Protection Of Cultural Identity Research Articles

Protection of Cultural Identity – Internal Rules of the Employers and Their Anti-discrimination Aspects in the Decision Making Process of the Court of Justice of the EU

The article deals with the recent judgments of the Court of Justice of the European Union that deal with the internal rules of the employers stipulating the neutrality principle of their employees. The neutrality principle prohibits the employee to wear any visible political, philosophical and religious symbols in the workplace. Such prohibition, may, however, be in conflict with the principle of non-discrimination within the meaning of the Directive 2000/78/EC. The article deals with the aspect the employers must take into account when they decide to issue internal rules requiring neutrality of their employees.

Transformation of the French external cultural policy concept at the turn of the century

The variety of conceptual aspects of the Frances's external cultural policy is considered in the article through adjustments introduced to it by different governments which staggered each other since 1980s. The modern concept of the French cultural diplomacy was a result of a long historic evolution in the framework of the traditional action of its governors aimed at protection of cultural identity and national interests of their country. From its genesis in the Middle Ages in the form of voluntary acts by its Monarchs and further by Republican Presidents this very concept was never translated into a basic programmatic document. It happened only in 1983 within specific historical circumstances in a form of a doctrinal paper entitled "External cultural project of France" elaborated and approved by the government of socialists. Since that time, conventionally speaking, the doctrine of the external cultural action of France could be divided in three stock ideas: cultural "shining", cultural exception and cultural diversity which alternated each other.

Evo's jumper: identity and the used clothes trade in ‘post-neoliberal’ and ‘pluri-cultural’ Bolivia

Since the election of Latin America's first indigenous president, Evo Morales, in 2005, Bolivia's ruling party, the ‘Movement Towards Socialism’, has nationalised resources and instituted a ‘post-neoliberal’ and ‘pluri-cultural’ constitution that emphasises the importance of recognising cultural, linguistic and economic plurality. This article explores gendered economic identities in this context via the case study of an informal trade that is explicitly excluded from this vision of development: the globally controversial used clothes trade (UCT). In Bolivia, political debate on the trade demonstrates gendered tensions inherent in the government's ‘post-neoliberal’ agenda of nationalisation, protection of cultural identity and the well-being of the poor in an increasingly liberalised and globalised market place. Working with women in the city of El Alto, this article examines how women's involvement in the UCT challenges understandings of identity and development in post-neoliberal Latin America and the dynamics involved in women's continued marginalisation from global economic and political processes.

Protection of cultural Identity and Criminal Law based on Adultery

Protection of cultural Identity and Criminal Law based on Adultery

Geotourism and Geoparks as Gateways to Socio-cultural Sustainability in Qeshm Rural Areas, Iran

Cultural sustainability is the concept for the recovery and protection of cultural identities. It is linked to previous traditional practices through celebrating local and regional histories and passing down cultural values to future generations. Nowaday, geoparks as an innovation for the protection of natural and geological heritage play an important role in cultural sustainability in rural areas. Moreover, a geopark stimulates local socio-economic and socio-cultural development by attracting an increasing numbers of visitors. The aim of this paper is to assess innovative strategies of geoparks for socio-cultural sustainability. To this end, electronic questionnaires were sent to all geoparks around the world (64) registered by UNESCO and just 25 questionnaire responses were received (20 in Europe and three in Asia (Malaysia, Japan and Iran), one in Australia, and one in South America (Brazil)). Additionally, the interview method was used to consider the role played by the creation of Qeshm geopark in reducing the negative cultural impacts of tourism in rural areas. Based on the results of the descriptive analysis, geopark activities promote cultural components in their territory.

Is UNESCO Clouding the International Culture Landscape: Legal Clarity?

Since its formation in 1945, UNESCO has established itself at the centre of the international debate on culture. In general, the forum has been a progressive force in the development of cultural policy. However, in spite of what has been a successful tenure by the body, its efforts are hampered by an unclear portrayal of culture. The research asks if the situation is compatible with the principle of legal clarity. Focusing on the protection of cultural identity, the research takes the form of an historical study of UNESCO’s work on culture. The research also explores the implications of the situation for international human rights law.

O cinema brasileiro entre exceção cultural e livre comércio

A exceção cultural ao livre comércio, cujo fim seria a defesa do mercado cultural nacional, não pode nem deve ser pretexto para criação de barreiras não tarifárias ou medidas de efeito equivalente. O fenômeno tem de ser analisado sob diversos focos, como o da integração econômica, diversidade cultural e preservação da identidade cultural. A exceção cultural, como instrumento político-jurídico claramente protecionista, gera certo grau de apreensão, já que, além de barreira ao comércio, pode impedir o livre fluxo cultura, tendo-se como pressuposto a falácia da pureza cultura, notadamente desmentida pela riqueza que o contato e fluxo cultural entre diversas civilizações, a História comprova. No que concerne à exceção cultural, devemos ser céticos em relação às políticas nacionais culturais e ter em mente que a exceção cultural carrega implicitamente perigosa escolha de valor.

Cultural Sovereignty, Relativism, and International Human Rights: New Excuses for Old Strategies

Abstract. Although the Charter of the United Nations embodied an unresolved tension between state sovereignty and the inviolability of human rights, the fall of the Berlin Wall seemed to herald universal acceptance of the legitimacy of international concern for the protection of human rights. Since that time, however, the sovereignty of states has been pushed with renewed vigour under the guise of cultural sovereignty. Three examples of the role of cultural sovereignty in the international human rights sphere are proposed to demonstrate that the real interest of states is not the protection of cultural identity, but non‐interference, supremacy and control. The paper identifies cultural sovereignty with cultural relativism and argues that the ideology of relativism, combined with the inadequacies of legal positivism, have significantly harmed the efficacy and character of the international human rights regime.

Binary Dragons: Issues Involving the Transfer of Computer Technology to the People's Republic of China

China is different from other developing countries in that it is a socialist country with a unique and long-standing heritage that sees things in its own way. A number of culturally related problems may prevent computer technology transfer from being easily accomplished. These include the extent to which the Chinese language can easily be accepted into the contexts of computerization, cultural attitudes toward speed, the protection of cultural identity, the extent to which knowledge of new technologies will create social gaps, and the sorting out of the “political correctness” of technology in regard to the promise of informational freedom.

National identity and cultural values: Broadcasting safeguards

New communication technologies have increased Europe's importation of foreign, especially U.S., broadcasting programs. This essay addresses the question and protection of cultural identity from a European perspective. Four subgoals of diversity are outlined as yardsticks for the appropriateness of protection. Various activities designed to deregulate European broadcasting may potentially increase or reduce diversity. The economic and political pressure to weaken the European trusteeship model of broadcasting is likely to be successful.