VANET Protocols Research Articles

Analysing the performance of AODV, OLSR, and DSDV routing protocols in VANET based on the ECIE method

Analysing the performance of AODV, OLSR, and DSDV routing protocols in VANET based on the ECIE method

A Dynamic and Efficient Self-Certified Authenticated Group Key Agreement Protocol for VANET

A Dynamic and Efficient Self-Certified Authenticated Group Key Agreement Protocol for VANET

C-QoSRP: Cluster Based QOS-Routing Protocol for VANET in Highway Environment

C-QoSRP: Cluster Based QOS-Routing Protocol for VANET in Highway Environment

Design and Implementation of a Routing Protocol for VANET to Improve the QoS of the Network

Design and Implementation of a Routing Protocol for VANET to Improve the QoS of the Network

Comparison between MDDV and VADD routing protocols in VANET (Case Study)

Comparison between MDDV and VADD routing protocols in VANET (Case Study)

An Anonymous and Efficient Certificate-Based Identity Authentication Protocol for VANET

An Anonymous and Efficient Certificate-Based Identity Authentication Protocol for VANET

Fuzzy Based Prioritized Message Dissemination and Cooperative MAC Protocol for VANET

Fuzzy Based Prioritized Message Dissemination and Cooperative MAC Protocol for VANET

Cyber Security and Privacy Preservation Protocols in VANET

Cyber Security and Privacy Preservation Protocols in VANET

Reinforcement Learning-Based Routing Protocols in Vehicular and Flying Ad Hoc Networks – A Literature Survey

Vehicular and flying ad hoc networks (VANETs and FANETs) are becoming increasingly important with the development of smart cities and intelligent transportation systems (ITSs). The high mobility of nodes in these networks leads to frequent link breaks, which complicates the discovery of optimal route from source to destination and degrades network performance. One way to overcome this problem is to use machine learning (ML) in the routing process, and the most promising among different ML types is reinforcement learning (RL). Although there are several surveys on RL-based routing protocols for VANETs and FANETs, an important issue of integrating RL with well-established modern technologies, such as software-defined networking (SDN) or blockchain, has not been adequately addressed, especially when used in complex ITSs. In this paper, we focus on performing a comprehensive categorisation of RL-based routing protocols for both network types, having in mind their simultaneous use and the inclusion with other technologies. A detailed comparative analysis of protocols is carried out based on different factors that influence the reward function in RL and the consequences they have on network performance. Also, the key advantages and limitations of RL-based routing are discussed in detail.

Simulation Test Research on Typical Simulator NS-2 in Urban Vehicle Ad Hoc Network Based on Big Data

Abstract Vehicle ad hoc network (VANET) has gradually become a prominent research topic in the fields of wireless networks and intelligent vehicles. VANETs are unique mobile ad hoc networks with vehicles as their mobile nodes, presenting distinctive performance characteristics compared to traditional wireless self-organizing networks. In recent years, VANETs have gained significant attention in the wireless network and intelligent transportation domain. As an integral aspect of autonomous driving technology, vehicle-to-everything (V2X) communication spans multiple disciplines and is closely related to intelligent transportation, assisted driving, active safety, and smart vehicles. Evaluating VANET protocols and applications in real-world settings can be challenging. Therefore, utilizing simulation tools for VANET research is an effective approach. In this paper, we have designed and developed an optimized platform that uses IEEE 802.11a and IEEE 802.11p protocols for communication within a simulated urban traffic environment created with NS-2. The simulation results confirm the feasibility and rationale of applying the IEEE 802.11p protocol to wireless vehicular ad hoc networks. Within a distance of 300 m, at 0.0000 s, 14 key packets have not arrived in IEEE 802.11a, and 8 packets have not arrived in IEEE 802.11p; at 8.0000 s, 38 key packets have not arrived in IEEE802.11a, and 6 packets have not arrived in IEEE802.11p. Comparing the performance of IEEE 802.11a and IEEE 802.11p, the study concluded that the use of the 802.11p protocol in urban mobile environments can improve reliability and reduce average packet latency.

A Deep Comprehensive Research Architecture, Characteristics, Challenges, Issues, and Benefits of Routing Protocol for Vehicular Ad-Hoc Networks

VANETs or vehicular ad hoc networks are essential & promising research areas in the ad hoc networks field. The core objective to set up VANET can upgrade road safety & diminish accidents quantity. Routing has been a complex task in VANET as the nodes are highly mobile and consequently, topology alters very quickly. Hence, it is difficult to distribute packets within the minimum period. Contemporary routing protocols cannot meet all demands and issues in VANETs routing. To provide a suitable routing protocol, the crucial factor is to analyze the VANET's protocols for routing. Hence, the paper begins by presenting the fundamental structural design of VANETs to provide a thorough account of several available routing procedures that incorporate their benefits and drawbacks. The paper concludes by providing a summary of the available routing protocols that are used in VANETs.

Adaptive Congestion Prediction in Vehicular Ad-hoc Networks (VANET) Using Type-2 Fuzzy Model to Establish Reliable Routes

Urban areas are more prone to accidents and traffic congestions due to ever-increasing vehicles and poor traffic management. The increase in the emission of harmful gases is another important issue associated with vehicular traffic. Attaining a level of QOS is often challenging as it has to meet the eco-friendly factors along with reliable and safe transportation. Smart and accurate congestion management systems in VANET can significantly reduce the risk of accidents and health issues. To fulfil the requirements of QOS the congestion control methods should consider the properties such as fairness, decentralization, network characteristics, and application demands in VANET. We proposed an Adaptive Congestion Aware Routing Protocol (ACARP) for VANET using the dynamic artificial intelligence (AI) technique. The ACARP presents the adaptive congestion detection algorithm using the type-2 fuzzy logic AI technique. The fuzzy model detects the congestion around each vehicle using three fuzzy inputs viz. bandwidth occupancy, link quality, and moving speed. This is followed by inference model to estimate congestion probability for each vehicle. Finally, defuzzification determines status of congestion detection using the pre-defined threshold value for each vehicle. The status of congestion and its probability values were utilized to establish safe and reliable routes for data transmission. It also saves significant communication overhead and hence congestions in the network. The simulation results provide the evidence that the proposed protocol improves the QOS and assist in reduction of traffic congestions significantly.

Designing a control system for traffic lights by VANET protocol

In this paper, VANET protocol is used to reduce traffic jams and accidents on the roads. The proposed algorithm is dependent on the wireless network between cars. The system is part of a wireless control node located at the intersection, which determines the optimal values of the phases of traffic lights. The protocol used in this research provides traffic fluency when compared to adaptive systems based on the use of cameras. It has also been developed as an integrated system validation simulator. The simulation framework consists of a realistic vehicle navigation model and a wireless network simulator. The proposed system designed as a work system that can be analyzed for peak hours and we got acceptable results. Average delay, fuel consumption and pollution are significantly reduced.

Adaptive mobility-aware and reliable routing protocols for healthcare vehicular network.

Healthcare vehicles such as ambulances are the key drivers for digital and pervasive remote care for elderly patients. Thus, Healthcare Vehicular Ad Hoc Network (H-VANET) plays a vital role to empower the digital and Intelligent Transportation System (ITS) for the smart medical world. Quality of Service (QoS) performance of vehicular communication can be improved through the development of a robust routing protocol having enhanced reliability and scalability. One of the most important issues in vehicular technology is allowing drivers to make trustworthy decisions, therefore building an efficient routing protocol that maintains an appropriate level of Quality of Service is a difficult task. Restricted mobility, high vehicle speeds, and continually changing topologies characterize the vehicular network environment. This paper contributes in four ways. First, it introduces adaptive, mobility-aware, and reliable routing protocols. The optimization of two routing protocols which are based on changing nature topologies of the network used for vehicular networks has been performed, amongst them, Optimized Link State Routing (Proactive) and Ad-hoc on Demand Distance Vector (Reactive) are considered for Packet Delivery Ratio (PDR) and throughput. Furthermore, Packet Loss Ratio (PLR), and end-to-end (E2E) delay parameters have also been calculated. Second, a healthcare vehicle system architecture for elderly patients is proposed. Third, a Platoon-based System model for routing protocols in VANET is proposed. Fourth, a dynamic channel model has been proposed for the vehicle to vehicle communication using IEEE8011.p. To optimize the QoS, the experimental setup is conducted in a discrete Network Simulator (NS-3) environment. The results reveal that the AODV routing protocol gives better performance for PDR as well as for PLR and the communication link established is also reliable for throughput. Where OLSR produces a large average delay. The adoptive mobility-aware routing protocols are potential candidates for providing Intelligent Transportation Systems with acceptable mobility, high reliability, high PDR, low PLR, and low E2E delay.

Performance Assessment of DTN and VANET Protocols for Transmitting Periodic Warning Messages in High Vehicular Density Networks

Performance Assessment of DTN and VANET Protocols for Transmitting Periodic Warning Messages in High Vehicular Density Networks

Physically Secure Lightweight and Privacy-Preserving Message Authentication Protocol for VANET in Smart City

Secure message transmission in vehicular communications in smart cities is still a challenging task. Most of the related work employed the Public Key Infrastructure, Certification Revocation Lists (CRLs) for ensuring security, privacy. However, these work suffered from some issues such as: 1) the time-consuming checking process, huge size of CRLs, 2) traceability attacks by linking unencrypted Basic Safety Messages (BSMs), 3) extracting secret keys from the storage of parked vehicles or road-side units (RSU) by an adversary. To address the aforementioned issues, we thus propose a physically secure privacy-preserving message authentication protocol using Physical Unclonable Function (PUF), Secret Sharing. The proposed protocol guarantees security, privacy against passive, active attacks even under memory leakage. The entities (i.e., vehicles, RSU) make use of their PUF to reconstruct a secret polynomial-share so that pairwise temporal secret keys (PTKs) can be established with other entities. Unlike existing protocols, BSMs are also encrypted in our protocol (by PTKs) to provide a higher level of security, thwart vehicles traceability attacks. To revoke a vehicle, RSU needs not broadcast CRLs. Instead, RSU distributes only a secure offset key using threshold Secret Sharing. Consequently, our revocation checking process has computation complexity <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"><tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\mathcal {O}(1)$</tex-math></inline-formula> . Our protocol also eliminates the need for a third party in Vehicle-to-Vehicle communication to ensure expeditious transmission. Security analysis, performance evaluation show that our proposed protocol outperforms existing schemes in terms of security features, computation, communication cost.

Dynamic Private Modulus Based Password Conditional Privacy Preserving Authentication and Key-Agreement Protocol for VANET

Dynamic Private Modulus Based Password Conditional Privacy Preserving Authentication and Key-Agreement Protocol for VANET

A flexible and adaptive medium access control protocol for improving quality of service in vehicular ad-hoc networks

Designing MAC (Medium Access Control) protocols for VANETs is a difficult task due to the inherently unstable nature of these networks when compared to traditional ad hoc networks (high node speed, position changes that lead to disconnections, signal losses, etc.). In recent years, several standardization efforts have been made by the IEEE in association with the scientific community in this area and they proposed the 1609.4 MAC protocol in the IEEE WAVE (Wireless Access in Vehicular Environments) stack. The aim of our work is to improve the quality of service and overall performances of this 1609.4 MAC protocol by proposing three mechanisms. First, we introduce an equity algorithm that aims to ensure more fairness between nodes. We also adapt the SCH (Service CHannel) interval to the network's needs with a dynamic SCH interval mechanism. Finally, we propose an emergency mechanism that aims to ensure the transmission of critical safety packets when dangerous events occur on the road. The results of our simulations show a significant improvement of the protocol's performances in terms of throughput, packet loss and critical packet delivery rates under several scenarios.

Comparison of performance of a position-based routing protocol for VANET

Comparison of performance of a position-based routing protocol for VANET

V2V Communication and Authentication: The Internet of Things Vehicles(Iotv)

In this work concentrated confirmation security among the V2V correspondence. The paper anticipates an effectual RTSP protocol that combines the Internet of things, cloud with specialist innovation into one stage where it manages secure correspondence and interfaces between the huge measure of decentralized and heterogeneously conveyed devices in IoT. Subsequently our proposed work is for decreasing blockage, following articles, traffic the executives, directing, and keeping away from clog. This design starts the usage of Road Side Unit (RSU), Central Cloud Layer (CCL), and Vehicular Cloud Layer (VCL), with sensor innovations, IoT based vehicular data frameworks, Vehicular cloud-based Ad-hoc networks where the traffic objects are addressed, followed over the web. In recent years the vehicle AdHoc network plays a vital role in smart vehicles monitoring, tracking, and sharing of location-based information. The VANET communication occurs among the vehicles -to- vehicles(V2V) and Vehicles-to-infrastructure(V2I). The communication message provides information on traffic and critical road events for each vehicle's comfortable driving. Smart transport involves smart sensors and the internet of things vehicles (IoTV). The wide range of data has been outsourced from IoTV for efficient monitoring with a cloud environment adapted for vehicles cloud. There has been plenty of security issues among the VANET and IoTV due to multiuser and open access channel transmission there has been plenty of VANET protocol delivered for secure smart vehicles transmission technology. various security issues have been concentrated, the issues like authentication, integrity, non-reputation, confidentiality, and availability have been the major vulnerable security threads. In this work concentrated authentication security among the V2V communication. This examination offers a useful structure for checking appropriated directing for vehicles, blockage shirking, and traffic the executives, etc. Broad reenactment is done in MATLAB climate, which shows a superior compromise as opposed to traditional methods.