Protection Procedures Research Articles

Protective environment strategies for hematopoietic stem cell transplantation: progress and prospects.

With the progress of hematopoietic stem cell transplantation technology, the reduction of pretreatment intensity, the shortening of bone marrow suppression time and the reduction of infection risk, as well as the prominent physical and psychological stress for doctors and patients caused by rigorous protection procedures, the strategies for protective environment need to be reconsidered. Regardless of whether total environment protection is implemented, there is no significant difference in the outcomes of chemotherapy patients with neutropenia. The advantages and disadvantages of total environment protection have been weighed and reviewed for patients receiving hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. The protective environment strategies for hematopoietic stem cell transplantation patients have developed rapidly in the past two decades, from the initial replacement of laminar flow equipment by high-efficiency filtration devices to the development of home care after transplantation. In this article, the progress of protective environment strategies for hematopoietic stem cell transplantation patient was reviewed, and further reflections were posed, providing reference for future improvement.

The Regulation and Ways of Using Digital (Information) Technologies to Protect Copyright

Introduction: the author explores the problem of intellectual property protection, and especially various inventions, know-how in production, industrial designs, and the rapid spread of intellectual property objects on the Internet, where their commercial value is reduced or leveled. In this regard, the chosen research topic is of particular interest and social significance. The Internet information and telecommunications network provides its users with a lot of freedom, which unfortunately generates many offenses. However, progress is also going in a positive direction. The latest technologies of the same Industry 4.0 come to the aid of authors, helping them to protect their works. Purpose: to identify gaps in the legal regulation of copyright protection for works on the Internet, to consider the specifics of the copyright protection procedure, as well as to develop scientifically sound recommendations and proposals aimed at filling the gaps in the legislation. Methods: the study was conducted based on general scientific and specific scientific methods. Such general scientific methods as the dialectical method and logical methods of analysis, synthesis, induction, and deduction were applied. The comparative method, which was used to analyze the experience of foreign countries, and the formal legal method, became special research methods. The historical research method was used to study the main characteristics of modern copyright, its problems, and their causes. Results: a number of problems have been identified in the study of blockchain prospects in the field of copyright, as well as in the development of proposals to improve the legislation in terms of depositing copyright objects. The work contains the author’s provisions aimed at regulating the use of blockchain technology by authors and owners of blockchain platforms, which is practically absent today. The work is focused on practical results, namely, the stable and efficient operation of blockchain platforms in the field of copyright. Conclusions: it has been revealed that to fix the rights to objects of property turnover, there are both opportunities and problems of applying machine-readable law at the present stage; electronic signatures, smart contracts, and entering data into registries are used to make transactions.

Evaluation of emergency nurses’ knowledge of medical response in nuclear and radiological emergencies : a cross-sectional study

BackgroundEvaluating emergency room nurses’ knowledge of radiation protection, health effects, and decontamination procedures is crucial for preparedness in nuclear and radiological emergencies. This study aims to evaluate the level of knowledge among emergency nurses in Saudi Arabia regarding medical responses to nuclear and radiological emergencies.MethodsA multicenter cross-sectional study was conducted via a self-structured questionnaire with 15 true‒false questions divided into three domains, namely, radiation protection measures, radiation health effects, and decontamination procedures, each with five items and a possible score of 1 point per correct answer. The collected data were analyzed via descriptive and inferential statistics. The study followed the STROBE checklist for methodological rigor.ResultsA total of 594 emergency nurses participated in this study, with the majority being young (64.50% aged ≤ 30), female (68.69%), bachelor’s degree-holding (67.68%), single (63.64%), having ≤ 4 years of experience (56.06%), working in public health facilities (88.89%), and lacking training in medical response (85.35%). The mean knowledge scores for participants were highest for radiation exposure effects (3.27 ± 0.91), followed by radiation protective measures (2.32 ± 0.99), and lowest for decontamination procedures (1.46 ± 1.07). Overall knowledge was measured at a mean score of 7.06 ± 1.68, with 97.47% of the nurses categorized as having poor knowledge level. Nurses in private hospitals scored higher (7.77 ± 1.82) than those in public hospitals (6.97 ± 1.65) on overall mean knowledge (P = 0.034). Concerning findings include emergency nurses’ misconceptions about the protection provided by dense materials, the effectiveness of increasing distance from a radiation source, and prioritizing decontamination of victims over life-saving measures. Additionally, they were unaware of the immediate symptoms following radiation exposure and misunderstood that the primary threat in a radioactive bomb event is the explosion rather than the radiation itself.ConclusionThis study revealed poor knowledge among emergency nurses regarding medical responses to radiation emergencies and highlighted the critical need for enhanced and standardized training in radiation emergency preparedness among nurses. The gaps in knowledge identified in this study could significantly impact the effectiveness of healthcare responses in radiation emergency scenarios. Therefore, targeted educational interventions and policy changes are recommended to address these shortcomings.

What can be done to ease the transition to becoming a new paediatric registrar?

BackgroundThe transition period of becoming a new paediatric registrar has limited study. Consequently, the learning needs of such trainees are unclear including educational interventions that may improve the process. This qualitative study examined the negative and positive experiences of transitioning paediatric trainees to identify learning needs and subsequently derive educational interventions that are perceived to ease transition.MethodsThis was a qualitative study of semi-structured interviews with Wales deanery paediatric speciality trainees 3 and 4 (ST3 and ST4) undergoing transition to registrar. Participants were asked to recall one positive and one negative experience during transition using the critical incident technique (CIT). Transcribed responses were coded and thematically analysed and categorised into higher and lower order themes.ResultsSix paediatric trainees were interviewed for the study. A total of eighteen codes relating to learning needs were identified and dichotomised into two higher order themes; clinical skills, and leadership and management skills, with further exploration into lower order themes. Clinical skills included child protection procedures, difficult communication with relatives, emergencies, childhood death, difficult procedures, tertiary level neonatal care, managing family anxiety and expectations, dealing with uncertainty and running clinics. Leadership and management skills involved clinical decision making by new registrars, leading ward rounds, managing workload, leading a team and supervising junior colleagues. For educational interventions, sixty-seven initial codes were recorded and combined to form thirty-two lower order themes under six higher order themes. This outlined six educational interventions perceived to ease the transition to the registrar grade including; acting up whilst a senior house officer, seniors providing feedback, seniors providing support, staff providing support, trainee familiarisation with the new registrar placement and trainees maximising SHO learning opportunities.ConclusionsThis study provided a grounding upon which further research can be based, by identifying learning needs within the themes of clinical skills and leadership and management skills, as well as providing further descriptions of perceived beneficial educational interventions that ease transition to paediatric registrar. Furthermore, this study proposes evidence-based recommendations involving five key stakeholders to improve the experience of transition for future trainees. These stakeholders include; trainees, seniors, educators, nursing staff and rota coordinators.

Technical considerations regarding saliva sample collection to achieve comparable protein identification and detection via one- and two-dimensional gel electrophoresis among humans

Background and AimsRecently, demands towards identifying various molecules in support of stress detection and potential clinical utilization are dramatically increasing. Moreover, the accuracy with which researchers quantify these informative molecules is now far more improved when compared to the past. As RNA or protein markers are conventionally detected via repeated invasive procedures from blood, it is critical to develop secure technologies to obtain the desired information via less stressful methodologies, such as saliva collection. Moreover, for superb interpretation, it became equally significant to obtain the information from the same exact specimen. RNA is easily degradable, thus it is paramount to supplement the samples with protective agents, such as RNAlater, to achieve accurate quantitative results. MethodsIn our research we investigated whether and how this commonly applied RNA protection procedure influences protein and peptide separation of the human saliva via quantitative two-dimensional protein electrophoresis. ResultsOur results revealed, in contrary to previously published data regarding plasma, the addition of RNAlater to saliva samples negatively influences isoelectric focusing and protein detection. We equally found the application oftentimes employed referred to as selective precipitation and reduction-alkylation, partially rescued separation, however, with a significant loss in protein yield and quality when compared to untreated samples. ConclusionOur results suggest collection of human saliva for biomarker identification must be performed with extreme diligence. We propose application of RNAlater should be avoided and snap freezing of the collected saliva is recommended when joint protein and RNA quantification is the ultimate goal.

Intimate Partner Violence: Access to Protection Beyond the Pandemic

Civil protection orders are the most common legal remedy victims pursue in response to intimate partner violence (“IPV”). They are more empowering for victims than the criminal legal system because victims themselves, instead of prosecutors, drive the process, and they offer more flexible and tailored relief. This Article argues that victims should be able to choose how they file petitions and participate in civil protection order hearings, and that judges should be required to honor those preferences absent good cause. This conclusion is driven by two new, original sets of empirical data collected from IPV survivors who have sought civil protection orders and legal services providers who assist victims with navigating the process. The data from legal services providers provide a picture of court protective order procedures in jurisdictions across the country from before, during, and in the late stages of the COVID-19 pandemic, once public health restrictions were generally lifted. This complements the rich data about the lived experiences of survivors who sought a protection order against their abuser during the pandemic in one of New York City’s five family courts. 85% of participants in this study are women of color, whose lived experiences are especially important to understand because they comprise a population that is disproportionately impacted by IPV. The data indicate that IPV victims have diverse preferences with respect to method of participation in hearings, based on their varying needs, concerns, priorities, and circumstances. The current landscape of procedures across the country largely fails to account for this diversity by mandating a particular participation method or by allowing individual judges to do so in accordance with their own preferences. Based on the research results, this Article argues for codifying “accessible process pluralism” in state protective order statutes. This statutory framework would give petitioners the opportunity to indicate their hearing participation preference on the petition itself and require judges to follow these choices absent good cause, among other accessibility-focused provisions. By harnessing the innovations and lessons from the pandemic, this proposal promotes survivor empowerment and access to justice for both petitioners and respondents.

Problems of Legislative Regulation of Confidentiality in Criminal Proceedings

The article discusses the current problems related to the implementation of the principles of criminal procedure, which has a direct impact on ensuring confidentiality and privacy in criminal proceedings, as well as possible ways to resolve them. In addition, the purpose of the scientific research reflected in this article is to develop and predict possible prospects for improving the criminal procedure legislation in the issue under study. The science of criminal procedure points to not a small number of problems and gaps in legislation related to the institute of “secrets”. The most significant problems related to ensuring confidentiality in criminal proceedings include the absence of a legally fixed concept of “secrecy”, “confidentiality” in criminal procedure legislation, a clearly established procedure for protection.

The Effectiveness of Recognizing the Existence of Traditional Institutions in Indonesia Based on The Constitution

Plurality is a social fact that cannot be avoided in Indonesia. The diversity of Indonesian people's tribes, religions, races, languages ??and religions shows their diversity. The founders of the Republic of Indonesia used the basic philosophy of "unity in diversity" to show the diverse social reality of the Indonesian nation, and the basic philosophy of "tunggal ika" to show the desire to unite the entire Indonesian nation into one. With the combination of the two, the philosophical motto of the Indonesian nation is "Unity in Diversity", which means unity in diversity. Apart from various different societal systems and structures, this community has unique norms that are considered customs and are adhered to by its community members. Customary law communities are genealogical or territorial communities that are prosperous and have citizens who are different from members of other legal communities and can act as independent and independent legal subjects. One of the problems in administering customary law communities is the existence of customary institutions. The problem currently occurring is that there is no clear and integrated mechanism for recognition and protection procedures. Regulations regarding procedural mechanisms for recognizing the rights of customary law communities through sectoral legislation are often not adhered to by various parties, in fact the nature of the regulations which do not focus on specifically regulating customary law community institutions has an impact on ineffective implementation even though customary institutions have relevance to the Indonesian constitution. The existing mechanism only concerns the process of identification, verification and determining its existence, which makes it increasingly pressured by development activities that do not pay attention to traditional rights and threaten local wisdom.

THE EU RESPONSE TO THE MASSIVE INFLUX OF DISPLACED PERSONS FROM UKRAINE IN 2022

Russia has been conducting military action against Ukraine since 24 February 2022, in violation of the prohibition on the threat or use of violence against the territorial integrity or independence of any state, which is one of the fundamental principles of modern international law. The Russian aggression has resulted in a sharp increase in migratory pressure on the EU. As a result, the Union launched a special temporary protection procedure for the first time in its history. As temporary protection is one of the instruments of the Common European Asylum System, this article begins with an analysis of its nature within EU asylum policy. The article’s next research question and objective relate directly to the EU’s response to the Russian act of aggression. They are relevant for clarifying the political context of the activation of temporary protection and, simultaneously, establishing the circumstances necessary for the activation of temporary protection in the light of Council Directive 2001/55/EC. This Directive and Council Implementing Decision 2022/382 determine the normative construction of the temporary protection 2022. These elements are its duration, the categories of beneficiaries, and the beneficiaries’ entitlements, which result in obligations for Member States. The analysis of these issues will determine to what extent temporary protection is a viable and effective measure of international protection for displaced persons from Ukraine.

Ensuring the legal interests of a person in pre-trial criminal proceedings

In the science of the criminal process, there is no unified vision of the essence of a person’s legitimate interests and guarantees of their provision at the stage of pre-trial investigation. Ensuring a legitimate interest at the stage of pre-trial criminal proceedings is not supported by the performance of duties by other participants. An effective guarantee of the realization of a person’s legitimate interests in pre-trial criminal proceedings should be the real possibility of going to court to challenge the decisions, actions or inaction of law enforcement agencies. The presence of such a legal possibility should stimulate law enforcement agencies to take active actions aimed at satisfying legitimate interests. The criminal procedural law must provide for a mechanism to protect the legal interests of a person, both those that directly follow from the criminal procedural norms and those that are not provided for by the criminal procedural law, but are consistent with the spirit and principles of criminal justice. It can be argued that the legitimate interests of a person in pre-trial criminal proceedings are general legal and not prohibited aspirations of a person. Ensuring the legal interests of a person at the pre-trial stage of the criminal process should be ensured by a general obligation (general obligation) to take active actions by state bodies aimed at ensuring legal interests. The guarantee of the realization of the legal interests of a person in pre-trial criminal proceedings is the legal regulation in the criminal procedural law of the procedure for judicial appeal of decisions, actions or inaction of law enforcement bodies (including pre-trial investigation bodies) that prevent the realization of general legal aspirations of a person at the pre-trial stage of criminal proceedings. The need for regulatory regulation of the procedure for judicial protection of legitimate interests is determined by their legal nature, which provides for regularities in the actions of the participants of criminal proceedings of an undefined nature.

Occupational exposure protection and perioperative management of sudden infectious diseases from the perspective of COVID-19.

The coronavirus disease (COVID-19) SARS-CoV-2 virus epidemic continues to exhibit a sporadic onset trend due to the continuous variation of the novel coronavirus. However, the psychological impact of the pandemic persists. It is crucial to reflect on our experiences to better prepare for future large-scale infectious diseases. During outbreaks of infectious diseases, patients may still require orthopaedic surgery. It is crucial to prioritize the safety of medical staff and establish procedures to ensure their protection. However, with the implementation of a series of standardized operational protection procedures, orthopaedic surgeons can safely perform their duties without the risk of contracting COVID-19. There is no doubt that the orthopaedic occupational exposure protection process and perioperative management plan for global infectious diseases, such as COVID-19, require a standardized summarization process and a narrative review.

Personal data protection: Between human rights protection and national security

This study aimed to ascertain the equilibrium between safeguarding citizensʼ personal data and maintaining national security in a digital world. The research analysed the regulatory frameworks and judicial practices of the European Union (EU), Ukraine, and the USA through several methodologies. EU regulation offers the most stringent personal data protection, with substantial penalties for infractions. Ukrainian legislation is progressively aligning with European standards; however, procedures for protection and liability require enhancement. The research indicated an increasing tendency in the utilization of artificial intelligence and big data technologies within national security, presenting new issues for safeguarding personal information from disclosure. The research investigated the ethical implications of utilizing such technologies and their potential effects on citizen privacy. The study examined global regulatory procedures, focusing on the European Court of Human Rightsʼ approach to balancing the objectives of safeguarding personal information and national security. The research identified the necessity to broaden the definition of personal data to include communal dimensions and indirect ramifications of data processing in the context of big data and the Internet of Things. This studyʼs findings underscore the importance of an interdisciplinary approach to personal data security, encompassing legal, technological, ethical, and social dimensions. The analysis presented a conceptual model for harmonizing the regulatory framework for the protection of privileged information, including contemporary technical problems and national security requirements. The research holds practical importance for enhancing regulations regarding personal data protection and can assist the formulation of information security plans

International Protection for Criminals: To Grant or Not to Grant? Lessons from Australia, Belgium, and Canada

ABSTRACT Refugee law requires States to protect those who may face persecution in their country of origin. This protection, however, is not extended to those who, because of their acts, are considered to be undeserving of it. Similarly, the 1951 Refugee Convention allows the return to persecution of those who are considered a danger to the host country’s community. International human rights law, however, forbids States from returning anyone, regardless of their actions, to a place where they may face irreparable harm, such as arbitrary deprivation of life or torture (the non-refoulement obligation). Thus, forced migrants with a criminal background may find themselves in a situation in which they cannot benefit from refugee status but also cannot be returned to their country of origin. The uncertainties associated with this situation can be challenging for both migrants and States. Against this background, the current contribution explores how three States – Australia, Belgium, and Canada – regulate the situation of criminal migrants in need of international protection. More specifically, it identifies who these countries exclude from protection status, how they assess non-refoulement claims, and the measures they use to regulate the situation of these migrants. Lastly, this article evaluates whether currently applicable domestic measures comply with States’ human rights obligations. As there seems to be a lack of sustainable solutions for these migrants in the countries analysed, a reformed international protection procedure is proposed. This reformed procedure would allow the possibility of granting these migrants temporary status, subject to conditions, which, after a certain number of years, could lead to permanent residence.

Protective procedures in functional analysis of self-injurious behavior: An updated scoping review.

Despite the efficacy of functional analyses in identifying the function of challenging behavior, clinicians report not always using them, partly due to safety concerns. Understanding how researchers employ safeguards to mitigate risks, particularly with dangerous topographies like self-injurious behavior (SIB), is important to guide research and practice. However, the results of a scoping review of functional analyses of self-injurious behavior conducted by Weeden et al. (2010) revealed that only 19.83% of publications included protections. We extended the work of Weeden et al. to determine whether reporting has improved. We observed increases in all but two types of protections reviewed by Weeden et al. Additionally, we included new protections not reported by Weeden et al. In total, 69.52% of the studies included at least one protective procedure and 44.39% specified that the protections were used for safety. It appears that reporting has increased since Weeden et al. called for improved descriptions of participant protections.

Digital character assassination in the Jordanian law

One of the rights inherent in a legal personality is the ability to maintain the individual's dignity and treat himself with respect, regardless of his social status. The rise of cybercrime has made it possible to launch digital attacks on someone's honor or reputation, creating a need for rules that limit what can be posted on personal pages and websites. The adoption of Cybercrime Law No. 17 of 2023 shows that Jordanian lawmakers have been proactive. Through the use of a descriptive and inductive analytical approach, this research demonstrated the uniqueness of this legislation, which prohibits the distribution or attribution of any works aimed at defaming a person’s reputation. Presenting an incorrect image of the targets and isolating them socially is the deliberate moral destruction of a person, organization, institution, or social group through spreading rumours, fabricating accusations, and manipulating data and facts. This procedure is similar to the deliberate assassination of individuals. Lawmakers in Jordan have tightened penalties for the perpetrators of this crime and those who helped commit it. The study found that although the goal of character assassination and the crime of digital defamation is to harm the victim's reputation and dignity, there is a significant difference. Character assassination differs from digital defamation in that it requires a specific goal: the moral destruction and social isolation of the targeted individual. This paper aims to clarify the term character assassination, analyze the legislative text that explicitly criminalizes it, identify the elements of this crime and how it is committed, verify the criminal protection procedures decided by the Jordanian legislator, and explain the reasons that prove these crimes. This paper relied on the descriptive approach in studying the phenomenon. Character assassination and gathering information related to this field.

Collective Effective Dose from Medical Radiation Use in Indonesia: Si-INTAN Data Study Period 2018-2021

Until now, there has been no information regarding the value of the collective dose per procedure using the X-ray modality in Indonesia. As in the ICRP 103 publication (2007), it is stated that the collective effective dose is an instrument for optimizing protection by comparing radiological technology and the protection procedures that will be taken. This article aims to raise awareness and optimize the use of diagnostic X-ray modalities by providing an estimate of the proportion of Indonesia's total population compared to the number of radiation examinations carried out, the collective annual effective dose, and the potential risks. The information provided is based on a data reported to the Patient Dose Data Information System (Si-INTAN) application from 2018 to 2021. The data is in the form of the number of patient examinations per modality and the national Diagnostic Reference Level (DRL) value for each type of procedure. From the results of the analysis, it was found that the proportion of patient examinations per modality in the sequence was conventional radiology (79.19%), CT Scan (17.56%), dental radiology (1.75%), interventional fluoroscopy (0.70%), medical diagnostic nuclear (0.62%), and mammography (0.18%). The majority of the annual collective effective dose in Indonesia comes from CT Scan (97.45%), interventional fluoroscopy (1.30%), conventional radiology (0.86%), diagnostic nuclear medicine (0.38%), and a small percentage from mammography and dental radiology. It is estimated that around 116.6 million Indonesians receive radiation exposure for medical needs with a collective annual effective dose of 860,000 man-Sv. This collective effective dose provides an estimate of the incidence of cancer in the Indonesian population of around 0.016% of the entire population in 2021. This information can be used as a baseline to evaluate trends in using and monitoring ionizing radiation sources for medical imaging needs in Indonesia. Keywords: effective dose, collective effective dose, diagnostic reference level (DRL), radiation imaging, diagnostic X-rays, radiation protection

Radiation: A reminder of patient protection procedures

Radiation: A reminder of patient protection procedures

Prevention of Oral Injuries during Endotracheal Intubation: Patients' and Anesthesiologists' Perspective.

The aim was to design accessible, simple, inexpensive protection for teeth and soft tissues during ETI, compare damage occurrence with and without protection, and investigate post-ETI orofacial pain symptoms. The selection procedure for adequate protection was carried out after which a reduced elastomer mouthguard was selected. Fifty patients were divided into 2 groups. In the first group, ETI was carried out using a mouthguard, while in the second group it was performed without it. The mouthguard was fabricated by anesthesiologists. After the ETI procedure, the patients and anesthesiologists were asked to complete a survey. No difference in intubation severity and time required for intubation between the two groups was present. Seven patients from the non-mouthguard group suffered injuries during the ETI procedure. No injuries were present in the mouthguard group. In 92% of cases anesthesiologists agreed that mouthguards should be used during ETI. However, most of them (96% of cases) agree that the mouthguard should be used only when there is an increased risk of tooth loss and/or tooth damage. There was a significant ETI effect on the emergence of new orofacial pain cases. The mouthguard adequately protected dental and soft tissues and did not affect the work of the anesthesiologist. A significantly higher number of patients experiencing temporomandibular joint and masticatory muscles pain after surgery indicates that ETI might be a risk factor for orofacial pain.

Evaluating Environmental Health and Safety Practices among Fuel Station Operators in Ghana’s Petroleum (Downstream) Sector

The study assesses service operators’ role and awareness level in environmental health and safety practices in the petroleum (downstream) sector / Fuel Service Station (FSS) in Adentan Municipality in Ghana. A total of 50 managers and workers were used as the sample size for the study, of which 18 were female and 32 were male. The study was a descriptive survey, with a questionnaire as the instrument for data gathering. The final data were analyzed using descriptive statistics like percentages and frequencies through SPSS IBM 27. The two main objectives of the study were to examine the role of operators in participating in environmental health and safety in fuel service stations and to establish the level of awareness of the operators about environmental health and safety. The study revealed that operators of FSS within the petroleum downstream sector have major roles to play in environmental health and safety by enforcing health and safety policies established by law and regulations for Health, Safety, and Environment (HSE). The findings again showed that the level of awareness of the operators on environmental health and safety is very high and paramount in the FSS, as they showed positive concern about worker Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) provision and standardized procedures for investigating and reporting accidents.

A STUDY ON HEALTH AND SAFETY MEASURES TOWARDS MANUFACTURING INDUSTRY

The manufacturing industry, despite its vital role in the economy, presents inherent risks to worker health and safety. This study examines the various health and safety measures crucial for creating a secure work environment. It explores common hazards encountered in manufacturing, encompassing physical, chemical, and ergonomic threats. The focus is on analysing existing safety protocols, including personal protective equipment (PPE), hazard identification and control procedures, and emergency response plans. The study delves into the importance of a strong safety culture, where both management and employees actively participate in risk mitigation. It emphasizes the role of training and awareness programs in empowering workers to identify and address potential hazards. Additionally, the research may explore the positive impact of effective health and safety practices on worker morale, productivity, and regulatory compliance. Keywords: Manufacturing industry, Health and safety, Risk management, Safety culture, Training, PPE.