Protein Content Of Breast Milk Research Articles

Food intake of breastfeeding mothers versus protein content of breastmilk in the coastal area of Bengkulu, Indonesia.

Maternal intake has a role in the composition of nutritional content, especially breast milk protein, but is rarely studied in fish producing areas (coastal). This study aimed to assess protein concentrations in human milk and evaluate their changes according to diet. The type of study was analytical observation, cross-sectional research design with a total sample of 50 from 313 breastfeeding mothers of infants 0-6 months domiciled at the Padang Serai Health Center. Dietary intake is collected using the food recall form 2 x 24 hours. Breast milk is collected in the morning as much as 30 ml using an electric breast pump. T-Test Independent analyzed the data. The results showed that as many as 10% of mothers had breast milk protein content above 0.9 g/100mL, and there was a relationship between maternal age, energy, and protein with breast milk protein content. Maternal diet, especially energy and protein, affects the protein content of breast milk. It is recommended that mothers improve their daily intake through nutritionally balanced and varied foods.

Functional proteins in breast milk and their correlation with the development of the infant gut microbiota: a study of mother-infant pairs.

Proteins in breast milk play an important role in the growth and development of infants. This study aims to explore the correlation between functional proteins in breast milk and the infant gut microbiota. Twenty-three mothers and their infants were enrolled and breast milk samples and infant fecal samples were collected. Breast milk protein content was determined by UPLC-MS/MS, and 16S rRNA sequencing was employed to analyze the gut microbiota of infant. The results indicated that the secretory immunoglobulin A (sIgA) content in breast milk was positively correlated with the abundance of Veillonella parvula. The κ-casein content was positively correlated with the abundance of Clostridium butyricum. The osteopontin (OPN) and lactalbumin contents were positively correlated with the abundance of Parabacteroides distasonis at 42 days. Functional pathway analysis showed that the OPN and κ-casein contents in breast milk were significantly correlated with amino acid, pyruvate, propionic acid, linoleic acid, and alpha-linolenic acid metabolic pathways in early life. The results of this study suggest that specific proteins in breast milk can influence the abundance of certain gut microbes in infants, playing an important role in early immune and metabolic development.

Egyptian Mother’s Breast Milk: Protein and Lipid Content in Correlation with Growth of Their Newborns

Abstract Background Infant growth is a big concern among the community, mothers and the pediatricians, this study focused on what can affect newborns growth in Egyptian community. Objective Primary objective to detect the relationships between protein and lipid content of the breast milk of Egyptian women with their infant’s growth. Secondary objective is to correlate protein and lipid content in the mother’s milk and their diet. Patients and Methods This is a cohort study done on 30 infant in Ain Shams University for a period of six months.history was taken by questionnaire about infant’s Gestational age. parity. Dietetic history of infant (breast fed, frequency of feeds),Mother’s age, education, address, body weight, height, BMI and maternal illness. Mother’s dietetic history by 24 hour recall.breast milk samples was collected by hand expression between 4 and 8 weeks of lactation, kept frozen at20 °C. Triglyceride (fat) concentrations were measured in homogenized HM samples using H-Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectra. For protein, total nitrogen was measured by the Dumas method. Results The growth rate range of infants under study was (18gm/day _ 28gm/day). Protein content of mother’s milk lowest value was 0.7gm, and highest value was 1.9gm. Lipid content of mother’s milk lowest value was 3.1gm, and highest value was 5.6gm. Lactose content of mother’s milk lowest value was 5.9gm, and highest value was 7.4gm.Caloric content of maternal diet lowest value was 1013kcal/day and highest value was 2818kcal/day. the protein of breast milk has a direct positive effect on Infant’s growthrate(r = 0.735,p=0.000)weight(r = 0.689,p=0.000)and z score(r = 0.573, p = 0.001).lipid content of breast milk has a positive effect on Infant’s growthrate(r = 0.677,p=0.000)weight(r = 0.742,p=0.000)and zscore(r = 0.592,p=0.001). Protein of maternal diet has an impact on the protein content of her breast milk(r = 0.719,p=0.000)and lipid content of breast milk(r = 0.712, p = 0.000).lipid of maternal diet has no effect on lipid content of breast milk(r = 0.127,p=0.52)and protein of breast milk (r = 0.118,p=0.536).caloric intake of mothers has positive effect on protein of breast milk(r = 0.599,p=0.000),and lipid of breast milk(r = 0.496,p=0.005). Conclusion Protein content of breast milk of mothers positively affects growth rate weight and height of their infants. (P value 0.000, 0.001,0.005 respectively). As protein content of breast milk exceeds 1.1gm/dl infant kept same or higher weight/height centile and z score. As lipid content of breast milk exceeds 4mg/dl infant kept same or higher weight/height centile and z score. Protein content of breast milk is positively affected by protein in maternal diet(r = 0.747,P 0.000) and her total caloric intake(r = 0.519,p 0.005).lipid content of breast milk is positively affected by protein content of maternal diet (r = 0.719,P 0.000)and her total caloric intake(r = 0.496,p 0.005).

A Study on Microbial and Macronutrient Composition of Breast Milk Varies with Lactation Duration

Complementary feeding and continuation of breast feeding is directed and advised by the national and international child health agencies. Breast milk, a complex biological fluid, shows changes in its cellular, microbial and nutrient composition as lactation progresses. In a cross-sectional study, hospital-based pilot project showed the composition of microbial and macronutrients and compared their differences before and after first six months of lactation. Staphylococcus aureus was the predominant bacterium found in breast milk, and 45% (15/33) of samples within first six months and only 13% (3/22) from those more than six months of lactation showed any bacterial growth (p=0.013). The protein content was less in breast milk samples after six months compared to those within six months of lactation (mean difference, 95% CI: 0.33 (0.10, 0.55) gm/dL, p=0.005). After controlling the lactation period, bacterial culture positivity in breast milk was associated directly with the breast milk protein content. Our pilot study observations indicate the need to study microbial and nutrient changes in breast milk as lactation advances, in a longitudinal study with larger sample size, and investigate its associations with maternal factors, infant growth, establishment of infant gut microbiota and possible role in environmental enteric dysfunction.

Breast milk protein content at week 3 after birth and neurodevelopmental outcome in preterm infants fed fortified breast milk.

Feeding supplemented mother milk during hospital stay improves neurodevelopment in preterm infants. Yet the composition of mother milk varies widely between subjects. The relationship between this variation and outcome is unknown. To determine whether the protein content in native breast milk (BM) correlates with 2-year infant outcome. In a monocentric prospective observational study, LACTACOL, preterm infants born between 28 and 34weeks of gestation, whose mothers decided to exclusively breastfeed, were enrolled during the first week of life. Samples of expressed breast milk obtained at several times of the day were pooled over a 24-h period, and such pool was used for macronutrient analysis, using mid-infrared analyzer. Age and Stages questionnaire (ASQ) was used to assess 2-year neurodevelopmental outcome. We analyzed the relationship between protein content in BM, and (i) infant neurodevelopment at 2-year (primary outcome), and (ii) growth until 2-year (secondary outcome). 138 infants were enrolled. The main analysis concerned 130 infants (including 40 twin infants) and 110 mothers with BM samples collected at week 3 after birth. Native BM samples were ranked in three tertiles of protein content (g/100ml): 0.91 ± 0.09 (lower), 1.14 ± 0.05 (middle) and 1.40 ± 0.15 (upper); 48, 47 and 35 infants were ranked, respectively, in these three tertiles. Infants in the upper tertile were more often singleton (P = 0.012) and were born with lower birth weight and head circumference Z-scores (P = 0.005 and 0.002, respectively). Differences in weight and head circumference were no longer observed at 2-year. ASQ score at age 2 did not differ betweenthe three tertiles (P = 0.780). Sensitivity analyses with imputations, including all 138 infants, confirmed the main analysis as well as analyses based on fortified BM as exposure. Protein content of BM (native or fortified) is not associated with preterm infant neurodevelopment at 2-year. Higher protein content was associated with a lower birth weight.

Analysis of Transitional Milk of Post-Natal Cases in Non-Anaemic Mothers and Its Comparison With Anaemic Mothers in Rural Western Uttar Pradesh.

Aim: Present study is aimed at determining the analysis of transitional milk of post-natal non-anaemic mothers and its comparison with anaemic mothers in rural Uttar Pradesh.Methods: Totally, 132 post-natal cases were enrolled for the study. After taking ethical committee approval, breast milk samples were collected from day 4 to 11. We measured the following important parameters in breast milk (fat, density, carbohydrates, solid not fat [SNF], protein and added water). Data were analysed by using SPSS-24 software (IBM Corp., Armonk, NY). Tests used in our study were the analysis of variance (ANOVA) test, Chi-square test and independent T-test.Result: In our study, it was found that severe anaemia causes significant changes in fat, lactose and protein content of breast milk. We found that there are no significant changes in breast milk composition with age. Our study shows statistically no association between residence and breast milk content.Conclusion: As the severity of anaemia increases, protein and fat content in breast milk decreases, lactose content on the contrary follows a reverse relationship with maternal haemoglobin. Maternal anaemia not only affects the macronutrients in breast milk but also decreases the density of breast milk.

The effect of storage on energy, carbohydrate, fat, and protein content of breast milk

The effect of storage on energy, carbohydrate, fat, and protein content of breast milk

Longitudinal Changes in the Macronutrient Contents of Breast Milk in the Mothers with Preterm Delivery

Background: Contents of breast milk may change during the first weeks after childbirth, especially in preterm deliveries. The present study aimed to determine the macronutrient contents of breast milk in the mothers with preterm delivery. Methods: This prospective-descriptive study was conducted in Mahdieh Hospital in Tehran, Iran in 2015. Participants included the mothers with preterm delivery, whose infants had a gestational age of Results: In total, 51 mothers were enrolled in the study. Mean gestational age and birth weight of the neonates were 28.44±2.20 weeks and 1064±260 grams, respectively. Mean age and body mass index (BMI) of the mothers were 27.5±5.6 years and 26.44±17.54-40 kg/m2, respectively. In terms of socioeconomic status, 28 participants (60.8%) were categorized as class II (simple workers), and 20 mothers (45.4%) received basic prenatal care. During weeks 2-3 of delivery, the fat and calorie contents of breast milk increased significantly. However, protein content of breast milk was variable, and the carbohydrate level was observed to decrease. No significant associations were observed between the maternal age, socioeconomic status, BMI, and number of twins with the contents of breast milk, while the mode of delivery and level of prenatal care had significant effects on the protein level of breast milk. Conclusion: According to the results, the levels of macronutrients in the breast milk of the mothers with preterm delivery were variable and within the normal range during the first four weeks of delivery.

Abstracts fromThe Academy of Breastfeeding Medicine 18th Annual International MeetingPhiladelphia, PennsylvaniaNovember 21–24, 2013

Abstracts fromThe Academy of Breastfeeding Medicine 18th Annual International MeetingPhiladelphia, PennsylvaniaNovember 21–24, 2013

20 Prematurity and Breast Milk: A New Method to Evaluate its Protein Content

Preterm newborns frequently have a slow postnatal growth and a close relationship between growth and both energy and protein intake has been demonstrated. The evaluation of the protein content of breast milk after a preterm delivery, using a quick and simple method, could be very useful to decide how to reach preterm nutritional needs. To evaluate the protein content of preterm breast milk by turbidimetric method. From April 2003 to March 2005 we collected breast milk from mothers who delivered preterm (G.A.24.8–35wks). The protein content (PC) in colostrum, transition milk (3 days after the beginning of lactation), and mature milk (1 week after the beginning of lactation) was measured. Maternal age, parity, diet, social status, as well as the cause of premature delivery, the mode of delivery, and gemellarity have been recorded. Milk was stored in plastic bottles at 4 C (max 12 hours) or at -20 C. PC was measured by a modified turbidimetric Kingsbury method (Milk screen, Callegari, Italy). 97 milk samples were collected. PC was 1.39–2.13 g/dl in colostrum, 1.23–2.04 g/dl in transition milk and 1.26–2.01 g/dl in mature milk. These results are consistent with published data using a spectrophotometric method, a technique neither simple nor easily available. PC gradually diminished from the beginning of lactation until mature milk: colostrum PC was higher compared to both transition milk (p =0.014) and mature milk (p=0.0001); similarly, transition milk PC was higher compared to mature milk (p==.001). A positive correlation has also been found between colostrum and transition milk PC. No correlations have been found between breast milk PC with other factors considered.

Breast milk from mothers of very low birthweight infants: variability in fat and protein content

While breast milk appears to be superior to formula for the development of very low birthweight (VLBW) infants, it is supplemented to meet the metabolic demands of the rapidly growing premature infant. To estimate the nutritional variability of breast milk from mothers of VLBW infants, protein (bicinchoninic acid method) and fat content (creamatocrit) were measured in breast-milk spot samples from mothers of 20 VLBW infants, collected 4 times a day during the first 4 wk of lactation. Protein content (median 1.9 g dl(-1), range 1.1-3.5 g dl(-1)) and fat content (3.8/1.0-14.6 g dl(-1)) were highly variable and lacked a normal distribution over all samples and in individual women's milk. There was only a weak correlation between fat and protein (rs=0.416, p < 0.001). Fat but not protein was lower in morning samples than in samples collected later in the day (p < 0.001). Protein but not fat content decreased during the weeks of lactation (rs =-0.446, p < 0.001). No impact of the baby's gestational age was observed. The fat and protein content of breast milk from mothers of VLBW infants is highly variable, calling into question the clinical feasibility of individualized supplementation of breast milk for VLBW infants based on spot sample measurements.

Composition of premature breast-milk during lactation: constant digestible protein content (as in full term milk)

There is much discussion about the protein requirements of (very) preterm infants. The protein content of breast milk plays an important role in this discussion. For this reason, we took a close look at the protein content and its composition in premature breast milk. Complete 24 h expressions-were examined using the Kjedahl method, GPC, SDS-PAGGE and nephelometric detection of sIgA. Colostrum of premature breast milk contains a large amount of undigestible proteins, up to 70% of true protein, which decreases to 20–40% in transitory and mature preterm milk. The NPN fraction of mature preterm breast milk was, dependent on the degree of prematurity 20–25%; increasing during lactation from about 18% to 22–26%. This means that, depending on the lactation period only 30–60% of the total protein content of breast milk is available for body protein synthesis. In absolute amounts, digestible protein is reasonably stable during lactation.

Protein content of breast milk of Indian mothers with malnourished children.

Protein estimation of the breast milk of 20 poorly nourished Indian mothers of low income groups, whose children were suffering from nutritional oedema and kwashiorkor was done and compared with that of a control series of 36 mothers with similar nourishment but with normal children.