Protein Source In Broiler Diets Research Articles

Prospects of using insects as alternative protein sources in broiler diets

Prospects of using insects as alternative protein sources in broiler diets

Partial substitution of soybean meal with microalgae meal (Arthrospira spp. – Spirulina) in grower and finisher diets for broiler chickens: implications on performance parameters, footpad dermatitis occurrence, breast meat quality traits, amino acid digestibility and plasma metabolomics profile

This trial was conducted to evaluate the effects of replacing soybean meal with microalgae meal (MM; Arthrospira spp.) during grower and finisher phases on productive performance, footpad dermatitis (FPD) occurrence, breast meat quality, amino acid digestibility and plasma metabolomics profile of broiler chickens. One thousand day-old Ross 308 male chicks were divided into 5 experimental groups (8 replicates, 25 birds/each): CON, fed a commercial soybean-based diet throughout the trial (0-41 d); F3 and F6, fed the CON diet up to 28 d of age and then a finisher diet (29-41 d) with either 30 or 60 g MM/kg, respectively; and GF3 and GF6, receiving CON diet until 14 d and then diets containing 30 or 60 g MM/kg from 15 to 41 d, respectively. All diets were iso-energetic and with a similar amino acid profile. Growth performances were recorded on a pen basis at the end of each feeding phase and apparent ileal amino acid digestibility was determined at 41 d. Footpad dermatitis occurrence was assessed on all processed birds, while breast and plasma samples were collected for meat quality and metabolomics analysis (proton nuclear magnetic resonance - 1H-NMR). At 41 d, CON group showed higher body weight than F6 and GF6 ones (2,541 vs. 2,412 vs. 2,384 g, respectively; P < 0.05). Overall, GF6 group exhibited the highest feed conversion ratio, while F3 did not present significant differences compared to CON (1.785 vs. 1.810 vs. 1.934 g feed/g gain, respectively for CON, F3 and GF6; P < 0.01). The occurrence and the risk of developing FPD were similar among groups. MM administration increased breast meat yellowness and reduced amino acid digestibility (P < 0.001). The 1H-NMR analysis revealed variations in the levels of some circulating metabolites, including histidine, arginine and creatine, which play important metabolic roles. Overall, these findings can contribute to expand the knowledge about the use of Arthrospira spp. as protein source in broiler diets.

A Review of Black Soldier Fly (Hermetia illucens) as a Potential Alternative Protein Source in Broiler Diets

Abstract Since per capita global meat utilization is predicted to increase to 40% from 2019 to 2050, global use of cultivable land in livestock, poultry, and feed production is 30%. Use of alternative protein sources as animal feed can be a solution to minimize cropland usage in conventional feed production. Commonly used protein sources in animal diets like soybean meal and fish meal are facing challenges of high demand, but the current production might not fulfill their dire need. To overcome this issue, the discovery of alternative protein sources is the need of the hour, insect meals like black soldier fly (BSF) are one of these alternative protein sources. These flies are non-infectious, bite-less, can convert the variant types of organic waste (food wastes, animal and human excreta) proficiently into rich profile biomass with reduced harmful bacteria count and do not serve as a vector in disease transmission. Based on the substrate used, the BSF larvae protein, fat and ash contents vary from 37 to 63%, 7 to 39% and 9 to 28% on dry matter basis, respectively. Previous studies have reported using BSF and its by-products as alternative protein sources in broiler diets with partial or complete replacement of conventional protein sources. In this review, a brief introduction to insect meal, BSF origin, life cycle, nutritional profile, influences on growth performance, carcass characteristics, fatty acid profile of meat, biochemical properties of blood, gut morphology and microbiota of the caecum along with its influence on laying performance of layers has been discussed in detail. Studies have concluded the partial replacement of conventional protein sources with BSF is possible, whereas complete replacement may cause poor performance due to reduced digestibility up to 62% attributable to chitin content (9.6%). Further studies to corroborate the effect of dietary BSF on growth performance, carcass characteristics, fatty acid profile of meat, and gut morphology and caecum microbiota are required to standardize the inclusion levels in feeds for higher performance of poultry.

Effect of enzyme supplementation on the utilization of shrimp waste meal based diets by broiler chicken

The effects of enzyme supplementation of shrimp waste meal (SHM) based diets on the performance and nutrient utilization of starter and finisher broilers were studied. One hundred and twenty day old broilers (Anak sirain) were randomly divided into four groups of 30 birds each. Each group was further divided into three replicates of 10 birds each. The birds were assigned the four dietary treatment in 2 X 2 factorial design, Diets 1 and 3 had fish meal as the sole animal protein source, diets 2 and 4 had shrimp waste as the animal protein source. Diets 1 and 2 were without enzymes while diels 3 and 4 were supplemented with enzyme. Records of performance, nutrient utilization, blood parameters and carcass characteristics were taken. The values of average final weight, daily weight gain, feed conversion ratio and protein efficiency ratio at starter and finisher phases were not significantly (P&gt;0.05) influenced by the dietary treatment. The daily feed intake of the starter broilers fed diet 3 (fish meal based diets with enzyme) was significantly (P&lt;0.05) higher than those of other treatment. Birds fed fish meal diet without enzyme had the highest serum uric acid and serum cholesterol at the starter phase. Finisher broiler fed fish meal based diet without enzyme had a significantly (P&lt;0.05) higher serum creatinine value. Carcass characteristics measured were not significantly influenced by the dietary treatments. It was concluded that SWM can be employed as an animal protein source in broiler diets. The exogenous enzyme (Roxazyme G) used did not effect any appreciable improvement on the utilization of SWM based diets.

Utilization of sesame meal as protein source in broiler diets

A broiler feeding trial was conducted to determine the optimum replacement value of sesame (Sesamum indicum L.) meal for soyabean in maize-soyabean diets. A total of 252 day-old Anak 80 strain broiler-type chicks were used. Three replicate groups of 14 birds each were randomly allotted on six treatment diets containing 0, 10, 15, 20, 30 and 40% of sesame meal in the diets. Feed and water were provided ad libitum. Results showed that broiler birds fed up to 15% level of sesame meal in diets performed significantly (P&lt;0.05) better than those fed on control diets for all the parameters studied. Feed consumption and feed efficiency values were also significantly lower for birds fed 15% sesame meal diets compared to those on control. However, sesame meal al 30 and 40 percent in diets significantly (P&lt;0.05) depressed growth performance of broiler birds. It was found from this study that, up to 15% sesame meal could be used in maize-soyabean broiler diet without adverse effect on growth parameters.

Feeding value of defatted cashew kernel as an alternative protein source in broiler diets

This study was carried out to determine chemical composition of defatted cashew kernel cake (CKC) and cashew kernel oil (CKO), assess performance characteristics and nutrient digestibility of broiler chickens fed diets containing two grades of CKC. In the study, 210, one-day old Arbor acre broiler chicks which were stabilized on commercial diets (23% CP and 2900kcal/kgME) for 2 weeks before introduced to the seven experimental diets were used. The experiment was laid out in a 2 x 3 factorial arrangement which consisted of a control treatment without CKC while treatments 2, 3, 4 and 5, 6, 7consisted of 33.33%, 66.67% and 100% replacement of groundnut cake (GNC) with grade I and grade II CKC respectively. Digestibility trial was carried out at the end of eighth week of the study. Data on performance attributes and coefficient of nutrient digestibility were collected and analysed using a general linear model of SAS. The results of proximate composition showed no substantial difference in dry matter, crude protein, soluble and insoluble carbohydrate except ether extract. Caloric content in CKC was slightly higher than GNC. Both physical and chemical properties of the defatted cashew oil were similar to that of groundnut. The performance traits measured in terms of body weight gained, total feed intake and feed conversion were significantly (P&lt;0.05) different across the treatments with birds on CKC showing superior performance than birds on GNC diet with 17.72% and 13.35% higher BWG in grade I and II respectively. Fat deposition was notably (P&lt;0.05) higher in birds on CKC diets. Digestibility of nutrients indicated that the dry matter, crude protein, ether extract and crude fibre digestibility were significantly (P&lt;0.05) affected across the treatments by the inclusion of CKC in the diets, while the Ash and NFE digestibility were not significantly (P&gt;0.05) influenced. Economically, the use of CKC reduced the heightened cost of production by 9.1%. It can be concluded that grade I CKC could completely and favourably replace GNC in diets of chicken to improve growth, feed efficiency and to reduce the cost of feed per unit egg.

Influence of microbial fermentation processing of sesame meal and enzyme supplementation on broiler performances

Two experiments were conducted to investigate the effects of fermented sesame meal (FSM) replacement by soybean meal (SBM) in broilers. In the first experiment, a completely randomised design with 3 × 4 factorial arrangement was used for microorganism comparison [Lactobacillus acidophilus (LA), Saccharomyces cerevisiae (SC) and LA + SC] and fermentation time courses (0, 2, 7, and 12 days). In the second experiment, a total of 420-day-old boilers (Ross 308®) were randomly allocated to seven treatments and five replicates. The experimental treatments include basal diet based on soybean meal (SBM), SBM substituted with 15 and 25% raw sesame meal (RSM) with and without phytase (PHX); RSM15, RSM25, RSM15 + PHX, and RSM25 + PHX, and SBM substituted with 15 and 25% FSM; FSM15 and FSM25. Results showed that, in the fermentation process, the main effects of microorganism and days of fermentation significantly affected the pH and crude protein (p < .05). Also, the main effect of day of fermentation was found significant for phytic acid, oxalate and crude fibre (p < .05). The crude protein was increased when a mixture of LA and SC was used (p < .05). Broilers fed RSM25 had the lowest and the highest BWG and FCR, respectively, than those fed other diets on day 42 (p < .05). Compared to all diets except for RSM15, RSM25 a reduction was recorded for phosphorus digestibility (p < .05). In conclusion, fermentation process improved the nutrient value of the RSM and subsequently performance of the broilers and could be used as a protein source in broiler diets. Highlights Fermentation process leads to significant decrease in phytic acid content of sesame meal. Raw sesame meal had adverse effects on the performance of broilers. Fermented sesame meal may improve the broilers performance similar to soybean meal.

Cricket powder as an alternative protein source for broilers based onin vitro digestibility

Pathogen contamination in fishmeal (FM) and the imbalanced amino acid profile in soya meal (SYM) are the disadvantages of the common protein sources in broiler diets. Therefore, FM, SYM and three species of cricket powder (Acheta domesticus: AD,Gryllus testaceus: GT andGryllus bimaculatus: GB) were screened based on thein vitro digestibility of dry matter (DMd), organic matter (OMd) and crude protein (CPd) to assess whether these insects could be a sustainable alternative protein source for broiler nutrition. Stomach mucosa, duodenal mucosa and pancreas were extracted from broilers to obtain crude enzyme extract (CTX) using two stages ofin vitro digestibility. The first stage was performed using gastric mucosa CTX, whereas CTX from the duodenal mucosa and pancreas were added for the second stage. SYM and GB had similar DMd, which were lower than FM, AD and GT (P&lt;0.01). The highest OMd was observed in FM, followed by AD, GT, GB and SYM (P&lt;0.01). A higher CPd was found in the crude protein calibration group (CPd-Cal), in which substrates were adjusted to obtain an equivalent crude protein level as the non-calibration group (CPd-Non). Interestingly, a strong correlation (r=0.99,P&lt;0.01) was found between CPd-Cal and CPd-Non, with the highest CPd presented in FM, followed by SYM, AD, GB and GT (P&lt;0.01). A significant negative correlation was found between the CPd from both groups (CPd-Cal and CPd-Non) and crude fibre (r=-0.96 and -0.95,P&lt;0.05, respectively), whereas a positive correlation was observed for ash (r=0.91 and 0.93,P&lt;0.05, respectively). AD has great potential as a protein source for broilers, greater than other cricket species, based on its DMd, OMd and CPd. However, the CPd of all insect species was lower than that of FM and SYM. Therefore, pre-treatment protocols should be performed to improve nutrient utilisation.

Use of sweet lupin, canola oilcake and full-fat canola as alternatives to soybean oilcake in diets for broilers

CITATION: Brand, T. S., et al. 2018. Use of sweet lupin, canola oilcake and full-fat canola as alternatives to soybean oilcake in diets for broilers. South African Journal of Animal Science, 48(3):553-562, doi:10.4314/sajas.v48i3.16.

A by-product of swine slaughtering as a protein source in broiler diets: effects on performance, composition of excreta, litter quality and on foot pad health.

Foot pad dermatitis (FPD) is of great concern in poultry industry, and dietary strategies are needed to improve foot pad health because of animal welfare and economic reasons. As the main factor for the development of FPD is the DM content of litter (consisting mainly of excreta; Kamphues etal., 2011), there are different dietary approaches to influence this disease pattern. In two consecutive trials, a total of 200 broilers were kept from day 7 until the 35th day of life. They were divided into four groups at each trial and fed with one of four experimental diets, based on wheat and corn mainly, but differing in the protein source: Group 1 was fed a diet with soya bean meal (SBM) as the main protein source, whereas Group 2, Group 3 and Group 4 were assigned to diets with 4, 8 and 12% of a protein-rich (66.7% CP in DM) by-product of swine slaughtering [Swine Protein Meal (SPM); in exchange for SBM]. The inclusion of 12% SPM resulted in a decreased dietary potassium content of about 3g/kg diet (Group 1 vs. 4). Increasing dietary levels of the by-product (8 and 12%) led to lowered feed intake (Group 1 vs. 4: ~10%) and weight gain (Group 1 vs. Group 4: ~8.5%). Although highest DM contents of excreta and litter were determined in Group 4, foot pad health was not influenced positively as hypothesized. Remarkable was the observed 'stickiness' of excreta when the by-product was included in the diet at increasing levels, presumably due to the high proportion of bones in the by-product. In conclusion, substituting SBM by 4% of the by-product of swine slaughtering in broiler diets did not impair performance parameters, but led to the most favourable foot pad scores in this study.

Effect of different processing methods of pigeon pea (Cajanus cajan) on growth performance, carcass traits, and blood biochemical and hematological parametersof broiler chickens

A trial was conducted to evaluate the effect of different processing methods of pigeon pea (Pp; Cajanus cajan ) on fattening performance and carcass traits as well as blood biochemical and hematological parameters of broiler chickens. For this purpose, 300 day-old chicks were assigned to 5 treatments. Each treatment had 5 replicates and contained 12 birds each under a completely randomized design. Five isonitrogenous and isocaloric diets were formulated with the inclusion of pigeon pea crushed (control, PPC), boiled with potash (PPP), boiled (PPB), soaked (PPS), or roasted (PPR) at the rate of 20% of the basal diet. The highest values of weight gain were observed in chicks fed the PPP diet through the starter and overall periods. Throughout the starter phase, the feed conversion ratio was significantly affected by dietary treatments. Highest values for carcass and breast weight were observed in birds fed the PPP diet as compared to the control diet. Blood biochemical parameters were not statistically influenced by Pp treatments. Hematology was also similar in all the diets. In conclusion, PPP can be used as a protein source in broiler diets and it can improve the growth performance of broilers.

Replacing soybean meal with gelatin extracted from cow skin and corn protein concentrate as a protein source in broiler diets

Two experiments were conducted to investigate the effects of replacing soybean meal with gelatin extracted from cow skin and corn protein concentrate as a protein source in broiler diets. Experiments were carried out as a completely randomized design where each experiment involved 4 treatments of 6 replicates and 10 chicks in each pen. Soybean meal proteins in a corn-soy control diet were replaced with 15, 30, and 45% of cow skin gelatin (CSG) or corn protein concentrate (CPC), respectively, in experiments 1 and 2. BW and cumulative feed intake were measured at 7, 21, and 42 d of age. Blood characteristics, relative organs weight and length, ileal digesta viscosity, ileal morphology, and cecal coliform and Salmonella population were measured at 42 d of age. Apparent total tract digestibility of protein was determined during 35 to 42 d of age. Replacement of soybean meal with CSG severely inhibited BW gain, decreased feed intake, and increased FCR in broilers during the experimental period (P ≤ 0.01). The inclusion of CPC reduced BW and increased FCR significantly (P ≤ 0.05) at 21 and 42 d of age without any consequence in feed intake. Protein digestibility was reduced and ileal digesta viscosity was increased linearly by increasing the amount of CSG and CPC in the control diet (P ≤ 0.01). Replacement of soybean meal with CSG and CPC did not significantly alter blood cell profile and plasma phosphorus, creatinine, blood urea nitrogen, Aspartate transaminase, and HDL and LDL cholesterol concentration. The inclusion of CSG linearly (P ≤ 0.05) increased plasma uric acid concentration and alkaline phosphatase activity. Triglyceride and cholesterol levels were decreased significantly (P ≤ 0.05) when the amount of CSG replacement was 15%. The results of this experiment showed that using CSG and CPC negatively affects broiler performance and therefore is not a suitable alternative to soybean meal in commercial diets.

Effects of Formic Acid-Treated Shrimp Meal on Growth Performance and Nutrient Digestibility in Broilers.

This study was conducted to know the effect of formic acid-treated shrimp meal as a protein source on growth performance, digestibilities, and nitrogen (N) retention for broilers. Shrimp meal (SM) was treated with 3% formic acid (w/v) at room temperature for 20 minutes, sun-dried, ground through a 1.0 mm mesh screen, and then ready to use as the treated SM (TSM). Forty-two male broiler chicks (8 d old, Ross 308) were randomly divided into 7 dietary groups (6 birds each), namely control diet, diets containing 5, 10, and 15% of SM, and diets containing 5, 10, and 15% of TSM and offered diets till 35 d old. Final body weight, body weight gain and feed intake decreased significantly with increasing levels of SM in diets. Feed conversion ratio also decreased with increasing levels of the SM (P<0.05). Similar trend was observed in the TSM group, but the adverse effects of the TSM were milder in comparison to the SM group (P<0.05). Dry matter digestibility tended to decrease (P<0.05) with increasing levels of the SM but unchanged with increasing level of the TSM. Availability of ash decreased with increasing levels of the SM and TSM in diets (P<0.05). Although N retention decreased (P<0.05) with increasing level of the SM and TSM in diets but the decreasing trend was milder in the TSM groups than the SM groups. Moreover, chitin digestibility was significantly greater in the TSM groups than the SM groups. In conclusion, broilers received diets containing the TSM showed better growth performance along with improved nutrient digestibility and N retention which suggests that formic acid-treated SM can be used as a potential protein source in broiler diets.

Evaluation of Faba Beans, White Lupins and Peas as Protein Sources in Broiler Diets

2 Abstract: The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effect of the inclusion of faba beans (Vicia faba), white lupins (Lupinus albus) and peas (Pisum sativum) in two different basal diets on the performance, digestive tract development and carcass characteristics of broilers housed in floor pens over a 35 d grow-out period. The experimental design was a 2 x 4 factorial arrangement of treatments which evaluated two basal wheat-soy diets (with or without meat meal) and legume grains (no legume grain, or faba beans, white lupins and peas at 200 g/kg inclusion). All diets were formulated to contain similar levels of metabolizable energy and digestible amino acids. A 3-phase feeding programme (starter, grower and finisher) was employed. The starter, grower and finisher diets were offered from day 1-7, 8-21 and 22-35, respectively. During the starter period, legume x meat meal interaction was significant (p 0.05) on the performance and carcass recovery of broilers and the litter score. Weight gain and feed per gain of birds fed diets without meat meal were better (p<0.05) than those with meat meal. The main effect of legumes was significant (p<0.01 to 0.05) for the relative weight of liver and gizzard and the relative digesta weight of the crop and proventriculus. Birds fed meat meal diets had lower (p<0.05) relative weights of liver, pancreas and small intestine and relative digesta weight of small intestine than those fed diets with no meat meal diets. It was concluded that, when balanced for metabolizable energy and digestible amino acids, dietary inclusion of faba beans, white lupins and peas at 200 g/kg either in wheat-soybean meal or wheat-soybean meal-meat meal basal diets could support a good performance of birds over the 35-day grow-out period.

Pea seeds (Pisum sativum), faba beans (Vicia faba var. minor) and lupin seeds (Lupinus albus var. multitalia) as protein sources in broiler diets: effect of extrusion on growth performance

The effect of extrusion of pea seeds (Pisum sativum) (PS), faba bean (Vicia faba, variety minor) (FB) and lupin seeds (Lupinus albus, variety multitalia) (LS) on broiler performance were evaluated. Four hundred sixty two 1d-old Ross male chicks, Marek vaccinated, were randomly assigned to seven dietary treatments (3 pens per treatment/22 birds per pen). Chicks were floor housed, ad libitum fed isocaloric and isonitrogenous diets and had free access to water. Artificial light was provided 10 h/d. The bulk of the base diet (control diet) was corn (48.8%, 53.7% and 57%), solvent-extracted soybean meal (42.8%, 37.3% and 33.4%), corn oil (4.4%, 5.2% and 6.3%), plus synthetic amino acids, minerals, trace minerals and vitamins, respectively for the 1-10d-old, 11-28d-old and 29 to 42d-old growing periods. The amounts of PS, FB and LS used on an as fed basis were: PS and extruded PS (EPS): 353 (1-10d-old), 356 (11-28d-old) and 350 (29-42d-old) g/kg; FB and extruded FB (EFB): 479 (1-10d-old), 497 (11-28d-old) and 500 (29-42d old) g/kg; LS and extruded LS (ELS): 360 (1-10d-old) and 300 (11-42d-old) g/kg. High levels of pea (350 g/kg) and faba bean (500 g/kg) did not show negative effects on body weight gain (BWG) and bird feed intake compared to control. Lupin at the 300 g/kg level reduced (P < 0.05) the BWG during the finishing period (22 to 42 d), however the effect disappeared over the whole experimental period (1-42 d) compared to the control group. The ELS group had a lower (P < 0.01) feed intake compared to the control group and to the LS group. The feed conversion rate (FCR) was similar among groups for the whole experimental period; however during the grower period the FCR was higher (P < 0.05) for the PS, FB and EFB groups compared to the control group. Birds consuming the PS diet had a reduced (P < 0.05) eviscerated carcass yield compared to the control group. The breast meat percent yield was higher (P < 0.01) for birds consuming the FB and EFB diets compared to the control group. There were no statistical differences in percent yield of the leg quarters and in blood parameters.

Raw and extruded pea (Pisum sativum), faba bean (Vicia faba var. minor) and lupin (Lupinus albus var. multitalia) as alternative protein sources in broiler diets

Research on vegetable-based protein sources has grown as a result of the European Union ban on the inclusion of meat and bone meal in diets of agricultural livestock. This together with recent concern over genetically modified soybeans, the protein source of choice for monogastric diets, has sparked research into the identification of some alternative protein sources. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of raw or extruded pea (RP and EP), faba beans (RFb and EFb) or lupin (RL and EL) in partial substitution of soybean meal and other starch sources in broiler diets. A total of 462-d-old male Ross chicks, Marek vaccinated, were randomly assigned to seven dietary treatments (3 pens/treatment). Chicks were floor housed, ad libitum fed isocaloric and isonitrogenous diets and had free access to water. Artificial light was provided 10 h/d. The amount of alternative proteins used as fed basis and for 1-10 d-old and 11-42 d-old growing periods were: RP and EP: 350 g/kg for all diets; RFb: 480 and 500 g/kg; EFb: 240 and 250 g/kg; RL: 360 and 300 g/kg; EL: 180 and 150 g/kg. Feeds were analyzed for tannins, polyphenol, genisteine, and daidzeine contents and the in vitro alpha-amilase starch digestibility was measured. At the end of the trial performance parameters were calculated, animals were processed and percentage yields (one per pen) of breast meat and leg quarters were quantified. The polyphenol concentrations and antitrypsin activity were reduced and the alpha-amylase digestibility increased in EP and EFb. The feed conversion ratio was not significantly affected, however, the feed intake was reduced (P<0.01) in EL diet compared to the control group and to the RL diet. The RP group had lower dressing percentage (P<0.05), whereas groups fed faba bean had higher breast yield (P<0.01) independent of processing. There were no statistical differences in percent yield of the leg quarters. Data support the utilization of these alternative proteins sources into broilers diets as a viable solution to counteract the current constraints of soybean meal. Partial improvement was seen with EFb and EP, which was not seen however for the lupin based diets.

Raw Pea (Pisum sativum), raw Faba bean (Vicia faba var. minor) and raw Lupin (Lupinus albus var. multitalia) as alternative protein sources in broiler diets

The ban of the meat and bone meal for entering animal diets and the concern of transgenic feeds poses a challenge to animal nutritionists in Europe. The challenge is to find homegrown protein-rich feedstuffs, making sure no antinutritional factors are present which could interfere in the animals’ performance. The raw Pea (Pisum sativum) (RP), raw Faba bean (Vicia faba, variety minor) (RFb) and raw Lupin (Lupinus albus, variety multitalia) (RL) were evaluated as alternative protein sources into broiler diets. Six hundred thirty 1d-old Ross male chicks, Marek vaccinated, were randomly assigned to seven dietary treatments (5 pens per treatment/18 birds per pen). Chicks were floor housed, ad libitum fed isocaloric and isonitrogenous diets and had free access to water. Artificial light was provided 10 h/d. The bulk of the base diet (control diet) was corn (48.7%, 56.6% and 57%), solvent-extracted soybean meal (42.8%, 37.3% and 33.4%), corn oil (4.4%, 5.2% and 6.3%), plus synthetic amino acids, minerals, trace minerals and vitamins, respectively for the 1-10d-old, 11-28d-old and 29 to 42d-old growing periods. The RP, RFb and RL entered diets in substitution of the soybean and corn according to the cost optimization (P100, Fb100 and L100, respectively for RP, RFb and RL) and at half of the optimized quantity (RP50, RFb50 and RL50, respectively for RP, RFb and RL). The amount used as fed basis for the higher level of inclusion were: P100: 350 g/kg for all diets; Fb100: 480 g/kg (1-10d-old) and 500 g/kg (11-42d-old); L100: 360 g/kg (1-10d-old) and 300 g/kg (11-42d-old). The average daily gain (ADG) were lower (P < 0.05) in the RP group compared to the control group. Over the whole period of growth, the RFb group had similar ADG compared to the control group and for both levels of inclusion, whereas reduced (P < 0.05) ADG were observed in the RL100 group. Reduced (P < 0.05) ADG were also observed for the RFb100 and the RL100 groups when calculated over the first three weeks of growth. Birds performance was improved (P < 0.05) in the RL50 group. No effects were observed on dressing percentage and breast and leg quarter cuts. The RFb and RL could represent valuable protein feeds in broilers diet formulation.

The influence of digesta viscosity on the development of the stomach, on &lt;i&gt;in vitro&lt;/i&gt; small intestinal motility and on digestion of nutrients in broiler chickens

1. Replacing soybean meal with gelatin extracted from cow skin and corn protein concentrate as a protein source in broiler diets S. Khalaji, M. Manafi, Z. Olfati, M. Hedyati, M. latifi, A. Veysi Poultry Science CrossRef

Evaluation of CM (Cell Mass from Lysine Fermentation) as on Alternative Protein Source in Broiler Diets

【The experiment was conducted to evaluate CM (Cell Mass from Lysine Fermentation), which is used to produce synthetic lysine in industry, as an alternative protein source in broiler diets. Three different production conditions were employed to produce CMs (CM I, II, III). Treatments were control, CM I -1 (1 % of CM in the diet), CM I -3 (3% of CM in the diet), CM I -5 (5% of CM in the diet), CM II (3% of CM in the diet), and CM III (3% of CM in the diet). It was found that CM products were all high in crude protein content and especially high in lysine and methionine contents, while very low in minerals. For the starter period, all CM groups showed better weight gain, chicks fed CM I -1 diets were especially high in weight gain (p】

Evaluation of Bio-V-Pro® as an alternative protein source in broiler diets

Evaluation of Bio-V-Pro® as an alternative protein source in broiler diets