Motor Protection Research Articles

An Approach to Estimate the Temperature of an Induction Motor under Nonlinear Parameter Perturbations Using a Data-Driven Digital Twin Technique

To monitor temperature as a function of varying inductance and resistance, we propose a data-driven digital twin approach for the rapid and efficient real-time estimation of the rotor temperature in an induction motor. By integrating differential equations with online signal processing, the proposed data-driven digital twin approach is structured into three key stages: (1) transforming the nonlinear differential equations into discrete algebraic equations by substituting the differential operator with the difference quotient based on the sampled voltage and current; (2) deriving approximate analytical solutions for rotor resistance and stator inductance, which can be utilized to estimate the rotor temperature; and (3) developing a general procedure for obtaining approximate analytical solutions to nonlinear differential equations. The feasibility and validity of the proposed method were demonstrated by comparing the test results with a 1.5 kW AC motor. The experimental results indicate that our method achieves a minimum estimation error that falls within the standards set by IEC 60034-2-1. This work provides a valuable reference for the overheating protection of induction motors where direct temperature measurement is challenging.

Design and Construction of Thermal Overload Relay (Siemens 3ua50) Based on Arduino Uno

A Thermal Overload Relay (TOR) is a device in an electric motor protection system designed to safeguard the motor from damage due to overheating or overcurrent. This research discusses the design and implementation of a Thermal Overload Relay (TOR) based on Arduino Uno, which is a popular and flexible microcontroller platform. This design includes the PZEM-004T sensor to detect the electrical current and temperature of the electric motor. The design integrates the advantages of the PZEM-004T sensor in accurately measuring current and voltage with the flexibility and programming capabilities of Arduino in control and data processing. This system utilizes Arduino’s communication capabilities to transmit current and temperature data in real-time, enabling remote monitoring and quick response to potentially hazardous conditions. The result of this project is a tool that can replace the function of the TOR itself, where the characteristics produced are close to those of conventional TORs, and the thermal principle in the TOR is regulated with a time delay disconnection in the Arduino program.

Modernizing a Refinery Brushless Motor Protection and Control System to Maximize Availability: A Case Study

Modernizing a Refinery Brushless Motor Protection and Control System to Maximize Availability: A Case Study

Evaluasi Sistem Proteksi Motor Induksi 3 Fasa sebagai Mesin Bubut di CV. Multi Teknik Perkasa (MTP)

Cv.Multi Teknik Perkasa (MTP) is an individual company which operates in the field of tools, commonly known as lathes. This company handles repair, cutting and scraping of working media such as iron, steel and others. CV. Multi Teknik Perkasa (MTP) uses a 3 phase induction motor for each production process. One of the lathe driving machines used is a 3 phase 380V induction motor with 6KVA power. This induction motor has a Mini Circuit Breaker (MCB), Contactor, and Thermal Overload Relay (TOR) protection system, which functions as an overload controller so that the electric motor is not easily burned or damaged due to overload. For Mini Circuit Breaker (MCB), which in accordance with the standards of the National Electrical Manufactures Association (NEMA). According to research results, the correct size is 25 A while the installed one is 20 A, which of course is not appropriate. For contactors, which are installed at 65 A while the analysis results are 12 A, the three-phase induction motor protection system must be updated or improved. Previously using DiazedFuse (fuse), replaced with a contactor with a current setting of 12 A, so that the motor can avoid being damaged or burned due to the load. Moreover, to find out the power requirements of the induction motor to carry out the turning process, you need the tools to do it, including amper pliers, thermogun, tachometer, so the motor power for turning without load is 5.5A while with a 0.5mm tire the motor power increases to 6A and the maximum load limit is 1mm turning motor power 12A.

Analysis of hardware protection of squirrel-cage induction motors with voltage up to 0.66 kV against overloads and overheating

An analysis of the hardware protection of asynchronous motors with a short-circuited rotor with a voltage of up to 0,66 kV against overloads and overheating, implemented in accordance with modern standards, was carried out. The causes and factors of engine overheating and the functional features of the specified protection devices are considered. Conclusions were made regarding the effectiveness of certain types of protection against overloads and overheating of engines and their combination in order to increase the reliability of protection. The most promising directions for improvement of hardware protection against overload and overheating of asynchronous motors have been established

Protection of Mains and Electric Motors on the Basis of Rapid Determination of Time Constant and Power Coefficient

Protection of Mains and Electric Motors on the Basis of Rapid Determination of Time Constant and Power Coefficient

Implementation of a Three Phase Motor Protection System Using PLC and HMI

Implementation of a Three Phase Motor Protection System Using PLC and HMI

Modeling of an Integrated Traction Motor Protection System

Purpose. The article is devoted to the creation of traction motor protection by modern methods and means based on a programmable logic controller (PLC). Methodology. To simulate motor fault monitoring in laboratory conditions, magnetic field and temperature sensors were installed on a small powerful induction motor, and then the data obtained from the sensors in normal and overloaded motor modes were analyzed. Based on the research, protection methods were developed. Findings. Previously used simple motor protection systems based on components such as timers, contactors, electromagnetic switches, voltage and current transformers were slow and inaccurate, and had low sensitivity. However, the production of PLCs and their application in this industry has eliminated these problems. The intensive operation of motors as the main executive equipment requires the creation of modern automated protection systems to ensure their reliable and stable operation. Originality. The paper improves the method of protection of traction motors based on the use of programmable logic controllers. In addition to the voltage and current parameters, the proposed method involves monitoring the magnetic field. It also provides for the possibility of adjusting the protection response time. As a result, in the event of overload, short circuit, and other non-standard situations, the improved method provides the system with the ability to make more accurate and reliable decisions. Practical value. The TIA Portal software package has modeled a traction motor protection system by temperature and current and considered its practical application. To make such systems more effective, in the future, comprehensive protection systems based on the diagnostic state of the traction motor can be developed. In addition, an effective system can be created by providing SCADA control of the engines of several vehicles simultaneously.

IoT-based health monitoring and fault detection of industrial AC induction motor for efficient predictive maintenance

This research paper presents the development and implementation of an integrated condition monitoring and fault detection system for AC induction motors using a combination of sensors, GSM communication, and a cloud-based Internet of Things (IoT) platform. The proposed system aims to enhance industrial motors’ operational reliability and efficiency by providing real-time data monitoring and early fault detection. The key components of the system include temperature, vibration, current, voltage, and speed sensors, which are strategically placed to gather critical motor performance data. These sensors feed data to an Arduino-based control unit responsible for sensor data acquisition and processing. To ensure timely response to anomalies, the system is equipped with an alarm system and GSM alerts, which notify designated personnel in case of abnormal motor behavior. Moreover, the paper incorporates remote monitoring capabilities, enabling users to access motor health data and real-time status from a distance. Historical data is also stored for analysis and comparison through the integration of a cloud-based Blynk-IoT platform. Additionally, the system facilitates RPM control and utilizes relay modules for seamless motor control and protection. The proposed system was tested and validated using Proteus for circuit diagram simulation and Arduino for sensor coding. The results demonstrate its effectiveness in detecting abnormal motor behavior and its potential to prevent catastrophic failures by enabling predictive maintenance. The proposed system successfully detects and displays abnormalities in important parameters like vibration, temperature, speed, three-phase currents, and voltages with 99% accuracy.

IGBT Based Four Quadrant Chopper Drive Closed Loop Control for DC

These manuscripts present a closed-loop IGBT-based fourquadrant chopper drive system for DC motors. This paper intends to improve DC motor control’s accuracy, effectiveness, and adaptability in a variety of applications. In this paper, we build and put into practice a closed-loop control system that incorporates IGBT in order to manage the speed and torque of DC motors in both directions. A feedback system with sensors for measuring motor speed and current is used in the closed-loop control scheme to ensure perfect regulation of motor parameters. The IGBT-based chopper drive architecture allows for smooth switching between forward and reverse motor operation as well as dynamic braking, making it appropriate for applications requiring four-quadrant operation. The main benefits of our suggested system are greater motor protection through fault detection and quick responses to external disturbances, improved speed and torque management, and lower energy consumption. We show experimental data that demonstrate our design’s capacity to maintain stable motor functioning across a variety of operating situations, validating its usefulness in real-world applications. The presented system simulation result is verified in MATLAB/Simulink software. The demonstrated results are motor speed, torque, current and voltage.

应用于高地隙自走式喷雾机的独立式立轴空气悬架设计与分析

As an important plant protection machinery for spraying and fertilizing crops, high clearance self-propelled sprayer is of great significance to promote food security production and stable development of agriculture. Aiming at the complex operating conditions and unique operating requirements of large high clearance self-propelled sprayer, this paper analyzes and determines the main components of the sprayer suspension, such as elastic components, guiding devices, buffer devices, damping components, etc., and designs a stand-alone vertical shaft air suspension system structure suitable for high clearance sprayers. The stress of the sprayer chassis under different extreme conditions such as side slip, emergency braking and uneven road driving is analyzed, and the vertical shaft is designed and checked in detail. Based on the stress analysis results of the sprayer chassis, the finite element analysis software HyperMesh 10.0 was used to analyze the statics of the key components of the suspension, such as the vertical shaft, the motor protection shell, the steering arm, and the spring top support. According to the results of force analysis and finite element analysis, combined with the requirements of process production, the suspension structure in the design scheme is improved, and the final suspension form and the whole structure scheme of the sprayer are obtained. Through this study, it provides a basis for the design and development of large high clearance self-propelled sprayer.

Fault Identification and Protection of Induction Motor Using PLC and SCADA

If not properly maintained, AC induction motors are prone to malfunction. A protective system is put in place to keep an eye on the motor's performance under both normal and trip conditions to remedy this. The system may either modify the input voltage and current to restore normal performance in the event of faults like stator, rotor, bearing, or eccentricity issues or shut down the motor before irreparable harm is done. This guards against sudden shutdowns that could endanger employees, prevents unexpected motor failure, and reduces unforeseen costs. Due to their extensive industrial use, protecting induction motors from overvoltage, overcurrent, under-speed, and overheating is essential. Voltage and current relays, timers, contractors, and other traditional protection techniques are mechanical devices. Both computer-based and PIC-based techniques have fewer mechanical components, although the former needs analog-to-digital conversion cards while the latter does not display the observed electrical parameters. In this work, a PLC based protection technique that does away with contractors, relays, and conversion cards is presented. It keeps an eye on system errors, motor voltages, currents, speed, and temperature while showing alerts on a computer screen. In comparison to conventional, computer, and PIC-based systems, experimental findings show that this PLC-based approach is more precise, efficient, and offers a safer and more visible environment.

ЩОДО МОЖЛИВОСТІ ВИБОРУ ЗАСОБІВ ЗАХИСТУ АСИНХРОННОГО ДВИГУНА У ПРОМИСЛОВИХ УМОВАХ

The article is devoted to the urgent problem of choosing the means of protection of asynchronous motors (AM) operating in the shop electric networks of industrial enterprises with low-quality electricity. The well-known energy-economic model of an inducti

Modern solutions in devices of systems of automatic starting and protection of electric motors

This paper discusses modern solutions in the field of automatic motor starting and protection devices, which play an important role in industrial devices to ensure safe and reliable operation. The application of sensors in automatic starting and protection systems that measure various physical parameters such as position, distance, temperature and others and convert them into signals for further processing. Also as modern solutions in the devices of automatic starting and protection systems of electric motors the application of microcontrollers, PLC (Programmable Logic Controller), IoT (Internet of Things) is considered.

Judgment method of the dynamic threshold value of motor protection at a dynamic load rate

To address the shortcomings of traditional motor thermal protection, which uses the motor’s temperature or temperature rise threshold operating at full load as the basis for the judgment method, a dynamic threshold judgment method based on a study of the motor’s temperature rise characteristics under a dynamic load rate is proposed. Taking a forced air-cooled, three-phase asynchronous motor with 11 kW power as the research object, a 2D/3D motor model under steady-state conditions is established. The loss distribution of asynchronous motors at different load rates is obtained through electromagnetic field simulation calculations. The finite element method is used to simulate and calculate the motor’s temperature field. Taking ambient temperature and load factors into account, the study takes place from the perspective of motor temperature rise in order to acquire the law governing the change in motor temperature increase under various working circumstances. A method of converting the temperature and warming between the motor’s stator, winding, and rotor is proposed. A dynamic threshold judgment system for accurate warning of overheating problems in motors under any load rate is set up so that the thermal protection of motors can accurately be judged under variable load conditions, which offers a crucial theoretical foundation for the design of intelligent motor temperature rise prediction systems. It contributes to a methodological underpinning for the diagnosis and early warning of thermal health in smart motor systems.

Providing Smart Agriculture Solution to Farmer by using IOT

Internet of Things (IOT) plays a crucial role in smart agriculture. Smart farming is an emerging concept, most of the people over all worlds depended on Agriculture. IOT is Revolutionary technology that represents the feature of computing and communication and IOT sensors capable of providing information about their agriculture fields. Monitoring Environment factors is the measure factor to improve the yield of the efficient crop. Precision Agriculture sensor monitoring network is used greatly to measure agrirelated information like temperature, humidity, Soil Moisture etc. And also shows motor ON or OFF Condition So, with IOT farmers can remotely monitor their crop and equipment by phones and computers. This survey is used to understand the different technology and to build sustainable smart agriculture. Keywords:- Arduino Atmega 328/P,Wi-Fi module, Sensors, Motor Protection Circuit ,IOT.

Альтернативная ресурсосберегающая дифференциальная защита электродвигателей

The author presents the principle of operation of alternative resource-saving differential protection for high-voltage electric motors, made with adjustable selection of settings, without the use of measuring current transformers (CT) and current relays with ferromagnetic cores, which have significant weight and dimensional parameters and high cost. The result is the creation of resource-saving protection for the protection of electric motors, made on inductive coils and reed switches. Protections with their application can be used as an alternative to the traditional protections of electric motors made on electromechanical, semiconductor and microprocessor bases and at the same time by their characteristics are not inferior to them. The scientific novelty is that this protection has the effect of resource saving of used materials, thus allowing to realize significant savings of copper and steel, and represents a new approach in realization of differential protection for electric motors. All structural elements of the presented protection are made of heat-resistant, durable and lightweight plastic, type «PLA», printed on a 3D printer. The resource-saving of these protections is in the use of inductance coils and reed switches, which are, both in terms of their cost and weight and dimensional parameters, an order of magnitude cheaper and smaller in size and weight than the above-mentioned measuring CTs. The use of the presented protection increases the reliability of relay protection, both the cell itself, where it is installed, and the electrical installation, which is an electric motor connected to it. The proposed differential protection is made in the form of a structure with the installation of its elements inside the cell of complete (closed) switchgear voltage 6-35kV and in the electric motor

Realizing self-powered mechanical transmission control system via triboelectric nanogenerator and electrorheological fluid composed soft starter

Soft starters are effective devices used to provide overload protection for motors from large mechanical shocks during the start-up period. However, existing soft starters require additional power supplies, sensors, and complex control elements that pose serious challenges to the integration, versatility, and operability of mechanical transmission system. Herein, we propose a newly soft starter based on the triboelectric nanogenerator (TENG) and electrorheological fluid (ERF) to realize a self-powered mechanical transmission system. Both ERF’s rheological characteristic and the baffle structure play a role in the torque of device. Driven by TENG, the soft starter with optimized baffle achieves a 715% growth in transmission torque compared to that of the device without baffle. And a smooth start is obtained with transmission speeds ranging from 0% to 100%. In application demonstration, this triboelectric soft starter (TSS) has the capacity to gain a smooth operation of the high-speed motor. In contrast, the direct start generates an overshoot, leading to a break in the conveyor belt. The TSS designed in this work with the advantages of self-powered, highly integrated, easy to operate, and low cost, provides a prospective strategy for broadening the application of TENG in mechanical transmission systems.

Medium-Voltage Circuit Breakers and Contactors Are Not the Same: Neither are Their Protection Methods

Many standards and specifications related to medium-voltage (MV) motor and feeder circuits continue to center around the improper generic use of IEEE Device 52 as a circuit identifier for the switching device used within various points of power systems. IEEE Device 52 is defined as a device that is used to close and interrupt an ac power circuit under normal conditions or to interrupt this circuit under fault or emergency conditions. While many of the present standards include detailed protection and coordination recommendations that are centered only on the protective and control settings for circuit breakers (CBs), the protection schemes for CBs and fused contactor-controlled motors are documented in IEEE Standard 3004.8. This article clarifies some key differences between MV contactors and MV CB ratings. It also compares the appropriate protection variations and requirements between the two devices, highlighting the dangers to personnel and equipment if misapplied. Recommended protective device functions for motor protection for fused contactor-controlled or breaker-controlled motors are presented with companion drawings.

Neural network based robust optimal energy control of pulse width modulation‐inverter fed motor driving pump

AbstractThis paper revisits loss model control (LMC) of the 3‐phase induction motor (IM) and presents a robust LMC algorithm for medium‐sized pump drives. Compared with other power loss reduction algorithms for IM, the presented one has the advantages of fast and smooth flux adaptation, high accuracy, and versatile implementation. An improved loss‐model for IM drive has been developed. The model considers the surplus power loss caused by inverter voltage harmonics and magnetic saturation using closed‐form equations. Further, the resistance‐temperature change is considered by a first‐order thermal model. To determine the optimal flux level that achieves maximum drive efficiency, an artificial neural network (ANN) controller is synthesised and trained offline. The voltage and speed control loops are connecting via the stator frequency to avoid the possibility of excessive magnetization. Beside, the obtained thermal information enhances motor protection and control. These together have the potential of making the proposed algorithm robust and reliable. The system reliability is investigated and assessed in terms of energy saving using ramp start/stop. Theoretical analysis, computer simulations, and experimental studies are performed on 5.5 kW variable speed water pump using the proposed control. The test results are provided and discussed to validate the effectiveness.