Protection Of Travelers Research Articles

An update on prevention of malaria in travelers.

Malaria, a parasitic disease caused by protozoa belonging to the genus Plasmodium, continues to represent a formidable public health challenge. Despite being a preventable disease, cases reported among travelers have continued to increase in recent decades. Protection of travelers against malaria, a potentially life-threatening disease, is of paramount importance, and it is therefore necessary for healthcare professionals to be up to date with the most recent recommendations. The present review provides an update of the existent measures for malaria prevention among travelers.

The Role of the Marshal of the Voivodship in the Protection of Travellers in the Event of the Insolvency of Tour Operators and Related Tourist Services

The authors briefly present the issues of the protection of travellers in case of the insolvency of tour operators and related tourist services. The reflections are primarily focused on the analysis of the tasks of the Marshal of the Voivodship in this respect and their legal nature. The subject of the study is primarily to present the current legal status, the position of the judiciary, and a legal and comparative analysis of the EU regulations with Polish regulations. The analysis is carried out from the perspective of the legitimacy of entrusting these tasks to the Marshal of the Voivodship, and consequently ensuring the effective protection of travellers. The article uses the theoretical-dogmatic, historical, and legal-comparative method. The reflections are based on a comparison of selected institutions of law functioning in the system of Polish law and legal solutions in force in the EU law.

Apollon, Mercure et Minerve dans les Gaules et les Germanies

The study of religion in the roman Gauls and Germanies has long been – and is sometimes still – carried out with false bias, which leads historians to search in roman period sources clues of a previous unified religion. Yet, this assumption of the uniformity of the Gallic and Germanic religions is now abandoned by most of the scientists, who insist on the communitarian aspect of polytheistic religions. This article focuses on this aspect and is therefore dedicated to the divine networks uniting Apollo, Minerva and Mercury in the Gauls and the Germanies. A detailed study of the documents at our disposal allows us to quickly highlight the regional character of the Apollo-Mercury and Apollo-Mercury-Minerva groups. The Apollo-Mercury duo, often invoked near the roads, could have had the protection of travellers as field of action.

Chinese Travel Law: Pragmatic Protection for Travellers Granted by the Supreme People's Court

Die deutsche Version dieses Artikels finden Sie unter: http://ssrn.com/abstract=2200318On October 26, 2010, the Supreme People's Court (SPC) of the People's Republic of China has promulgated a judicial interpretation regarding travel disputes. The interpretation is titled Provisions on Several Issues Concerning the Application of Law in the Trial of Cases about Travel Disputes. The provisions are effective since November 1, 2010.The Chinese contract law of 1999 does not include any specific regulations concerning travel contracts. The aim of the judicial interpretation is therefore to fill this gap in Chinese civil law. Background for the promulgation of the interpretation is a steady annual rise of travels and travel disputes, which are partly attributed to unfair conduct on the side of travel agencies. During the drafting of the interpretation the SPC therefore was very much concerned with the protection of travellers, which is deemed to be the weaker party in the relationship with travel agencies. This protection of travellers becomes especially apparent in the expansion of the control on general terms of business as well as in duties of notification and warning of the travel agencies towards travellers. Besides the interpretation introduces duties to implement safety precautions, which are modelled after the German Verkehrssicherungspflichten. Also interesting is the stipulation of punitive damages – known from Chinese consumer protection law – against travel agencies for certain conducts. It is expected by the SPC that such claims serve to prevent fraudulent acts against travellers.This paper is the translation of an earlier article (Chinesisches Reiserecht: Undogmatischer Schutz fur Reisende durch das Oberste Volksgericht) which can be found in the author's profile as well.

Hepatitis B immunisation in travellers: Poor risk perception and inadequate protection

A survey of European travellers was conducted during 2006 to determine travellers' immunisation status and risk for exposure to hepatitis B while travelling. A first telephone (Omnibus) survey established the prevalence of travel in the previous five years as well as demographic profile of travellers amongst the general population. A second online survey targeted travellers to moderate or high hepatitis B endemicity countries, using data from the first survey to ensure a final sample representative of the travelling population in each country. Self-reported vaccination status and participation in activities/situations at high risk of exposure to hepatitis B were recorded. A total of 5948 interviewees participated in the first (Omnibus) survey and 4151 travellers completed the online survey. Belgium, Italy, Finland, Germany, Netherlands, Spain, Sweden and UK. Only 15% of 4151 travellers to endemic countries recalled specifically receiving hepatitis B vaccination. Fifty-one percent of travellers to endemic countries visited a health care professional (HCP) before travelling. Of these, 54% did not receive any hepatitis B vaccination. Fifty percent of all respondents had never discussed risk factors for hepatitis B infection with a health care professional. Altogether, 1 in 4 travellers were at increased risk for exposure to hepatitis B due to hospitalisation, sexual activity or body piercing/tattooing amongst others. Three percent of travellers to high risk destinations were health tourists of which 65% did not recall being vaccinated against hepatitis B. Compared to a previous survey, this follow on survey 7 years later indicates the risk of exposure to hepatitis B has increased, but not hand-in-hand with the protection of travellers against hepatitis B through vaccination: travellers to at risk destinations continue to be unvaccinated against hepatitis B, including those who visit health care practitioners prior to travelling. Advice regarding hepatitis B immunisation for travel is received infrequently and travellers remain unaware of the risks of hepatitis B associated with travel. Many high risk situations are not predictable prior to travel, supporting an all-inclusive approach to hepatitis B vaccination in travellers.

Epidemiological approach to the prevention of imported infectious diseases in the age of globalization.

As globalization progresses, over 10% of Japanese citizens now travel abroad. With this, there are many cases in which people catch a variety of infectious and contagious diseases abroad. In addition, new infectious diseases also have been emerging in the world. Therefore, protection of travelers' health and prevention of the import of infectious diseases are of ever increasing importance. From this point of view, at the Narita Airport Quarantine Station, a Health Information Corner for travelers going abroad was established in 1992, along with Health Consultation Rooms for arriving passengers. In order to overcome imported infectious diseases, the promotion of domestic and international cooperation among the health and medical organizations concerned is required for primary prevention, and early detection or treatment of the diseases.