Protection Of Medical Personnel Research Articles

Protection of Medical Personnel in Armed Conflict: A Review of the Provisions of International Criminal Law

The protection of medical personnel in armed conflict is an important issue in international criminal law. This article provides an overview of the provisions governing such protection. This review covers various aspects, from the definition of medical personnel to the protection afforded in conflict situations. This research uses document analysis methods to collect data from various sources such as international conventions, agreements and other legal documents. It is hoped that the findings of this research will provide a better understanding of the protection of medical personnel in the context of international criminal law

Правовая защита системы гражданского здравоохранения в условиях вооруженного конфликта

Summary. The aim of the study is to analyze the modern interpretation of the norms of international humanitarian law (IHL), devoted to the loss of special protection for the objects of the health care system in the light of the updated Commentary to the Geneva Convention I (GC I). Materials and research methods. Materials of the study were the updated Commentary to the Geneva Convention I: Convention for the Amelioration of the Condition of the Wounded and Sick in Active Armies; domestic and foreign literature on the protection of medical personnel in armed conflict. The method of the research is analytical. Results of the study and their analysis. It is noted that the protection of the wounded and sick, as well as medical personnel in conditions of armed conflict is the cornerstone of international humanitarian law. The legal analysis of the IHL notion of “action causing damage to the enemy”, which links the need to provide special protection to the objects of the health care system (medical personnel, institutions and vehicles) to the interests of the wounded and sick, has been carried out. The question of the legality of an attack by a party of the conflict on the medical personnel and health care facilities of the enemy as a result of the latter committing acts prejudicial to the enemy is considered. The conclusion is made about the necessity of strict observance of IHL norms by medical personnel in providing medical and sanitary aid in wartime.

Kajian Hukum Hindu Dan Hukum Humaniter Internasional Tentang Perlindungan Pihak Medis Dalam Konflik Bersenjata

The protection of medical personnel in armed conflict is often neglected. All countries in the world must pay attention to this by establishing international humanitarian law. Protection policies for medical personnel in war should reflect the values of past religious teachings, one of which is in the Hindu books Arthasastra and Bharatayuda, some of which reflect humanitarian missions. The purpose of this research is to demonstrate the concept of protection for medical personnel in situations of armed conflict in international humanitarian law policy and to analyze the virtues in the Book of Arthasasta and the Bharatayuda war epic. The method uses normative research with a legal and historical regulatory approach which is analyzed descriptively. The research results show that the role of medical personnel in armed conflict situations is very important, guided by international charters. In the Hindu Law Book Arthasasta states that the protection of medical personnel in conflict situations is the responsibility of the king or policy maker to provide a safe place, so that they can carry out their duties well. In the Bharatayuda epic, it is also told that Nakula and Sahadeva were protected by enemy troops to provide treatment to the injured Karna. The values contained in the teachings of Hinduism are one of the philosophies of protection for medical personnel in the current situation of armed conflict. These values are then championed in international humanitarian law policies regarding the importance of protecting the weak and those who carry out humanitarian missions.

Medical Ethics in International Humanitarian Law: Contemplating the Risks and Protection of Medical Personnel in Armed Conflict

Medical Ethics in International Humanitarian Law: Contemplating the Risks and Protection of Medical Personnel in Armed Conflict

The costs of treating patients during the epidemics at the beginning of the 20th century, based on the example of the Hospital for Infectious Patients in Częstochowa

Purpose: The study characterizes the determinants of the costs of treating patients during various epidemics at the beginning of the 20th century in Częstochowa. Methodology/approach: Research tools included a literature review on the subject, legal acts, archival documentation of the Hospital for Infectious Patients, and other ar-chival materials concerning the costs of treating patients during the epidemic in Częstochowa between 1918 and 1922. Findings: The analysis shows that both now and 100 years ago, the tools for fighting the epidemic are similar. The most important include preventive vaccinations, a health care system properly adapted to crises, prevention, and the protection of medical personnel who treat sick people and other people who have contact with the sick. The research hypothesis was positively verified that “covering the costs of treating patients during the epidemic at the beginning of the 20th century was determined by the principles of set-tling accounts for the treatment of patients and running the hospital”. Practical implications: The results are essential for developing and improving health systems. They have a cognitive value and can be analyzed by decision-makers at various management levels of Poland’s medical entities. Originality: The article is part of the trend of historical research on the costs of Poland’s healthcare system.

Humanitarian consequences of the Syrian crisis

Relevance. The main victim of modern armed conflicts is the civilian population. The number of armed conflicts, their scale and severity of consequences steadily increase. The article analyzes the humanitarian consequences and problems of life support for the population of the Syrian Arab Republic during a long armed conflict on its territory. The main factors that led to the difficult humanitarian situation in the country and hindered the initiatives and decisions of political forces and international organizations to stabilize the situation in the country are considered in detail. The importance of political, humanitarian and diplomatic mechanisms in creating favorable conditions for the life support of the population, in accordance with the norms of international law, is confirmed. Particular attention is paid to the analysis of medical support for the population in combat zones in conditions of an acute shortage of medical forces and assets, food and water supplies in the context of full sanctions and a water blockade of the country.Intention: To analyze the main humanitarian consequences of the Syrian crisis and determine priority life support for the population.Methodology. Surveys and statistical analysis were used to assess priority life support of the population under a long-term blockade by terrorist groups on the territory of destroyed settlements. A traditional analysis of documents and literature on the research topic was carried out.Results and Discussion. As a result of the analysis, the main problems in different life support domains were identified. In addition, violations of international humanitarian laws were revealed in the context of an armed conflict (concerning protection of medical personnel, humane treatment of the civilian population, unhindered provision of humanitarian assistance). The role of international humanitarian organizations in solving life support problems has been studied.Conclusion. The material of the article can become an important basis for further study of the priority life support of the population in areas of protracted armed conflicts, taking into account minimum life support indicators necessary to maintain physiological needs, preserve life and maintain public health in an arid climate

Legal protection of medical personnel during the COVID-19 pandemic in Indonesia

The purpose of this research is to investigate the legal protection of medical staff in Indonesia during the Covid-19 outbreak. This study is a descriptive qualitative study that examines the legal protection of medical staff in Indonesia using positive law. Secondary legal materials, such as books, journals, articles, and other written works, as well as field phenomena, are used to write the article. According to the study's findings, the Covid-19 outbreak in Indonesia has placed a significant strain on the country's healthcare system, especially on healthcare employees. The most evident issue is the safety of medical staff at the frontline, who are extremely vulnerable to being exposed to Covid-19, risking their lives. Furthermore, issues of mental health, such as the danger of burnout syndrome, pose significant concerns. Unfortunately, there are no guidelines or practices in place to protect their mental health. Legal protection for health workers during the Covid-19 pandemic consists of preventive protection efforts and repressive protection efforts. The government provides preventive protection through a vaccination program. Repressive protection is given by the Government by imposing sanctions for perpetrators of violence and discrimination against health workers who are on duty. Besides, the Government has provided incentives and death benefits.

A Dispatch Screening Tool to Identify Patients at High Risk for COVID-19 in the Prehospital Setting.

IntroductionEmergency medical services (EMS) dispatchers have made efforts to determine whether patients are high risk for coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) so that appropriate personal protective equipment (PPE) can be donned. A screening tool is valuable as the healthcare community balances protection of medical personnel and conservation of PPE. There is little existing literature on the efficacy of prehospital COVID-19 screening tools. The objective of this study was to determine the positive and negative predictive value of an emergency infectious disease surveillance tool for detecting COVID-19 patients and the impact of positive screening on PPE usage.MethodsThis study was a retrospective chart review of prehospital care reports and hospital electronic health records. We abstracted records for all 911 calls to an urban EMS from March 1–July 31, 2020 that had a documented positive screen for COVID-19 and/or had a positive COVID-19 test. The dispatch screen solicited information regarding travel, sick contacts, and high-risk symptoms. We reviewed charts to determine dispatch-screening results, the outcome of patients’ COVID-19 testing, and documentation of crew fidelity to PPE guidelines.ResultsThe sample size was 263. The rate of positive COVID-19 tests for all-comers in the state of Massachusetts was 2.0%. The dispatch screen had a sensitivity of 74.9% (confidence interval [CI], 69.21–80.03) and a specificity of 67.7% (CI, 66.91–68.50). The positive predictive value was 4.5% (CI, 4.17–4.80), and the negative predictive value was 99.3% (CI, 99.09–99.40). The most common symptom that triggered a positive screen was shortness of breath (51.5% of calls). The most common high-risk population identified was skilled nursing facility patients (19.5%), but most positive tests did not belong to a high-risk population (58.1%). The EMS personnel were documented as wearing full PPE for the patient in 55.7% of encounters, not wearing PPE in 8.0% of encounters, and not documented in 27.9% of encounters.ConclusionThis dispatch-screening questionnaire has a high negative predictive value but moderate sensitivity and therefore should be used with some caution to guide EMS crews in their PPE usage. Clinical judgment is still essential and may supersede screening status.

COVID-19 pandemic: preferences and barriers for dissemination of evidence syntheses : Survey of intensive care personnel in Germany

HintergrundDas COVID-19-Evidenz-Ökosystem (CEOsys) identifiziert, bewertet und fasst Ergebnisse wissenschaftlicher Studien in Evidenzsynthesen im Kontext von COVID-19 zusammen. Diese Evidenzsynthesen werden genutzt, um konkrete Handlungsempfehlungen abzuleiten und Leitlinien zu erstellen.ZielsetzungVorbereitung der am besten geeigneten Verteilung von Evidenzsynthesen im Rahmen der Aufgaben des CEOsys-Projekts.MethodeFür Deutschland wurde eine Befragung hinsichtlich des intensivmedizinischen Personals priorisierter Themenbereiche, Wünschen zu Layout, Plattform der Bekanntmachung von Evidenzsynthesen und Vertrauenswürdigkeit von Institutionen mit kategorialen Antwortmöglichkeiten durchgeführt. Die Umfrage erfolgte online und wurde per E‑Mail lokal und über die DIVI verteilt.ErgebnisseVon 317 Befragten, die die Umfrage starteten, vervollständigten 200 den Fragebogen. Knappe Zeit und fehlender Zugriff, unzureichende Erfahrung bzw. Unsicherheit im Umgang mit Evidenzsynthesen wurden als Barriere für Wissenserwerb benannt. Das aktive Herantragen von Informationen wird bevorzugt („Push-Strategie“). Als Format werden Kurzversion, Übersichten mit Algorithmen und Webinare prioritär gewünscht. Webseiten öffentlicher Einrichtungen, Fachjournalartikel und E‑Mail-Newsletter sollen auf neue Evidenz aufmerksam machen. Fachgesellschaften und dem Robert Koch Institut werden in der Pandemie mehrheitlich Vertrauen geschenkt. Priorisierte Themen der Befragten sind Langzeitfolgen der Erkrankung, Schutz des medizinischen Personals und Invasivität der Beatmungstherapie.SchlussfolgerungEvidenzsynthesen sollten aktiv an Zielgruppen herangetragen werden. Inhalte sollten übersichtlich, kurz (Algorithmen, Kurzversion, Webinare) und frei verfügbar sein. Webseiten, E‑Mail-Newsletter und medizinische Journale, aber auch Fachgesellschaften und das Robert Koch-Institut sollten auf Evidenzsynthesen hinweisen.Zusatzmaterial onlineZusätzliche Informationen sind in der Online-Version dieses Artikels (10.1007/s00101-021-01037-z) enthalten.

TANGGUNG JAWAB RUMAH SAKIT TERHADAP TENAGA MEDIS DALAM HAL KESELAMATAN DAN KESEHATAN KERJA AKIBAT PELAYANAN MEDIS

The hospital is a health service that contained risks of occupational health and safety for its medical personnel, so the need for hospital occupational health and safety (K3RS) project to avoid those risks. An organization such as committee needed to ensure optimal K3RS management. This research formulation of the problem are the legal protection for medical personnel on K3 after health service on hospital, and the legal consequences from absence of K3Rs committee on hospital. This reasearch used normative juridical with statue approach and conseptual approach. The result showed that the legal protection for medical personnel already existed, one of them is right and obligation. Regulated in statutory regulation specifically on legal instruments in the health sector. The result was, if the hospital did not formed an K3RS committee, they have to be legally responsible, for both criminal and civil law. Since hospital held responsibility to form a K3RS committee. According to the regulation from Hospital Accreditation Committee (KARS), director of the hospital held the responbility to fulfill this requirement.Key words: Medical personnel, hospital responsibility, occupational safety and health committee.

The Protection of Medical Officers in the Armed Conficts; Case Study of Indonesia

International Humanitarian Law (HHI) has regulated provisions regarding the protection of medical personnel in a conflict, whether an international, non-international armed conflict or an internationalized armed conflict. These categories of various types of armed conflict are also part of the legality of the emergence of humanitarian intervention by medical personnel in an armed conflict. A form of medical care for parties who are either directly or indirectly involved in an armed conflict. In the Indonesian context, the provisions regulating separately the protection of medical personnel in armed conflict have not been regulated separately. However, considering that Indonesia has ratified the 1949 Geneva Convention, the convention can be considered as the official Indonesian national regulation on the protection of medical personnel in armed conflict. In this article, it is demonstrated that there were still many violations, especially against the purpose of war, which made medical officers and medical buildings in an armed conflict a military target, such as in the Syrian conflict, as well as domestic Indonesia such as Aceh and Papua. Several factors have led to the fall of medical personnel in various armed conflicts (both horizontal and vertical) in Indonesia, among others are: (a) The parties to an armed conflict are not aware of the provisions of the principles of international humanitarian law. (b) The parties are suspicious of the neutrality of the medical personnel, as well as (c) Not having a good communication system between the conflicting parties and medical personnel.

Modern Russian and Foreign Methods of Healthcare Personnel Protection from New Coronavirus Infection (COVID-19) Risks: Analytical Review

Introduction. On December 31, 2019, the World Health Organization announced the coronavirus (COVID-19) outbreak and medical workers appeared on the frontline in combating the new threat. Daily interactions with infected patients, extended working hours and psychological overload: all this makes healthcare professionals extremely vulnerable to a new danger. Therefore, the actual priority is to prevent the nosocomial spread of the disease and the protection of medical personnel.
 Aim exploration and generalization of Russian and international experience of COVID-19 pandemic combating in terms of creating the most efficient system of health workers protection against the infection, caused by a new virus SARS-CoV-2.
 Methods and materials. The systematic reviews and meta-analyzes reporting method (PRISMA) were used in the review. The search was carried out in the bibliographic databases Elibrary, PubMed, MEDLINE, Scopus, Google Scholar. Moreover, Russian and foreign methodological documents from the official websites of organizations were analyzed.
 Results. Examination of epidemiologically safe space organizing models in different countries showed that the majority of the existing in the world community approaches to protect medical personnel from contracting a new coronavirus infection are based on five basic strategies of infection prevention and control to prevent or limit the transmission of COVID-19 proposed by the World Health Organization. The article proposes a sixth strategy in addition to the above: psychological support for health workers.
 Conclusion. Effective use of the listed complex of six protective measures can minimize the risk of medical workers infection with coronavirus.

ПРОБЛЕМИ ЗАХИСТУ МЕДИЧНОГО ПЕРСОНАЛУ В КОНТЕКСТІ ЗБРОЙНОГО КОНФЛІКТУ В УКРАЇНІ

It has been proved that since the beginning of the Russian aggression in the east of Ukraine the problems of international humanitarian law, in particular the protection of medical personnel in the context of armed conflict, have become particularly relevant. It is determined that, through its peaceful policy, Ukraine is not ready for armed aggression. The provisions of international normative legal acts regulating the protection of medical personnel and medical facilities during armed conflicts of international and non-international character are examined. The basics of implementation of the provisions of international humanitarian law by national legislation and peculiarities of criminal responsibility for violations and crimes against physicians in the area of armed conflict are investigated.

Клинический случай успешного применения неинвазивной вентиляции легких у пациента с новой коронавирусной инфекцией

The new coronavirus disease COVID-19 (SARS-CoV-2) is a challenge both in terms of optimal patient management and the protection of the medical personnel. We present a clinical case of a 49-year-old patient with bilateral polysegmental pneumonia (COVID-19), complicated by acute respiratory distress syndrome and a cytokine storm, in whom the chosen treatment tactics using non-invasive ventilation allowed avoidance of intubation together with organization of sufficient protection for medical personnel.

Protection of Medical Personnel and Health Care Facilities: A Few Guiding Principles of Islamic Law

Muslims scholars in principle agree that non-combatants are protected and that they lose protection when they directly participate in hostilities. However, the issues of defining the scope of non-combatant and that of direct participation remain contentious which resultantly cause confusions about the protection of medical personnel. The present paper digs out principles of Islamic law relating to the protection of medical personnel during armed conflict and for this purpose focuses on a doctor who works for humanity and who provides medical assistance to all and gives priority on the basis of need only. It tries to find answers to questions such as: is the doctor muqatil (combatant)? Does the act of providing medical assistance to the enemy combatants make the doctor liable for direct participation in hostilities? Does Islamic law distinguish between the legal consequences of direct and indirect participation in hostilities? After exploring the rich Islamic legal literature on the protection of medical personnel during armed conflict, the paper also examines the legal consequences of abuse of the protected status.

Protection of Medical Personnel and Health Care Facilities: A Few Guiding Principles of Islamic Law(Urdu)

Protection of Medical Personnel and Health Care Facilities: A Few Guiding Principles of Islamic Law(Urdu)

A design of radiation-proof material for protecting the medical staff

The use of sophisticated medical equipment that operates at microwave frequencies draws attention to the methods and means of protecting the medical staff from exposure to occupational hazards, such as electromagnetic super-high frequency (SHF) radiation. The article considers improving the properties of expanded polystyrene (EPS)-based absorbent materials with graphite additives and emphasizes the ratio “an effective protection – a cheaper production.” The test material was of two types: with a matching layer and without it. The absorbent material with a matching layer has a lower reflectance than the one without it. In addition, the reflectance of material with a matching layer is almost insensitive of the angle of incidence of electromagnetic waves. The test frequency band corresponds to reflectance higher than 30 dB and the frequency of 75 GHz – to reflectance of 40 dB. The study of a graphite-using absorbent material that provides damping of electromagnetic waves in the direction of their propagation has focused on the effect of the size of graphite particles in an aquadag on its absorptive properties. An aquadag with the graphite particles’ size of 30–70 microns has the best characteristics of the selected frequency band. The improved methods of asymptotic solution of the problem of synthesizing the non-reflective layer at the normal incidence of a plane wave have extended to the general case – an arbitrary structure of the field in the direction of the fall. It is proved that the properties of the coating are determined ultimately by the spatial inhomogeneity of the electrical and physical properties of the material in the direction of propagation of electromagnetic waves. The findings are important for further research on absorbent materials with improved properties of absorption and reflectance in a broad range of angles of incidence from the lower portion of the frequency spectrum. This study and the findings thereof allow improving the properties of the materials to ensure collective and individual protection of medical personnel from exposure to high levels of radiation.

Reflections on the Colombian case law on the protection of medical personnel against punishment

AbstractOne of the fundamental rules for the protection of health-care personnel in any circumstance, including contexts of armed conflicts, provides for a prohibition on punishing medical professionals who merely act in accordance with medical ethics. However, although the reasons for this prohibition may seem obvious, in contexts of non-international armed conflicts the provision of medical care to wounded and sick members of non-state armed groups can expose medical personnel to accusations of participation in criminal activities. Based on the Colombian domestic legislation and jurisprudence on the matter, this article aims to propose elements of analysis on the apparent contradiction that exists between, on the one hand, the prohibition against punishing medical personnel for merely providing health care to the wounded and sick who need it, and on the other, the prerogative of the state authorities to restore order and security within their territory through the imposition of criminal sanctions on members of non-state armed groups or their aiders and abettors.

Protection of medical personnel in armed conflicts—case study: Afghanistan

IntroductionInternational humanitarian law affords special protection to medical property and personnel whose mission is to save lives and provide health care for civilians and combatants alike.DiscussionThis paper presents the legal aspects of medical-personnel protection in armed conflicts. Presented below are examples of the Afghanistan analyses where, as a result of war situations, people are most vulnerable. Discussed are the minimum protection and standards applicable to such situations specified by the international humanitarian law.ConclusionIts rules and provisions obligate fighting parties to take all necessary measures to protect and respect medical missions in all circumstances.

Great Britain’s Ratification of the 1977 Geneva Protocols: Greater Protection for Medical Personnel in Conflict Areas at Sea and Ashore

Great Britain’s Ratification of the 1977 Geneva Protocols: Greater Protection for Medical Personnel in Conflict Areas at Sea and Ashore