Protective Belt Research Articles

Snapshot of Fall Prevention in Patients Referred to a Neurorehabilitation Unit: A Feasibility Study on the Use of an Airbag Device.

Active wearable devices such as protective smart belts have been proposed to reduce hip impact in the event of a fall. This study primarily evaluated the feasibility and acceptance of a specific protective belt among selected patients identified as being at risk of falling who were admitted to an ICS Maugeri Neurorehabilitation Unit from September 2022 to April 2023. According to previous institutional observations, the device was worn between the 6th and 21st days of recovery. Out of 435 admitted patients, 118 were considered eligible, but 101 declined to participate (about 50% refused to wear the belt without first trying it on; the other 50% found it too heavy or difficult to manage). Among the 17 patients who accepted (users), 9 used the belt correctly. The remaining eight patients refused to wear it after 24 h, due to discomfort. Out of 435 patients admitted, we observed at least one fall in 49 patients, of whom 5 were eligible patients; 1 was a user who had quickly refused to use the belt and fell with mild damage. Two non-eligible patients and one eligible non-user patient experienced falls resulting in hip fractures; only in the latter case could the use of the belt have limited the damage to the hip. Difficulties in recruiting patients and low acceptance of the proposed intervention present further challenges.

Imre Lakatos Research Programme Methodology Application in the Curriculum of Islamic Education in Madrasah

Imre Lakatos's thoughts need to be developed in Islamic education, especially in schools with a larger portion of Islamic education when compared to public schools. This study aims to explain Imre Lakatos's thinking, which is often referred to as the research program methodology, as well as to analyze the application of the Imre Lakatos research program methodology in the Islamic education curriculum in madrasas, taking into account the three elements of the research program proposed by Imre Lakatos. Three elements in the research program include hardcore, protective belt, and a series of theories. A literature study approach supports the qualitative method used in this research. Data sources used are relevant literature obtained from books and journal articles. The data collection technique used is documentation. The results of this study show that the Islamic education curriculum based on the Al-Qur'an and Hadith occupies the main core (hardcore) position. Meanwhile, the subjects of Al-Qur'an Hadith, Aqidah, Jurisprudence, and Islamic Cultural History became the protective belt.

Marxism and Religion: from Atheistic Prejudice to Scientific Approach

Introduction. In the light of Marxist social ontology, the theoretical inconsistency of Marxist atheism is revealed.Methodology and sources. The contradictions between these two aspects of Marxism are examined in the context of the works of K. Marx, F. Engels, V.I. Lenin, R. Luxemburg, and a number of contemporary materialist philosophers. Marxist philosophy is analyzed in a postpositivist key as a set of research programs within which atheism should be seen as an optional, hypothetical element of their “protective belt”.Results and discussion. Marxist social ontology, which has a communist character, and Marxist atheism, which is based on the bourgeois Feuerbachian worldview, cannot coexist in the “solid core” of Marxist research programs. Materialist dialectics exposes the bourgeois-enlightenment idea of the omnipotence of human reason, on which Marx's conviction that “conscious planned control” of social production will abolish religion is based. Scientific atheism is just as impossible as scientific theism, because ideas about God do not lend themselves to an unambiguous scientific definition due to their apophatic aspect (which, among other things, does not allow for attributing authentic Christian theology to idealist philosophy). Socio-historical practice does not confirm the superiority of the atheistic worldview over the religious one. The rejection of permanent resistance to religion follows from the Marxist requirement of a concrete-historical approach to superstructural social phenomena. The general philosophical and anthropological basis of scientific analysis of different worldviews makes it possible to constructively engage in interfaith dialogue as well as dialogue between atheists and believers.Conclusion. In a world of transformed social forms, the concept of fact is radically problematized. And this calls into question the atheistic critique of religion along the lines of “illusion or reality”. As long as the question of authentic human reality is not resolved in practical terms, an objective critique of the various concrete-historical manifestations of religion and atheism is possible on the scale of research programs only through the parameter “humane or inhumane”, that is, through an analysis of the impact of this or that worldview on the development of living human individuals and the essential human forces.

High school students' evolving alternative conception related to the volume of gas: A Lakatosian perspective

AbstractThe purpose of this case study, informed by a Lakatosian perspective, is to identify how an alternative conception that originates in present learning but is related directly to subsequent learning contexts can be constructed. Before the study, one of the authors found by accident that a student who had learned about Avogadro's principle and chemical reaction in South Korea constructed an alternative conception related to the volume of gas. Later, we identified seven Korean high school students with the alternative conception through a test and analyzed their underlying understandings qualitatively through interviews. The results show that they had a scientific conception—core conception—and intuitive assumptions about implicit information of external representations—implicit assumptions—in common. The students' implicit assumptions could be divided into three types again: core assumption, auxiliary assumption, and context‐inducing assumption. The core assumption, like the core conception, played a significant role in constructing the alternative conception (hard core), while the auxiliary assumptions were incomplete implicit assumptions to protect the alternative conception (protective belt). The context‐inducing assumption was an implicit assumption bringing the context of the subsequent curriculum, and the core conception and the core assumption could be interpreted in this induced context. At the end of the study, the implications related to learning progressions were discussed.

Applications and functions of wet fountain fittings used in pre-salt cluster of santos basin

"Fountain fitting " - deep and ultra- deep in the waters oil and natural dig it up removal for needed which is main underwater of equipment is one Petrobras well in Brazil the mouth with (Wet Christmas Tree – fountain armature ) between WCT installed (Production Adapter Base - production adapter base ) (PAB) . This equipment is a wellhead equipment used to install oil and gas wellhead, control it and control the mode of operation. There are Fontan fittings for surface (for wells drilled on land) and subsea (offshore wells). According to its construction, it is horizontal and has three steps. Fountain accessories consist of tube and belt head, Christmas tree fountain. The belt head located at the bottom of the fountain shield is used to hang the protective belt, close the gap between the pipes, etc. It is for the Pipe head to hang and seal the pump compressor pipe lowered into the well attached to the belt head. The resource head directs the product from the well to the discharge line, enabling control and monitoring of the well. The fountain armature is equipped with a pressure gauge and thermometer. BOP and fountain of the armature absolutely different equipment that it is clarify need a lot people this two underwater equipment mix it up because it can each two of them the well in the mouth is installed . Dump Blow-Out Preventer (BOP) of wells digging , completion and processing during use which is security equipment . His main components drawers (rams), annular discharge against preventers and suffocation and don't kill are lines (choke & kill lines). Fountain pipes are lowered into the well where the fountain is expected to shoot. It is necessary to hang these pipes from something at the wellhead and direct the product of the well to the outside through it, and for this, it is necessary to mold the space between the fountain pipes and the production line. In order for the fountain to pump in an optimal mode, to regulate the use of reservoir energy, it is necessary to create counter pressure at the well mouth by any means. Therefore, the equipment at the mouth of the fountain well must be able to create any back pressure in the discharge line, including closing the well. In addition, the wellhead equipment should allow to measure the pressures behind the pipe, in the discharge line, and also to inject gas or liquid into the well if necessary.

The dynamic nature of scientific knowledge: an epistemological look at the research activity of human hand anthropometry

This research focuses on analyzing the dynamic nature of scientific knowledge from an epistemological perspective, focusing specifically on anthropometric research of the human hand. The main objective of this study is to examine how knowledge is generated and evolves in this field, in the light of epistemological theories such as Lakatos'. Key concepts of epistemology and philosophy of science are addressed, including the theories of Lakatos, Popper, Kuhn and Feyerabend. Subsequently, Lakatos' theory of Scientific Investigation Programs (SIPs) is applied to the field of hand anthropometry, identifying its fundamental core (which refers to the belief in the relevance of hand measurements) and its protective belt (comprising auxiliary theories and methods). It discusses how both heuristics and empirical evidence drive the evolution of knowledge in this field, also emphasizing the importance of creative inquiry, scientific debate, and methodological rigor. Ultimately, it is concluded that anthropometric research eloquently exemplifies the inherent dynamic nature of scientific knowledge.

Поляризованное экономическое развитие: методологическая эклектика исследований 1950–1980-х гг.

The academic research of the 1950–1980s devoted to polarized development was characterized by methodological eclecticism. The set of generally accepted provisions (the ‘hard core’ of the theory) had not been formed in the framework of the original works of French researchers (primarily F. Perroux and J.-R. Boudeville). This problem of began to worsen due to the expansion of the number of involved researchers. One of the most notable innovations, which arose due to incorrect interpretations of the publications of the French pioneers, was the introduction of the term ‘growth center’, which greatly supplanted the original ‘pole’ terminology from the Anglo-Saxon works. In addition to the unjustified expansion of the list of terms, publications began to appear based on methodological guidelines that run counter to the ones of F. Perroux. In fact, the scientific direction has clearly fallen into the ‘fragmentation trap’. It also failed to form a set of more or less complete auxiliary theories that could form a ‘protective belt’ of the theory of polarized development. As a result, the original methodological basis (which can be characterized as heterodox) began to erode, including through studies using economic orthodoxy typical tools. The end result was a gradual decline in the interest of academic researchers in the original concept, and competing heterodox theories fell into the ‘centers of attention’

Столкновение типов рациональности: к вопросу о причинах длительного существования дискуссий по концептуальным вопросам в уголовном праве

The analysis of criminal law science by means of a post-non-classical approach is carried out. The subject of the analysis was the regularities of the existence and development of topics and issues that have conceptual significance for criminal law, but do not find their resolution. Such “clusters” of problems, ideas, and the meanings attached to them are presented in the form of discourses that have a very long existence. The set of analysis tools is supplemented by the category “type of rationality”, with the help of which it was possible to detect the nonlinear nature of the development of criminal law knowledge. Having studied the peculiarities of the development of criminal legislation and legal doctrine in the XX century and up to the present, it was concluded that the main type of rationality in the domestic criminal legal consciousness and, accordingly, in the doctrine, is mythological. It is based on a number of myths, mythologems and their corresponding symbols. Even more important is the discovery of a series of attempts to change the type of rationality in criminal law (to political in 1926–1958, to scientific with elements of psychology, pedagogy and sociology, i.e. in general, criminology in 1958–1996), as well as signs of reduction to the mythological type after 1996. Such attempts form a rather original structure of the criminal law doctrine, when the basis is the so-called “hard core” belonging to the mythological type of rationality, and a protective belt is formed around it with inclusions remaining from other types of rationality. The conclusion is formulated that many incessant and sometimes irreconcilable disputes on key issues of criminal law are caused by a discrepancy in the initial ideas of jurists, and sometimes legislators. The introduction of the category of the type of rationality into scientific circulation will contribute to the streamlining of criminal law theory and the harmonization of knowledge about the crime, the criminal, measures of criminal legal impact and other criminal law phenomena.

Перспективы развития лесопаркового защитного пояса Москвы

The article considers the forest-park protective belt (FPPB) of Moscow and briefly out­lines the stages of the development of the concept of the forest-park belt and the FPPB of Mos­cow in accordance with the city's master development plans. To assess its current state, a system of indicators is proposed, based on which an integrated index is calculated. A detailed analysis of the indicators and the integrated index has been conducted, allowing for the identi­fication of three most probable scenarios for the further development of different parts of the forest-park protective belt of Moscow.

A tudományfilozófiai elméletek és az értékkutatások kapcsolata

The purpose of this study is to examine, in what extent the mainstream approaches of scientifictheories can be applied on the field of the value-research. Therefore, I will examine these modelsthrough the lense of scientific philosophical approaches of 20th century. Of the three mostsignificant philosophical theory (Popper’s falsification theory, Kuhn’s paradigm theory, and ImreLakatos’s theory of scientific research programs), I apply Lakatos’s theory, since it fits the bestto explain, how parallel research streams emerged on the field of value research. In this study Istrive for conciliate Lakatos’s program and the three significant value models. In the scientificresearch program theory Lakatos found that many research programs coexist simultaneously.Each has a hard core or negative heuristic (as Lakatos calls it) of theories immune to any revisionsurrounded by a protective belt or positive heuristic of malleable theories. Every researchprogram vies against others to be most progressive. In my opinion the core of the program isthe value definition itself, which is used by the different researchers in the field of value studies.This value definition barely changed during the past few decades. On the other hand, there arenumerous value models aimed to assess people’s value system. These models can be consideredas the protective belt revolving around the hardcore definition. The aim of this paper is not toemphasize Lakatos’ theory from the philosophical approaches of science, but to examine valueresearch through a philosophical eye. This approach also can ease the communication betweenthe value research by exploring the common core of them.

거북목 증후군 환자를 위한 경추보호대 디자인 연구

거북목 증후군 환자를 위한 경추보호대 디자인 연구

Multiple Streams Framework as Scientific Research Program and Tool for the Analysis of Public Policy Issues

Abstract The Multiple Streams Framework (MSF) is currently one of the most widely used frameworks in policy process research. It explains how policy agenda develops in the policy process with emphasis on policy adoption. This article examines MSF from the perspective of the history of science and Lakatos’ methodology of scientific research programs. In this respect, we consider MSF a “semi-strong theory” that uses a form of subsumption under theory for scientific explanation. This differs from a “strong” explanatory theory (e.g., physics), which uses explanations in the form of subsumption under scientific law. From the point of view of Lakatos’ methodology, MSF represents a scientific research program. The basic element is a hard core given mainly by the MSF hypothesis for the framework as a whole and MSF assumptions and key structural elements. Around the hard core there is a protective belt of auxiliary hypotheses. They correspond to hypotheses related to the framework’s key elements and to the hypothesis for the framework as a whole. MSF has negative heuristics (prohibition of the use of the modus tollens rule) and positive heuristics, which are represented by a set of theoretically and empirically progressive theories that further develop the MSF research program. An analysis of studies on MSF reveals that single hypotheses are only exceptionally tested using “hard” data and quantitative methods. Qualitative analysis (case studies) predominates, which contributes to the development of MSF theory. Therefore, we can consider a progressive shift in theory. In this respect, MSF can be considered a successful research program. However, in terms of the methodology of scientific research programs, MSF has a number of other opportunities to develop hypothesis testing further and use various modelling methods with data sets. Thus, MSF represents an interesting scientific research program, which needs to be further developed and specified in the spirit of the methodology of scientific research programs, It is a challenge for interdisciplinary research in the field of social sciences.

유전자-문화 공진화론의 관점에서 본 인류의 진화

This study provides a rational reconstruction of Boyd and Richardson’s gene-culture co-evolutionary theory based on the methodology of Lakatos’ Research Program. In providing a more pluralistic and integrated theory of human evolution, Gene-culture co-evolutionary Theory adopts the “dual inheritance hypothesis”, which encompasses both biological and cultural evolution as a hardcore. Boyd and Richardson’s research program adheres to the negative heuristics that maintain hard cores and the positive heuristics that reinforce the theory by modifying and supplementing its protective belt. This study analyzes the structure of the theories’ explanations for human uniqueness from the perspective of novel predictions of Lakatos’ research program. To this end, the novel predictions of the research program are structured into the human cognitive structure, communication, culture, and the development of moral norms. The combination of these elements, which constitute human nature, presents a concrete scenario of the evolution of human beings.

COMPLICATION DURING WELL DRILLING AND THEIR PREVENTION

The article provides a brief analysis of the complications that occur during the drilling of wells and their prevention. Violation of normal working conditions during drilling of wells occurs as a result of the impact of geological factors, disruption of technical and technological processes, as well as improper organization of work. Improper organization of work means a lack of manpower in the rig, failure to bring the necessary materials and tools to the rig, timely elimination of defects in the installation work. Due to technical failures of surface and wellhead equipment, long-term oil and gas-water fountains, as well as wells may be seriously complicated. Many complications occur as a result of incorrect technological process. These include the bending of the wellbore, the collapse of the well wall, the formation of a groove in the wellbore, and the occurrence of oil-gas-water through the protective belts. A lot of time and money is spent to prevent complications, which reduces the technical and economic performance of drilling. A number of measures should be taken in advance to prevent complications, as it is very difficult to prevent complications once they occur. Keywords: Drilling of wells, complications in the well, disruption of technological processes, disruption of the wellbore, protective belt, collapse of the well wall.

The epistemology of international politics: offensive realism and the Neorealist Scientific Research Program

What follows is a much-needed appraisal of the current state of scientificity and progressiveness in the study of international politics. Imre Lakatos’ Methodology of Scientific Research Programs will provide the epistemological grounds. Three broad claims will be made and supported: (i) Waltz’s neorealism is not an isolated theory of international politics, but a proper scientific research program; (ii) Mearsheimer’s offensive realism too is not an isolated theory, but a set of theoretical amendments to the Neorealist Scientific Research Program’s protective belt; and (iii) the offensive-realist theoryshift is both theoretically and empirically progressive.

The schism in postnonclassical rationality

Ontological, epistemological, socio-practical, and ethical aspects demonstrate the impossibility of the coexistence of the complex idea of human dimensionality with the complex idea of nonlinearity in the “hard core” of postnonclassical research programs. The idea of human dimensionality, which necessarily has a real paradigmatic status in postnonclassical science, seriously limits the worldview ideas of nonlinearity in favor of linear concepts. The claim of the worldview of nonlinearity to paradigmatic status in postnonclassics leads to the loss of compatibility of this idea with the idea of human dimensionality, which demonstrates the groundlessness of this claim. In the ontological aspect, the human being is seen as a result and a condition for the continuation of a linear world process. The epistemological aspect notes the insufficiency of any reductionist cognitive strategy to ensure the unity of human knowledge, and states the immaturity of the current state of social synergetics. In the socio-practical aspect, the project as the main type of linear activity, which occupies a central place in human culture, is opposed to the game as the main type of non-linear activity. At the same time, the anti-project nature of reliance on nonlinear processes is noted. In the ethical aspect, the incompatibility of postnonclassical rationality with ethical relativism, naturally arising from the claim of the idea of nonlinearity to paradigmatic status, is considered. Present in the “hard core” of the postnonclassical research programs the complex idea of human dimensionality can be protected by different elements of the “protective belt”: on the one hand, either by the emphasis on the study of linear processes or by the emphasis on the study of nonlinear processes (using a “soft,” non-paradigmatic variant of the idea of nonlinearity); on the other hand, either by means of synergetics, or by means of concrete-universal dialectics.

ТЕХНИКА, КАК ФАКТОР ТРАНСФОРМАЦИИ ИДЕАЛОВ КУЛЬТУРЫ

This article defines the basic concepts of culture and ideal. The main chronological stages of the development of society from the moment of the formation of the oral tradition to the period of industrialization are revealed. The article deals with the development of the “hard core” of culture and its “protective belt” according to the methodology of the research program of I. Lakatos. Thanks to this, it was possible to identify the fundamental attitudes that make up the "hard core" of culture and the "protective belt" of this core, presented in everyday life. The dynamics of changes in cultural attitudes of the "hard core" and "protective belt" of culture, depending on the development of technology, has been revealed. Thanks to the concept of D.V. Pivovarov's culture is considered from the standpoint of the ideal-forming side of life. The methods and three models of the formation of the ideals of culture, which form the basis of the "Solid core", are revealed. Considered the synthetic concept of the ideal. A historical example of the interaction of all three models is given, confirming the applicability of the synthetic concept to everyday life.

Odpowiedź moim krytykom

In the book The Structure of Relativistic and Quantum Revolutions in Physics, I presented the anti-Kuhnian and anti-Lakatosian model of scientific revolutions. Following Fleck, I assume that scientists’ ways of perceiving phenomena and thinking about them are conditioned by the thought style acquired in the process of being introduced to the profession. So how could it happen that scientists at the turn of the 19th and 20th centuries began to think differently than they had been taught to think? My answer is that both revolutions were made by three generations of theorists. In the first generation (Maxwell; Boltzmann), the acquired knowledge and new experimental results led to conclusions that made the theoretical system inconsistent. Scientists of the second generation (Lorentz, Larmor, Poincaré; Planck, Einstein, Bohr) tried to apply these new conclusions together with old knowledge, and it was found that it was impossible to do it fully. Nevertheless, they obtained a number of new results. In the third generation (Einstein; Heisenberg, Schrödinger, Dirac and others), new conclusions began to be applied as standalone. If one were to use the Lakatosian language, some fragments of the protective belt of the old research program broke off as the cores of the new programs. In this article, I answer the objections that several outstanding philosophers of science have made against my model.

How Well Does Evolution Explain Endogenous Retroviruses?-A Lakatosian Assessment.

One of the most sophisticated philosophies of science is the methodology of scientific research programmes (MSRP), developed by Imre Lakatos. According to MSRP, scientists are working within so-called research programmes, consisting of a hard core of fixed convictions and a flexible protective belt of auxiliary hypotheses. Anomalies are accommodated by changes to the protective belt that do not affect the hard core. Under MSRP, research programmes are appraised as ‘progressive’ if they successfully predict novel facts but are judged as ‘degenerative’ if they merely offer ad hoc solutions to anomalies. This paper applies these criteria to the evolutionary research programme as it has performed during half a century of ERV research. It describes the early history of the field and the emergence of the endogenization-amplification theory on the origins of retroviral-like sequences. It then discusses various predictions and postdictions that were generated by the programme, regarding orthologous ERVs in different species, the presence of target site duplications and the divergence of long terminal repeats, and appraises how the programme has dealt with data that did not conform to initial expectations. It is concluded that the evolutionary research programme has been progressive with regard to the issues here examined.

Knowledge capital theory: a critical analysis using Lakatos’ idea of research programmes

ABSTRACT This paper introduces and uses Lakatos’ idea of research programmes to summarise and critically evaluate academic discourse towards knowledge capital theory. The analysis uses rational reconstruction to formulate the components of the hardcore and protective belt of knowledge capital theory. By critically surveying the literature, it challenges the validity of the claims made by Erik Hanushek, Ludger Woessmann and the OECD that there is a causal link between cognitive development and economic growth. It concludes by stating that knowledge capital theory in its current form is degenerate and should be considered a high-risk research programme and that more sophisticated theories are required to be developed to explain current phenomena.