Protection Of Collective Rights Research Articles

Amazonian visions of Visión Amazonía: Indigenous Peoples' perspectives on a forest conservation and climate programme in the Colombian Amazon

AbstractAlthough Indigenous Peoples' rights to own, control and manage their lands and territories are well established under international law, Indigenous Peoples affected by forest conservation and climate protection programmes continue to denounce interventions that fail to uphold their rights. This article focuses on the internationally funded Visión Amazonía REDD Early Movers programme in the Colombian Amazon. Drawing on observations and critiques by Indigenous rightsholders in the Middle Caquetá River and human rights insights from a legal complaint raised by one Indigenous community against the programme, we demonstrate the programme's inadequate protection of collective rights, especially relating to the fundamental right to free, prior and informed consent and the resulting inequitable benefit sharing. We focus on conflicting views between Indigenous and non-Indigenous actors over the definition of direct effects on Indigenous Peoples (which triggers the requirement for prior consultation and consent), the basis for inclusion of Indigenous Peoples as programme beneficiaries, and the role accorded to Indigenous science in such programmes. Notions of permission and consent in the customary law and economic practices of the concerned Indigenous Peoples are central to the conviviality and reproduction of human and non-human societies within their territories. To ensure more accountable and sustainable international environmental finance and conservation interventions, and to ensure respect for Indigenous Peoples' self-determination and territorial and cultural rights, we recommend that these initiatives adopt human rights-based, pluri-legal and intercultural approaches centring on the right to free, prior and informed consent as a structuring principle. Additionally, we call for more robust measures in forest and climate protection programmes, to recognize and respect customary law, collective property, traditional livelihoods and Indigenous science.

Unravelling the ‘race to the bottom’ argument: Foreign direct investment and different types of labour rights

Does foreign direct investment (FDI) lead to better or worse labour standards in developing countries? We argue that it depends on the type of labour right, and how costly it is to protect it. We propose that governments are likely to follow international pressure and ‘climb to the top’ of improved labour standards, but only for those rights that do not incur direct costs to foreign investors, such as collective bargaining rights. In contrast, we expect that governments engage in a ’race to the bottom’ when it comes to rights that bear immediate costs for firms, such as overtime pay. To test our argument, we use novel data to distinguish between the legal protection of (1) fair working contracts, (2) adequate working time, (3) dismissal protections, which are more costly; versus (4) collective worker representation, and (5) industrial action rights, which are relatively cheaper to grant. Our panel data analysis for 75 developing countries (1982–2010) shows that higher FDI stock and flow is indeed connected to better protection of collective rights, while FDI flow is connected to a decline in relatively expensive outcome rights. These results remain robust across a range of model specifications.

Protection of collective rights and interests in arbitration

Objective of the research: to identify the means of protection of collective interests, suitable for international commercial arbitration, based on models used in Russian procedural law and abroad. The research used both general scientific (analysis, synthesis, comparison, descriptive, formal-logical) and special legal (formal-legal, comparative-legal, historical-legal, method of legal modeling) methods. The work has resulted in a conclusion about the expansion of the use of collective rights and interests’ remedies in international commercial arbitration. In addition, conclusions are formulated on the admissibility in arbitration of such means of protection of collective rights and interests of procedural law as complicity, class actions, bankruptcy, protection of an indefinite range of persons and indirect claims. In particular, such a classic remedy of multiple persons as procedural complicity is often used in arbitration; on the other hand, rules are emerging on the possibility of using a class action to protect multiple persons in arbitration; the use of an indirect claim is also not restricted to arbitration, and it can be used subject to national law. The novelty of the research lies in the postulate of the impossibility in the modern legal process of using the institute of protection of an indefinite range of persons in arbitration due to the special nature of arbitration as a voluntary form of protection of rights and legitimate interests.

Absent Voices: Women and Youth in Communal Land Governance. Reflections on Methods and Process from Exploratory Research in West and East Africa

An increasing number of African States are recognizing customary land tenure. Yet, there is a lack of research on how community rights are recognized in legal and policy frameworks, how they are implemented in practice, and how to include marginalized groups. In 2018–2019, we engaged in collaborative exploratory research on governing natural resources for food sovereignty with social movement networks, human rights lawyers and academics in West and East Africa. In this article, we reflect on the process and methods applied to identify research gaps and partners (i.e., two field visits and regional participatory workshops in Mali and Uganda), with a view to share lessons learned. In current debates on the recognition and protection of collective rights to land and resources, we found there is a need for more clarity and documentation, with customary land being privatized and norms rapidly changing. Further, the voices of women and youth are lacking in communal land governance. This process led to collaborative research with peasant and pastoralist organizations in Kenya, Tanzania, Mali and Guinea, with the aim to achieve greater self-determination and participation of women and youth in communal land governance, through capacity building, participatory research, horizontal dialogues and action for social change.

Representación colectiva y negociación de derechos de trabajadores en plataformas

El presente trabajo indaga acerca de la realidad específica del ejercicio de los derechos laborales colectivos en el entorno de la economía digital derivada de la revolución 4.0, específicamente en relación con el trabajo en plataformas. Se pone de manifiesto el destacado papel del diálogo social, que incluye no sólo a los sindicatos tradicionales, sino también a los colectivos de autorrepresentación de los intereses de quienes prestan sus servicios en plataformas digitales. Tanto es así, que las instituciones de la OIT como de la propia Unión Europea conciben al diálogo social como el método idóneo para afrontar los problemas que plantea esta nueva realidad a la que nos enfrentamos en todos los lugares del mundo. En efecto, está siendo modificado el sistema de organización de los intereses de los trabajadores, así como los mecanismos de acción colectiva adoptados, con lo que surge la necesidad de proteger los derechos colectivos de trabajadores que ni siquiera han podido obtener respuesta sobre la propia naturaleza jurídica de su trabajo.

Representative Actions in Russia

Class action is an important safeguard to protect the rights and legitimate interests of large groups of people and it has already proven successful in advanced foreign legal systems. One of the most popular forms of class action in countries with acontinental legal system (France, Sweden, Argentina) is a representative action, which is initiated by non-profit associations, i.e., “ideological claimants” (associations, foundations, non-profit organizations) in defense of violated collective rights of a large group of people or unspecified persons in the most vulnerable areas of economic life. The institution of collective redress by representative bodies is less popular in countries with common law legal systems (the USA, Australia, Canada), which traditionally use class actions. Nevertheless, countries with common law legal systems such as the United Kingdom (England and Wales) actively use the legal tools for the social protection of the violated rights and interests of citizens. This article analyzes the legislative consolidation and application of representative actions in the Russian Federation. The absence of amechanism (for filing alawsuit before the decision) of judicial protection of professional representatives’ collective rights and public interests according to the generally accepted international practices involving interested persons whose rights have been violated (opt-in or opt-out), creates barriers to the development of representative actions in Russia. At the same time, the scope of these claims and the judicial protection of collective rights and public interests by public associations has its own characteristics, which can be used by legislators to effectively protect human rights.

The New Unified Civil and Commercial Code and Cultural Heritage Protection in Argentina

Abstract:The recent reform of the Unified National Civil and Commercial Code will bring about significant changes in the Argentine legal system. The aim of this article is to analyze their impact in relation to the area of cultural heritage, especially in regard to the public property status of archaeological and paleontological heritage. Changes adopted—in contrast to those proposed, which referred to the issues related to indigenous communities and the protection of collective rights—are also discussed. The latter is the most innovative aspect of the reform since it involves a change of approach regarding private property and strengthens the regulatory powers of the state over private property, which might be applied to the protection of cultural property.

Apuntes sobre algunos elementos del contenido del derecho al debido proceso colectivo en el Perú

Given the lack of regulation about the protection of collective rights in Peru, the main goal of this investigation is to show what should be some elements of the content of a due collective process. Thus each of its elements is studied taking into account the Peruvian jurisprudence and legislation.

La garantía constitucional en defensa de Derechos colectivos

<p>Como suele manifestarse frente al reconocimiento de derechos individuales, son las cartas fundamentales las encargadas de mostrar un nuevo orden y con ello una nueva protección, con el devenir del tiempo se ha introducido una nueva categorización o listado de derechos que han merecido el amparo constitucional, denominados derechos colectivos eje problémico, en el presente artículo se ha formulado el siguiente interrogante: ¿es concordante la garantía constitucional y el desarrollo<br />legal de protección de los derechos colectivos con la naturaleza de estos derechos?</p><p>A partir de la formulación del problema arriba citado y bajo una investigación exploratoria, analítica cualitativa con preponderancia del método deductivo, fundado en la revisión de fuentes primarias en su gran mayoría y secundarías respecto a la revisión dogmática de las teorías que apoyan la defensa de los derechos de solidaridad.</p><p>Los argumentos expuestos buscan demostrar la coherencia del ordenamiento jurídico colombiano en la salvaguardia de los derechos colectivos. El artículo inicia con una revisión doctrinal de la noción de derechos colectivos junto con la distinción entre intereses difusos, la garantía constitucional y el desarrollo legal, por último se presentan las facultades del administrador de justicia en procura del amparo eficaz.</p>

A RESOLUÇÃO 163 DO CONANDA COMO MEIO DE TUTELA DAS CRIANÇAS ENQUANTO COLETIVIDADE

Children and teenagers are a community whose importance has been increasingly recognized, especially after the introduction of Article 227 of the Republic´s Constitution of 1988. This study aims to demonstrate that the resolutions of advice as, for example, National Council for the Rights of Children and Adolescents (CONANDA) can complement and integrate the microsystem of protection of collective rights. For this, is used as an analytical parameter the Resolution 163 of CONANDA, which provides for the unconscionability of advertising targeting and marketing communication to children and adolescents. Analyzing the effects of children's advertising and its influence on children's health leads to the conclusion that Resolution 163 of CONANDA can indeed complement and integrate the microsystem of protection of collective rights, seeking maximum effectiveness of constitutional protection given to this community

Lesividad en los bienes jurídicos colectivos y delitos de peligro. Análisis del delito de fabricación, tráfico, porte o tenencia de armas de fuego, accesorios, partes o municiones

The technique of crime of endangerment has generated an expansion of criminal law in areas like criminal protection of collective rights. In order to be consistent with the principle of harm, it is necessary to examine the demands regarding the unfair behavior and how could be the collective rights injured. In order to check the position assumed in this paper, the legal right of public safety is analyzed and, in particular, the crime of manufacturing, trafficking, possession or possession of firearms, accessories, parts or ammunition

Un recorrido por los Derechos colectivos en la jurisprudencia argentina

<p>La jurisprudencia argentina así como su legislación reconoce la tutela judicial de los derechos de incidencia colectiva por mandato de la reforma constitucional del año de 1994 art 43 y siguientes, normas que son interpretadas por la Corte Suprema de la Nación en sus pronunciamientos judiciales, a partir de ellos se ha establecido el alcance de los artículos constitucionales mencionados, como la legitimación en materia colectiva. Se presenta el tema investigado dividido en cuatro etapas que comienzan con el fallo Toninas en el año de 1983 hasta la demanda interpuesta por la unión de usuarios y consumidores contra telefónica comunicaciones personales S.A, donde se verifican los efectos comunes para los sujetos afectados, propios de la protección colectiva.</p>

Proceedings referring to the protection of collective rights and interests with a review of the situation in Republic of Macedonia

The protection granted in the litigation procedure traditionally bears individual characteristics. It is primarily aimed at achieving individual justice in every particular case, providing the individuals the possibility to exercise their injured or disputed rights. In contemporary conditions, the question which is more and more getting imposed refers to the fact whether such a structure of the civil procedure can meet the needs to provide an adequate and efficient legal protection in disputes where there is a need to protect the rights of tens, hundreds, and even thousands of people in the cases of the so-called 'mass harm situations'. These procedures can achieve not only an adequate compensation to the holder of the right for the resulting violations of that right (even in situations where the interests of the individual are so small, that it does not represent a sufficient incentive for that person to initiate proceedings for the protection of that right), but they also serve for a realization of a more general goal - to achieve the effect of 'deterrence' against future violations of the collective rights and interests. In Republic of Macedonia a general legal framework for protecting collective rights and interests has not been established yet, but this issue is only regulated fragmentary, so there is a question arisen whether the time has come to develop a general legal framework for collective redress procedures.

Intervention of state in monopoly prevention as a potential danger in limitation of autor's rights

The paper analyses the fact that Serbian legislature which regulates the protection of author's rights (primarily the protection which is realized through organizations for the protection of collective rights of the authors), shows a tendency of decrease of extent of those rights. While the previous period could be characterized as a time of reaching a high degree of normative protection of author's rights, primarily from the aspect of collective organizations for the protection of author's rights, recent changes have significantly reduced those rights. The paper treats, using the comparative method, the position of organizations for the protection of author's rights, along with the fact that they have a limited possibility to influence use of object of those rights, currently set and limited by the state, while especially problematic is the fact that the right of remuneration has been abolished for certain users (craftsmen). The question is: to what extent have the legal changes prevented the abuse of monopoly by the organizations for the protection of author's rights and to what extent have those changes crossed the line of legality, affecting the decrease and cancellation of absolute rights and personal rights, thus breaching international conventions and European values. Although the latest legal changes were an opportunity to improve the regulations and prevent any kind of abuse of monopoly, that opportunity was missed. The future period should be used to bring to a reasonable extent the need to prevent monopoly abuse, so as not to limit the author's rights.

Juridical action for the protection of collective rights and its legal impact: a case study.

The development in 1996 of a new generation of antiretroviral drugs was a major pharmaceutical advancement in the struggle against the epidemics of HIV and AIDS. However, due to high costs, access to these new drugs was almost impossible for most people living with HIV or AIDS. This situatiowhas been even more dramatic for those living with HIV/AIDS in poorer countries. Many of the organizations that are fighting for the rights of those with HIV have since developed human rights advocacy and legal strategies to try to achieve universal access to treatment. These organizations are also fighting for states’ compliance with human rights obligations under health-related treatises and conventions. This paper draws upon the experience gained in Latin America, focusing on the legal strategies that have been explored in Venezuela and the legal consequences for domestic law.