Protective Properties Research Articles

An article reviews of anti-cataract activity of hydroalcoholic extract of Annona squamosa leaves

Other medicines and natural remedies have been used for the treatment and health of people since ancient times. Medicinal plants are considered useful and of the most important purpose. It can be applied to botanical medicines, nutraceuticals, medicines, food products, cosmetics, etc. There is an increasing demand for. Custard apples. It is a versatile tree whose fruit is edible and a source of medicine and products. It is used as antioxidant, antidiabetic, hepatoprotective, cytotoxic activity, genotoxicity, antitumor activity, anti-inflammatory drug. Cataract is nothing but visual impairment caused by a defect in the lens. It is one of the causes of blindness worldwide; It accounts for approximately 42% of all blindness. One significant risk factor for the development of posterior subcapsular cataracts is long-term glucocorticoid usage. The preventive and therapeutic effects of many herbs such as onion, Chinese cinnamon and ginkgo, which have protective properties against cataracts, have been reported. This review demonstrates the therapeutic potential of custard apple leaf extract as an anti-cataract effec

Open innovation and confidentiality agreements as key factors of innovative performance in the manufacturing and service industries.

The innovative performance of manufacturing and service companies can be impacted by the existing relationship between open innovation (OI) and the generation of confidentiality agreements (NDAs) as a tool for the protection of intellectual property. Based on the analysis of a cross-sectional sample of 6,798 industrial companies (2019-2020) and 9,304 companies in the service sector (2017-2019) that are part of the directory of the National Administrative Department of Statistics (DANE) in its Technological Innovation and Development Survey (EDIT and EDITS), it can be suggested that the interaction of these two variables (OI and NDAs) generate positive effects for the manufacturing industry but negative ones for the service sector. It could be deduced that the positive effect is due to the greater tradition of OI in the manufacturing industry and the negative effect to the caution that the service sector presents when collaborating with external actors.

Physiological and hygienic assessment of a multilayer set of personal protective equipment against low temperatures made using membrane materials

Introduction. Advanced personal protective equipment (PPE) against low temperatures is a high–tech product created using the latest achievements of science, design designs, ergonomic, aesthetic solutions that determine its thermal protection properties. The use of membrane materials in PPE from low temperatures allows them to combine low weight and high thermal protection properties, low air permeability and sufficient vapor permeability necessary to ensure heat and moisture exchange between humans and the environment. The study aims to determine the thermal protection properties of various sets of multilayer workwear and indicators of heat and moisture exchange of volunteers when modeling professional activity at low air temperature. Materials and methods. The authors have conducted a study in a microclimatic chamber with the participation of six practically healthy male volunteers. The researchers have determined the thermal protection properties of multilayer workwear of various configurations in accordance with GOST R 12.4.185-99 and MUK 4.3.1894-04. As test samples, they have used pipes of three different configurations to protect against low temperatures, wind, water, general industrial pollution and mechanical influences, as well as short-term exposure to open fire. The assessment of heat and moisture exchange indicators of various PPE configurations was carried out by specialists when modeling work activities with measurements of the relative humidity level in the layers of the kits and the level of accumulated moisture in each element of the PPE. Results. The authors have determined the values of thermal insulation of the studied materials and the scope of their application. To assess heat and moisture exchange, two samples of PPE were selected, made using membrane and cotton fabrics with similar thermal insulation values. The analysis of the results of studies of moisture exchange indicators showed a slightly lower efficiency of moisture evaporation of the control sample. The indicator of the relative humidity of the air under the shelter space and between the layers of the package of materials and clothing has shown its informative significance for assessing the effectiveness of moisture transfer from the surface of the human body to the environment. Conclusion. The results of a physiological and hygienic assessment of a set of multilayer clothing made of membrane materials have shown that various combinations of its constituent elements make it possible to create kits that provide adequate protection for an employee in a wide range of air temperatures and wind speeds. The use of membrane materials in combination with structural elements (ventilation openings) provides a more efficient transfer of moisture from the skin surface to the external environment, as evidenced by the values of the relative humidity index of the air under the clothing space and between the layers of clothing. Ethics. The study was approved by the local Ethical committee of the Izmerov Research Institute of Occupational Health (Minutes of the meeting No. 6 dated 07/20/12)

Protective Properties of Calcareous Deposit Layer for Cathodically Polarized AH36 Steel in Natural Seawater

A calcareous deposit is a by-product of the cathodic polarization in seawater environments. This study presents the results of evaluating the anticorrosion and anti-macro-biofouling effectiveness of a calcareous deposit layer on the surface of the cathodically polarized AH36 structural steel in tropical seawater. The polarization is induced with initial current densities at which the calcareous deposit layer formed with both aragonite and brucite for 12 months continuously. The protective properties of the layer were compared with those of the passive layer from corrosion products under the same environmental conditions. The macro-biofouling in the tropical seawater is observed in the closed and open surfaces of the steel. The comparison of the anticorrosion property shows that, to some degree, the calcareous deposit layer contributes to surface passivation, as in the case of the corrosion product layer. In addition, the composition of the brucite and aragonite in the calcareous layer in the study plays a role as a macro-biofouling growth-limiting factor.

Dynamics Response of Indonesian Islamic Law to the Protection of Intellectual Property Rights

Every work of innovation is a valuable intellectual property that should be protected by the state, according to Law No. 24 of 2014. However, Intellectual Property Rights are not adhered to by the public as there is much piracy. This is evident in the proliferation of websites providing pirated music, photocopies of books, and uploading songs that are sung again without permission from the creator. This necessitates a study related to the protection of Intellectual Property Rights (IPR) from the perspective of Islamic law. Building on the theory of maqasid sharia, the study shows that Islamic law views copyright as protected property because it is haq al-ibtikar containing the creator's exclusive, economic, and moral rights. From a fiqh perspective, the solution should be based on moral and economic demands. Therefore, it is necessary to strictly enforce the law against violations of Intellectual Property Rights because it is based on the appreciation and protection of creative rights, which signify professionalism.

Simulation Analysis of Arc-Quenching Performance of Eco-Friendly Insulating Gas Mixture of CF3I and CO2 under Impulse Arc

Due to its superior insulating qualities, SF6 gas is extensively used in the power sector. However, because of its poor environmental protection properties, finding ecologically acceptable insulating gas has become a critical challenge in the power sector in the context of pursuing green electricity. This work simulates the arc-quenching performance of a gas mixture of CF3I and CO2, which is thought to be a workable substitute for SF6 gas. The COMSOL software is used to build a two-dimensional model of a single-pipe arc-quenching chamber based on the concepts of magnetohydrodynamics (MHD) theory. The lightning impulse current is made by applying electrical stimulation to pure CO2 gas, gas mixtures with 10% CF3I and 90% CO2, and gas mixtures with 30% CF3I and 70% CO2 in the single-pipe arc-quenching chamber. During the first stage of arc formation, the results show that CF3I/CO2 gas mixtures with 10% and 30% CF3I have lower electrical conductivity than pure CO2 gas. An 8/20 μs lightning impulse current waveform with a magnitude of 4 kA is used for this observation. The highest airflow velocity for pure CO2 is 1744 m/s, but the mixture of 10%/90% CF3I/CO2 has a maximum airflow velocity of 1593 m/s. The 30%/70% CF3I/CO2 mixture has the highest maximum airflow velocity at 1840 m/s. Airflow velocity increases and the overpressure in the arc-quenching chamber is prolonged when there is a greater concentration of CF3I gas in the gas mixture. Consequently, these factors greatly reduce the duration of the arc-extinguishing time. The arc-quenching chamber’s overpressure is extended when the amount of CF3I gas in the gas mixture is increased, which increases the velocity of the airflow. As a result, these factors significantly decrease the duration of the arc-extinguishing time.

Mitigating Norway spruce mortality through the combined use of an anti-attractant for Ips typographus and an attractant for Thanasimus formicarius

This study investigates the efficacy of combined treatment strategy, incorporating pheromones for bark beetle I. typographus (IT) and attractant of its natural enemy T. formicarius (TF), along with anti-attractants for IT (containing 1-hexanol, 1-octen-3-ol, 3-octanol, eucalyptol, trans-thujanol, and trans-conophthorin), to enhance protection methods for Picea abies against biotic disturbances. Two field experiments—trapping experiment and tree protection experiment—were conducted in June 2023 in managed spruce-dominated beetle-affected stands in Czechia. We anticipated higher catches of IT in traps baited with IT pheromone (containing s-ipsdienol, s-cis-verbenol, and 2-methyl-3-buten-2-ol) and TF attractant compared to traps using IT pheromone alone, since compounds intrinsic to IT pheromone, namely 2-methyl-3-buten-2-ol, ipsenol, and ipsdienol, are integral components of the attractant designed for TF. We hypothesized that application of TF attractant and IT anti-attractant would enhance the treatment's protective properties, assuming that attracted TF would function as a predator, reducing bark beetle population and increasing tree survival rates. Semiochemical composition declared by the producers was verified using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis. In the trapping experiment, EcoTrap-type traps were baited with six combinations of lures and anti-attractant. In the tree protection experiment, 28 mature Norway spruce trees situated at newly created forest edges underwent four treatment types: TF attractant, IT anti-attractant, their combination, and no treatment (“control”). Traps baited solely with TF attractant did not capture either beetle, whereas traps lured with IT pheromone, TF attractant and anti-attractant showed no captures of IT but recorded the highest numbers of TF, suggesting significant potential for combined treatment efficacy. Surprisingly, tree mortality was observed exclusively among trees treated only with TF attractant and in their vicinity, suggesting unique bark beetles' response to the mixture of predator's attractant and host tree kairomones, a phenomenon that was not previously reported. Application of anti-attractant and TF treatment effectively prevented tree mortality, demonstrating the repellent potential of IT anti-attractant against bark beetles. However, mortality rates showed no significant differences among control trees, those treated with anti-attractants, or those treated with the combination of anti-attractants and TF attractant, underscoring necessity for further research to optimize treatment efficacy.

To the 50th Anniversary of the European Patent Convention (1973–2023)

INTRODUCTION. This paper reflects historical overview of long-standing emergence of mechanisms of judicial protections of patent rights conferred by European patens which begun even in 1950-s and ended with start of operations of the Unified Patent Court in 2023. The paper demonstrates that the establishment of the similar mechanism within the Eurasian Patent Organization or Eurasian Economic Union may require different approaches because of possible centralization of industrial property protection under Eurasian Patent Organization.METHODS AND MATERIALS. The research materials for this paper are scientific works of foreign and Russian scientists and officials of the European Patent Office and the Eurasian Patent Office, legal acts of international and regional levels and drafts thereof. Methodological basis of this research are general and special scientific methods.RESEARCH RESULTS. This paper suggests periodization in emergence and evolution of dispute resolution mechanisms for European patents, reveals rationales for establishment of the unified patent judiciary in Europe and outlines directions for further research of prospects of creation of the similar mechanism in the Eurasian region. Some findings made in this article may facilitate the growth of such researches.DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS. European Union (EU) accumulated broad experience in establishment of the dispute resolution mechanisms for European patents. Due to uniqueness the Unified Patent Court is of great interest when researching prospect of improvements of the patent judiciary and quasi-judicial mechanisms under the Eurasian Patent Convention. However, trends of developments of the Eurasian Patent Organization and possible centralization of the regional protection of industrial property may testify that a Eurasian analogue of the Unified Patent Court would have a different institutional form.

Intellectual Property in the Age of the Environmental Crisis: How Trademarks and Copyright Challenge the Human Right to a Healthy Environment

AbstractIn the face of the escalating environmental crisis driven by overconsumption, there is a growing recognition of the urgent need for environmental consciousness and a sustainable, circular economy. Practices like repair, refurbishment, and fashion upcycling have emerged as tangible efforts to mitigate the negative effects of this crisis. Perhaps unexpectedly, however, trademark and copyright laws clash with these endeavours, placing obstacles to sustainability goals. This paper contributes to the emerging literature devoted to studying this problem by undertaking the first in-depth analysis of the issue from a human rights law perspective. It specifically investigates the nature, scope, impact on, and consequences for intellectual property protection of the evolving human right to a healthy environment. Following a short introduction (1), the paper delves into the legal nature of obstacles posed by trademark and copyright protection to environmental sustainability (2), scrutinizes the human right to a healthy environment with a European emphasis (3), and proposes strategies for reconciling trademark and copyright protection with this fundamental right (4). The key findings are summarised at the end (5).

Source code obfuscation with genetic algorithms using LLVM code optimizations

Abstract With the advent of the cloud computing model allowing a shared access to massive computing facilities, a surging demand emerges for the protection of the intellectual property tied to the programs executed on these uncontrolled systems. If novel paradigm as confidential computing aims at protecting the data manipulated during the execution, obfuscating techniques (in particular at the source code level) remain a popular solution to conceal the purpose of a program or its logic without altering its functionality, thus preventing reverse-engineering on the program even with the help of computing resources. The many advantages of code obfuscation, together with its low cost, makes it a popular technique. This paper proposes a novel methodology for source code obfuscation that can be used together with other traditional obfuscation techniques, making the code more robust against reverse engineering attacks. Three program complexity metrics are used to define three different single-objective combinatorial optimization versions of the problem, which are solved and analysed. Additionally, three multi-objective problems are defined, those considering each of the selected metrics together with the program execution time, in order to avoid strong obfuscations penalizing the performance. The goal of the defined problems is to find sequences of LLVM optimizations that lead to highly obfuscated versions of the original code. These transformations are applied to the back-end pseudo-assembly code (i.e., LLVM Intermediate Representation), thus avoiding any further optimizations by the compiler. Classical genetic algorithms (GAs) are used to solve the studied problems, namely a basic cellular GA for the single-objective problems and the popular NSGA-II for the multi-objective ones. The promising results show the potential of the proposed technique.

The Functionalization of Cotton Fabric Using Urtica dioica Microcapsules to Develop UV Protective Textiles

The Functionalization of Cotton Fabric Using Urtica dioica Microcapsules to Develop UV Protective Textiles

Unlocking the potential of university-industry collaborations in African higher education: A comprehensive examination of agricultural faculties

This paper delves into integrating industry perspectives into Sub-Saharan African agricultural education, exploring collaboration challenges and benefits. It comprehensively analyses factors influencing university-industry collaboration in the region where literature is scarce, as well as the related strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats. The study draws insights from case studies of eight universities in Eastern, Western, and Northern regions of Africa. Key findings include effective management, stakeholder engagement, and the N-tuple Helix Model, crucial for successful university-industry collaboration that offers many benefits, including improved student employability, technology transfer, innovative research, and industry-aligned curriculum development. However, university-industry collaboration also faces several challenges, such as reduced funding, industry reluctance, and intellectual property protection issues. The study highlights the need for a multifaceted approach to fostering successful university-industry collaboration in African universities, considering institutional, stakeholder, relationship, and output factors. Tailoring strategies to unique contexts and priorities is essential for building sustainable and mutually beneficial partnerships.

The objective side of the crime of unfair competition: theoretical and practical aspects

The objective side of the crime of unfair competition: theoretical and practical aspects

Expanding-Window Zigzag Decodable Fountain Codes for Scalable Multimedia Transmission

In this paper, we present a coding method called expanding-window zigzag decodable fountain code with unequal error protection property (EWF-ZD UEP code) to achieve scalable multimedia transmission. The key idea of the EWF-ZD UEP code is to utilize bit-shift operation and expanding-window strategy to improve the decoding performance of the high-priority data without performance deterioration of the low-priority data. To provide more protection for the high-priority data, we precode the different importance level using LDPC codes of varying code rates. The generalized variable nodes of different importance levels are further grouped into several windows. Each window is associated with a selection probability and a bit-shift distribution. The combination of bit-shift and symbol exclusive-or operations is used to generate an encoded symbol. Theoretical and simulation results on input symbols of two importance levels reveal that the proposed EWF-ZD UEP code exhibits UEP property. With a small bit shift, the decoding delay for recovering high-priority input symbols is decreased without degrading the decoding performance of the low-priority input symbols. Moreover, according to the simulation results on scalable video coding, our scheme provides better basic video quality at a lower proportion of received symbols compared to three state-of-art UEP fountain codes.

Training of Future Specialists in Law in Higher Education Institutions of the PRC for the Protection of Intellectual Property as a Problem of Pedagogical Theory and Practice

Training of Future Specialists in Law in Higher Education Institutions of the PRC for the Protection of Intellectual Property as a Problem of Pedagogical Theory and Practice

Optimizing the preparation of polymer nanocoatings by self-assembly and gamma irradiation of elaidic acid on copper surfaces

Self-assembling molecular layers (SAMs) can serve as a densely packed film of monomers that can be easily crosslinked to form nanometer-thick polymer coatings with high protective properties. However, the properties of the resulting coatings are highly dependent on the preparation method used to apply the SAM to the surface.In this work, the influence of different SAM preparation steps (preparation of the oxide layer, self-assembly and drying) on the corrosion resistance of the coated samples, as well as the method of applying the molecules to the surface (immersion, spraying, brush application), was investigated. Elaidic acid, an unsaturated trans fatty acid, was applied to copper and crosslinked with gamma radiation. The properties of the coatings were studied by electrochemical methods, contact angle measurements, XPS, AFM and FTIR. The results show that the oxidation step is crucial for obtaining proper coatings, while the drying at elevated temperatures is not required. It has also been shown that the immersion of samples results in coatings with the best protective properties, while the application by brush can be an alternative method of application. On the other hand, spraying the elaidic acid results in a less uniform coating.

Schisandrol A, the Major Active Constitute in Schisandra chinensis: A Review of Its Preparation, Biological Activities, and Pharmacokinetics Analysis.

Schisandra chinensis (S. chinensis) has a long history as a traditional Chinese medicine that is astringent, beneficial to vital energy, tonifies the kidney, tranquilizes the heart, etc. Significantly, Schisandrol A (SA) is extracted from S. chinensis and shows surprising and satisfactory biological activity, including anti-inflammatory, hepatoprotective, cardiovascular protection, and antitumor properties, among others. SA has a more pronounced protective effect on central damaged nerves among its numerous pharmacological effects, improving neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's and Parkinson's through the protection of damaged nerve cells and the enhancement of anti-oxidant capacity. Pharmacokinetic studies have shown that SA has a pharmacokinetic profile with a rapid absorption, wide distribution, maximal concentration in the liver, and primarily renal excretion. However, hepatic and intestinal first-pass metabolism can affect SA's bioavailability. In addition, the content of SA, as an index component of S. chinensis Pharmacopoeia, should not be less than 0.40%, and the content of SA in S. chinensis compound formula was determined with the help of high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), which is a stable and reliable method, and it can lay a foundation for the subsequent quality control. Therefore, this paper systematically reviews the preparation, pharmacological effects, pharmacokinetic properties, and content determination of SA with the goal of updating and deepening the understanding of SA, as well as providing a theoretical basis for the study of SA at a later stage.

Intestinal delivery of encapsulated bacteriocin peptides in cross-linked alginate microcapsules

Oral delivery of larger bioactive peptides (>20 amino acids) to the small intestine remains a challenge due to their sensitivity to proteolytic degradation and chemical denaturation during gastrointestinal transit. In this study, we investigated the capacity of crosslinked alginate microcapsules (CLAMs) formed by spray drying to protect Plantaricin EF (PlnEF) (C-EF) in gastric conditions and to dissolve and release PlnEF in the small intestine. PlnEF is an unmodified, two-peptide (PlnE: 33 amino acids; PlnF: 34 amino acids) bacteriocin produced by Lactiplantibacillus plantarum with antimicrobial and gut barrier protective properties. After 2 h incubation in simulated gastric fluid (SGF) (pH 1.5), 43.39 % ± 8.27 % intact PlnEF was liberated from the CLAMs encapsulates, as determined by an antimicrobial activity assay. Transfer of the undissolved fraction to simulated intestinal fluid (SIF) (pH 7) for another 2 h incubation resulted in an additional release of 16.13 % ± 4.33 %. No active PlnEF was found during SGF or sequential SIF incubations when pepsin (2,000 U/ml) was added to the SGF. To test PlnEF release in C-EF contained in a food matrix, C-EF was mixed in peanut butter (PB) (0.15 g C-EF in 1.5 g PB). A total of 12.52 % ± 9.09 % active PlnEF was detected after incubation of PB + C-EF in SGF without pepsin, whereas no activity was found when pepsin was included. Transfer of the remaining PB + C-EF fractions to SIF yielded the recovery of 46.67 % ± 13.09 % and 39.42 % ± 11.53 % active PlnEF in the SIF following exposure to SGF and to SGF with pepsin, respectively. Upon accounting for the undissolved fraction after SIF incubation, PlnEF was fully protected in the CLAMs-PB mixture and there was not a significant reduction in active PlnEF when pepsin was present. These results show that CLAMs alone do not guard PlnEF bacteriocin peptides from gastric conditions, however, mixing them in PB protected against proteolysis and improved intestinal release.

Kedudukan Pencatatan terhadap Keabsahan Perkawinan: Telaah Pencatatan Perkawinan

The practice of sirri marriage is not only carried out by ordinary people, but also by public officials. One of the factors causing this is due to the unclear relationship of legal norms between paragraph 1 and paragraph 2 of Article 2 of the Marriage Law, resulting in different interpretations. On the one hand, it is considered that paragraph 1 and paragraph 2 are one unit, on the other hand, it is considered that the clauses stand on their own. Starting from this, this paper explains the relationship between paragraph 1 and paragraph 2 of Article 2 of the Marriage Law. Data is collected from literature review through library studies. It uses maqashid shari'ah as an analytical tool. This paper argues that the position of marriage registration is in direct contact with the dharuri needs of humans, including the legal protection of wives from physical and psychological violence (hifdz al-nafs), the protection of property obtained during marriage (hifdz al-mal) and the protection of children born from marriage (hifdz nasl). By placing the legal relationship between paragraph (1) and paragraph (2) into an inseparable unity, from the perspective of maqashid shari'ah. So, every marriage that is held is not enough just to fulfil the pillars of marriage but also the elements of marriage registration must be fulfilled in a valid marriage. Keywords: Marriage Registration, Maqashid Shari’ah, Marriage Validity

HYDROGEN SULFIDE CORROSION INHIBITORS AND BIOCIDES BASED ON FUNCTIONALLY SUBSTITUTED ALKENILPHENOL DERIVATIVES

The article presents the results of gravimetric anticorrosion studies of 1-alkenyl-2-propargyloxy- and 1-alkenyl-2-propargyloxy-3-aminomethylbenzenes on Ct.3 steel in water- salt and hydrocarbon media saturated with hydrogen sulfide (500 mg/L), as well as the study of their bactericidal properties against sulfate-reducing bacteria. The dependence of the protective properties of these compounds on their structure was revealed. It has been established that 1-propenyl-2-propargyl-3-diethylaminomethylphenol has the best properties. At the concentration 50 and 100 mg / L in an aggressive, saturated H2S environment, 3% aqueous solution of NaCl and kerosene (9:1 vol), the degree of protection of St.3 steel against corrosion is 94.7 and 97.5%, (at 250C) and 88.0 and 94.6% (at 400C), respectively.The studied compounds also have bactericidal properties, especially compounds containing in the structures, in addition to the alkenyl and propargyl substituents, also a morpholinomethyl fragment. At its concentration 50 and 100 mg/L, the degree of protection is 96–100%.