complex large-scale issues without the need for a centralized control system. In addition to the fundamental requirements for routing in MANETs are expected to function independently organized and provide minimal packet lag, rate of increase in packet delivery, and effective assimilation to changes in the network configuration. In dynamic MANETs, ant colony optimization has been effectively employed to strike a balance between the different connectivity limitations. This paper offers a thorough analysis of different categories of MANET ACO-based routing methods

A Novel Method of Enhancing Security Solutions and Energy Efficiency of IoT Protocols

Mobile Ad-hoc Networks (MANET’s) are wireless networks that are capable of operating without any fixed infrastructure. MANET routing protocols must adhere to strict secrecy, integrity, availability and non-repudiation criteria. In MANETs, attacks are roughly categorised into two types: active and passive. An active attack attempts to modify or remove data being transferred across a network. On the other hand, passive attack does not modify or erase the data being sent over the network. The majority of routing protocols for MANETs were built with little regard for security and are therefore susceptible to a variety of assaults. Routing technologies such as AODV and dynamic source routing are quite common. Both however are susceptible to a variety of network layer attacks, including black holes, wormholes, rushing, byzantine, information disclosure. The mobility of the nodes and the open architecture in which the nodes are free to join or leave the network keep changing the topology of the network. The routing in such scenarios becomes a challenging task since it has to take into account the constraints of resources of mobile devices. In this an analysis of these protocols indicates that, though proactive routing protocols maintain a route to every destination and have low latency, they suffer from high routing overheads and inability to keep up with the dynamic topology in a large sized network. The reactive routing protocols in contrast have low routing overheads, better throughput and higher packet delivery ratio. AODVACO-PSO-DHKE Methodology boosts throughput by 10% while reducing routing overhead by 7%, latency by 8% and energy consumption by 5%. To avoid nodes always being on, a duty cycle procedure that's also paired with the hybrid method is used ACO-FDR PSO is applied to a 100-node network and NS-3 is used to measure various metrics such as throughput, latency, overhead, energy consumption and packet delivery ratio.

A Novel Method of Enhancing Security Solutions and Energy Efficiency of IoT Protocols

Mobile Ad-hoc Networks (MANET’s) are wireless networks that are capable of operating without any fixed infrastructure. MANET routing protocols must adhere to strict secrecy, integrity, availability and non-repudiation criteria. In MANETs, attacks are roughly categorised into two types: active and passive. An active attack attempts to modify or remove data being transferred across a network. On the other hand, passive attack does not modify or erase the data being sent over the network. The majority of routing protocols for MANETs were built with little regard for security and are therefore susceptible to a variety of assaults. Routing technologies such as AODV and dynamic source routing are quite common. Both however are susceptible to a variety of network layer attacks, including black holes, wormholes, rushing, byzantine, information disclosure. The mobility of the nodes and the open architecture in which the nodes are free to join or leave the network keep changing the topology of the network. The routing in such scenarios becomes a challenging task since it has to take into account the constraints of resources of mobile devices. In this an analysis of these protocols indicates that, though proactive routing protocols maintain a route to every destination and have low latency, they suffer from high routing overheads and inability to keep up with the dynamic topology in a large sized network. The reactive routing protocols in contrast have low routing overheads, better throughput and higher packet delivery ratio. AODVACO-PSO-DHKE Methodology boosts throughput by 10% while reducing routing overhead by 7%, latency by 8% and energy consumption by 5%. To avoid nodes always being on, a duty cycle procedure that's also paired with the hybrid method is used ACO-FDR PSO is applied to a 100-node network and NS-3 is used to measure various metrics such as throughput, latency, overhead, energy consumption and packet delivery ratio.

Blockchain-assisted Secure Routing Protocol for Cluster-based Mobile-ad Hoc Networks

MANETs aredecentralized network that involves mobile nodes. As the overall network is mobile and has no centralization, network management, routing, and security become very challenging. Though many works have been presented, still there is a lack in organizing the network due to unauthorized access, centralized security schemes, and the dynamic nature of the nodes. This paper proposed a novel Blockchain-assisted Secure Routing (Block-Sec) protocol for MANETs. All mobile nodes are authenticated by Distributed One-Time Passcode (DOT) based authorization scheme. All authorized nodes are segregated into multiple clusters based on Weight based Dynamic Clustering (WDC) algorithm in which multiple metrics are considered in clustering and re-clustering processes. After cluster formation, each cluster is elected with optimal Cluster Head (CH) by Strawberry Optimization (SBO) algorithm with a new objective function. After cluster formation, the optimal route is selected by Fast Neural Net-assisted Fuzzy (FNNF) algorithm by combining multiple variables. Data transmission is secured by Efficient Elliptic Curve (E2C2) algorithm. With the combined algorithms, the proposed approach obtainedimproved efficiency in packet delivery ratio (PDR), throughput, time analysis, and security level.

Wireless Ad Hoc Network Routing Protocols Performance Evaluation under Security Attack

Abstract: A mobile ad hoc network is made up of portable wireless nodes (MANET). The communication between these mobile nodes is not managed centralized. A self-organizing, self-configuring network known as MANET allows mobile nodes to roam around at whim. The mobile nodes can act as a router by receiving and sending packets. Due to the significance of routing in MANET, this thesis also evaluates several routing systems' efficacy. We compared the three routing protocols AODV, DSR, OLSR, and DSDV. Throughput, network load, and latency are the three metrics used to gauge how well-performing different routing systems are. The three routing techniques are well described using metrics. Information is transmitted end-to-end and hop-by-hop over the connections to the destination nodes using the proactive and reactive protocols of MANET. In multi-hop mobile ad hoc networks, energy consumption at the mobile nodes' end and its effective use are crucial factors. Nodes and other routing resources in MANETs cannot afford to run out of battery power while carrying out mission-critical operations like military or rescue missions. The effectiveness of MANET protocols such AODV, DSDV, OLSR, and DSR is studied in this study. Throughput, packet delivery ratio, and energy use are included while computing the Mobile Ad-hoc Networks' performance parameters. The circumstances that were simulated using various simulators are included in the research. The related research compared the performance of several protocols in MANETs with varying node mobility, stop length, and node density while examining the NS-2 scenario. The optimum routing system for mobile ad hoc networks will be identified after a comparison and analysis of these protocols.