Comparative histologic survey and transcriptomic investigation into canine prostate carcinoma.

Prostate-specific membrane antigen positron emission tomography/computed tomography (PSMA PET/CT) and contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) are extensively used for the clinical diagnosis of prostate cancer (PCa). However, both modalities are prone to misdiagnoses or missed lesions. Fusing these complementary data sources, specifically the combined CT-PET image data from PSMA PET/CT scans and contrast-enhanced MRI, may improve diagnostic accuracy, with precise spatial registration being a crucial prerequisite for effective image fusion. While previous studies have used software tools for MRI-PSMA PET/CT fusion, most rely on MRI-CT-based anatomical registration and treat PET as a secondary overlay, thereby underutilizing PSMA's tumor-specific metabolicinformation. To propose a global and local information-based registration network (GLNet) that integrates PSMA PET/CT's functional-semantic features with MRI's high-resolution soft-tissue details to improve PCa lesiondiagnosis. To improve prostate image registration, GLNet was designed using semantic gating convolutional (SGC) modules and a convolutional long short-term memory network based on a U-shaped channel (U-CLSTM). Specifically, SGC modules enhance perception of the prostate gland using global information, while U-CLSTM improves attention to local tumor regions. The dataset comprised 77 clinical cases, each verified by two experienced physicians through clinical biopsy. After data augmentation, 244 cases were used for training and validation, and 64 cases for testing. GLNet's performance was compared against state-of-the-art methods: symmetric normalization (SyN), VoxelMorph (VM), volume tweening network (VTN), and recursive deformable pyramid (RDP). Statistical analyses were conducted using the Kruskal-Wallis test with Bonferroni correction for pairwise comparisons, and effect sizes were assessed using Cohen'sd. GLNet achieved Dice similarity coefficient (DSC) of 0.76 0.11, HD95 of 9.32 3.13 mm, average symmetric surface distance (ASD) of 1.69 0.65 mm, and a near-zero negative Jacobian proportion of for prostate gland registration. In contrast to other networks, GLNet demonstrated significant improvements (p 0.001), with DSC increasing by - , 5th-percentile Hausdorff distance (HD95) decreasing by 1.69-30.03 mm, and ASD reducing by 0.24-15.44 mm. Cohen's d values indicated large effect sizes. For local lesion detection, GLNet achieved precision, recall, and an F1-score of 0.86, which outperformed other methods by - in precision, - in recall, and 0.21-0.37F1-score. This study presents GLNet, a deep learning-based non-rigid registration network that fuses PSMA PET/CT and contrast-enhanced MRI. GLNet outperforms existing methods in registration accuracy and lesion detection, thereby offering a promising approach for integrating structural and functional imaging in clinical PCadiagnosis.

The finding of Pacinian corpuscles (PCs) in association with the prostate gland is an anatomical rarity. We present the largest series to date of 23 peri-prostatic PCs from 14 patients identified during routine reporting of radical prostatectomy and cystoprostatectomy specimens with or without pelvic lymph node dissection. The clinicopathological features of this perplexing anatomical structure, including the location, size, shape, immunohistochemical and ultrastuctural findings are thoroughly investigated. We also identify for the first time the clustered appearance of PCs in 2 patients consistent with PC hyperplasia.

ANOTATION. The most common urological disease among men of working age is chronic prostatitis, and its characteristic symptoms negatively affect their quality of life, which is a frequent reason for seeking urological help. PURPOSE OF THE RESEARCH. To assess the hemodynamics of the prostate gland in patients with non-inflammatory chronic pelvic pain syndrome. MATERIALS AND METHODS. 58 male patients with chronic abacterial prostatitis with non-inflammatory chronic pelvic pain syndrome were observed. A survey was conducted in accordance with the international symptom assessment system using «the Chronic Prostatitis Symptom Index» questionnaire. Hemodynamic status in the prostate was assessed using transrectal ultrasound in color Doppler mapping mode, with determination of peak systolic velocity, diastolic velocity and mean linear blood flow velocity. Volumetric blood flow, pulsatility index, resistance index, vessel diameter and vascular plexus density were also determined. The obtained baseline data on blood flow in the prostate gland of patients were compared with the corresponding average data in a group of 25 practically healthy men. RESULTS AND THEIR DISCUSSION. Non-inflammatory chronic pelvic pain syndrome is accompanied by moderate seve¬rity (total score — 17.5±1.84) of symptoms in male patients, with a prevalence of pain syndrome (28.6% of patients had a severe level), which negatively affects their quality of life (sum of points — 8.3±0.85). According to Doppler mapping of the prostate gland in patients with non-inflammatory chronic pelvic pain syndrome, significant hemodynamic disorders were found, with a reduction in the vascular pattern due to a 25.8% decrease in vessel diameter with a 1.6-fold increase in the resistance index and pulsation index, a 1.7-fold decrease in peak systolic velocity, a 35.4% decrease in diastolic velocity, a decrease in the average linear velocity by 33.7%, and a decrease in the density of the vascular plexus by more than half compared to healthy men, which negatively affected the volumetric blood flow (0.01±0.001 vs. 0.06±0.01 L/min). CONCLUSION. Hemodynamic disorders lead to tissue hypoxia of the prostate gland with the development of persistent pain syndrome, which negatively affects the quality of life of patients with non-inflammatory chronic pelvic pain syndrome.

Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia (BPH), a common non-cancerous enlargement of the prostate gland, is characterized by the proliferation of its cellular components. It is the most prevalent benign tumor in men, and its management ranges from conservative approaches to surgical interventions. In Ayurveda, BPH shares clinical resemblance with conditions described under Mutraghata, particularly Mutragranthi and Vatashteela. Ayurvedic texts detail numerous formulations for Mutraghata, including the administration of Trikatvadi Gudika along with Gokshura Kwatha, as recommended in the Mutrakrichradhikara of Bhavaprakasha. This case report details the clinical presentation and management of a 71-year-old male patient who reported increased frequency and urgency of micturition, weak urinary stream, and sensation of incomplete bladder emptying persisting for two years. Diagnostic evaluation revealed an enlarged prostate. Prostate Specific Antigen (PSA) levels were within normal range. The patient was treated with Trikatvadi Gudika (1.5 g) mixed with honey, administered along with 48 ml of Gokshura Kwatha twice daily before meals for a duration of 30 days. Significant symptomatic relief was observed after treatment. The International Prostate Symptom Score (IPSS) showed marked reduction across all parameters. Objective assessments revealed a reduction in prostate size and a decrease in post-void residual urine. Ayurvedic management may thus offer a valuable complementary or alternative option for patients with Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia, especially in geriatric populations who are at higher risk for complications from conventional surgical interventions.

Aim: To investigate morphofunctional changes in the endocardium, arteries' wall of different types, prostate and adrenal glands, taking into account age-related characteristics on the 60th and 90th days of iodine deficiency combined with goitrogen consumption. Materials and Methods: The experiment was conducted on 50 white outbred male rats (25 sexually immature, 3-5 months old, and 25 sexually mature, 6-8 months old). Eleven animals from both age groups formed the control group, and 14 animals from the second and third experimental groups were subjected to simulated iodine deficiency combined with goitrogen consumption. Material collection was carried out on the 60th and 90th days of the experiment. Morphological (light and electron microscopy), morphometric, biochemical studies, and statistical data analysis were performed. Results: On the 60th day of the experiment, the cholesterol content was: in sexually immature rats, 1.66 ± 0.19 mmol/L (p < 0.01); in sexually mature rats was 1.44 ± 0.15 mmol/L (p < 0.01). Ioduria in sexually immature animals of Group 2 was 1.42 ± 0.16 μg/L, and in sexually mature animals it was 1.92± 0.21 μg/L (p < 0.01). On the 90th day of the experiment, edema changes in the endocardium progressed. In light microscopy studies, the endocardium appeared as a veil-like strip covering the myocardium. In the light pink cytoplasm, flattened and weakly basophilic endothelial nuclei were visible. The content of endothelin-1 in the blood of sexually immature animals increased by 5.7% (p < 0.05), while in sexually mature animals, it rose by 2.4% (p < 0.05). Conclusions: The level and degree of iodine deficiency is confirmed by ioduria indicators and thyroid profile. In all studied organs, edema changes develop in all constituent structures already on the 60th day of simulated iodine deficiency, progressing to the 90th day of the experiment.

Abstract Introduction mpMRI is integral for diagnosis and staging of prostate cancer. mpMRI guides surgical planning for robotic assisted radical prostatectomy (RARP) prior to bilateral nerve sparing (BNS) surgery. A recently published systematic review outlined imaging markers that can correlate with erectile function recovery after RARP (10.1038/s41443-025-01047-0). Penile arterial supply is from pudendal artery in most, anatomical variants, APA are present in almost 40%. Functional significance of APA remain unclear and debatable. Dynamic contrast enhancement (DCE) of mpMRI offers opportunity to identify APAs. We explore mpMRI parameters including APA presence to assess impact on erectile function (EF) after BNS RARP. Objective We explore mpMRI parameters including APA presence to assess impact on erectile function (EF) after BNS RARP. Methods Consecutive mpMRI prior to BNS RARP over a 6-month period were reviewed by an expert vascular uro-radiologist blinded to the surgical details, surgeon and functional outcomes. Prospective EF outcomes using International Index EF- EF Domain (EFD) tool were recorded at baseline (BL) and 6 months postop (6M). Urinary outcomes: pads/day. Poor quality mpMRI and biparametic MRI were excluded. Quality based on DCE/field of view. Imaging parameters recorded: 1. APA 2. rate of baseline enhancement/ after contrast for prostate (PRT)/corpora (CRT) 3. Membranous Urethral Length (MUL) 4. Prostate volume ml (PV) All statistical tests carried out using R software. Results Total of 76 MRI reviewed. Exclusions: 39. Included: 37 patients median age 62 years (IQR 57-66). APA present in 22 patients (11 right, 10 left and 1 bilateral). 12 branched of obturator A, 6 inferior vesical A and 4 anterior division of internal iliac A. Mean BL and 6M EFD scores were higher when APA were present. This was not statistical significance. Linear regression of BL and 6M EFD against PRT, CRT and PV shows that none are statistically significant. Linear regression of pads/day showed MUL as a predictor with marginal statistical significance (R-squared = 0.1036, p=0.0556). To assess correlation we dichotomized the 6M EFD scores into ≤15 and those &amp;gt;15. The mean PRT and CRT for 6M dichotomised IIEF-EFD was shown to be statistically significant as shown in table 2 using Wilcoxon rank-sum test. Conclusions It is possible to delineate APA from DCE of preoperative mpMRI. Further research needed to assess functionality of APA and other imaging markers on EF outcomes. Disclosure No

A twelve-year-old airport sniffer male Labrador dog was brought to Veterinary Clinical Complex, VCRI, Namakkal with the history of sudden seizures and drooling of saliva. However, the dog was found dead while on arrival at the Veterinary Clinical Complex. The dog carcass was referred to the Department of Veterinary Pathology, VCRI, Namakkal for necropsy. On gross examination, multiple blackish nodular growths in the oral cavity; leathery appearance of lungs with tiny raised greyish nodules; dark blackish raised nodules in spleen; shrunken kidneys with focal blackish areas in cortico-medullary junction; blackish discolouration with haemorrhage in intestine; thickened urinary bladder and prostate gland were observed. Cytological examination of oral growth revealed clusters of melanin-laden melanocytes with anisocytosis, anisokaryosis, prominent nucleoli and intracytoplasmic coarse granular melanin pigments. Histopathological examination of the oral growth exhibited replacement of normal stratified squamous epithelium with numerous melanin-laden melanocytes. In addition, melanin-laden melanocytes were also noticed in various organs like lungs, spleen, kidney and intestine. This case deals with oral melanoma with multicentric metastasis to various organs in a sniffer dog.

Background: Benign Prostate Hyperplasia is an enlarged prostate gland, which can block the prostatic urethra and cause obstruction of the flow of urine out of the bladder. Management Surgical procedures in BPH patients will have an impact on anxiety before surgery. PMR and guided imagery are relaxation techniques that can help activate the relaxation response. The general objective of this study was to determine the effectiveness of PMR therapy and guided imagery as non-pharmacological therapy on the anxiety level of preoperative BPH patients. Research Methods: This research is an experimental study, using a quasi-experimental design. In this study, there were two groups, namely the group that received PMR treatment and the guided imagery treatment group in preoperative BPH patients. The number of members of each group is 10 people. The technique used to test the effectiveness of the PMR and guided imagery groups was the Mann Whitney test. Research Results: Based on data analysis using the Mann-Whitney test about the level of anxiety between the Guided Imagery group and the PMR group, a p-value of 0.000 was obtained. Based on this value, because p &lt;0.05, which means that there is a difference in the level of anxiety between the Guided Imagery group and the PMR group. Conclusion: There is a difference in the level of anxiety between the Guided imagery group and the PMR group. When viewed from the median and minimum-maximum values, it can be seen that there is a better reduction in anxiety levels in the Guided imagery group when compared to the PMR group.

Perinatal exposure to BPA leads to pronounced prostatic morphophysiological disorders in a rodent model of induced hyperplasia.

Cytochrome P450 (CYP 450) plays a pivotal role in the metabolism of a diverse range of agents, and its dysregulation can contribute to tumorigenesis, including tumor angiogenesis across various cancer types. This dysregulation may activate procarcinogenic xenobiotics and endogenous molecules while also inactivating anti-cancer drugs, resulting in drug resistance. The aim of this review is to demonstrate the potential and relevance of CYP inhibitors in the treatment of colorectal cancer (CRC). Several studies have documented the role of CYP enzymes in the metabolic rearrangements of various cancers through the mechanisms underlying metabolic rearrangements in CRC, including those related to glucose, fatty acids, cholesterol, and amino acids. Recent studies have focused on the targeting of metabolic mechanisms in CRC through the use of established CYP inhibitors, yielding varying degrees of success. Among these agents are clotrimazole (inhibitor of CYP24A1, 3A4, 2A6, and 2C8), KD-35 (CYP24A1 inhibitor), liarozole (CYP26A1 inhibitor), letrozole (CYP19A1 inhibitor), lopinavir/ritonavir and quercetin (CYP3A4 inhibitors), α-naphthoflavone and furanfylline (CYP1A1 inhibitors), as well as phenylpyrrole (a CYP1A2 and CYP2A6 inhibitor). Clinical studies investigating CYPs in cancer treatment have been reported in various cancers, including prostate, breast, pancreatic, hematological, lung, and salivary gland cancers, for purposes ranging from dose reduction and cost savings to enhance the efficacy of combined anti-cancer agents (CYP3A4, CYP3A4/5 and CYP1A2 inhibitors), and in addition, functioning as anti-cancer agents themselves (CYP17 inhibitors). Thus, these metabolizing enzymes reveal a complex interaction with cancer therapeutics, opening the door to novel strategies that go beyond conventional treatment paradigms. Harnessing CYP modulators could transform the treatment of CRC, offering more targeted and flexible options.

Differential impacts of co-exposures to ELF-EMFs and noise on prostate-specific antigen levels: A longitudinal study.

FU Plus tablet is a multi-component herbal and micronutrient formulation. This study aimed to evaluate the androgenic activity of FU Plus tablets in castrated male Wistar rats using the Hershberger bioassay in accordance with OECD Test Guideline 441. Peripubertal male Wistar rats were bilaterally orchiectomized, except for a group of intact biological controls. Animals were randomly allocated to five groups (n = 10 per group): biological control, model control, positive control (testosterone, 19.2 mg/kg/day), FU Plus low dose (0.24 tablet/kg b.w/day), and FU Plus high dose (0.72 tablet/kg b.w/day). Treatments were given orally for 10 days, and then androgen-responsive tissues were excised and weighed to assess androgenic activity. Our results showed that FU Plus significantly increased the weights of the ventral prostate and glans penis at both doses (p &lt; 0.05 vs. model) and significantly improved seminal vesicle weight at the higher dose (p &lt; 0.05). In conclusion, FU Plus tablets were demonstrated to have androgenic activity in castrated male rats, as evidenced by their stimulatory effects on select androgen-responsive tissues.

The prostate gland is among the last internal organs to deteriorate during human decomposition. However, the effect of postmortem interval (PMI) on the mRNA and lncRNA expression and splicing is yet to be investigated in detail. The current study aims to identify the functional role of postmortem gene induction and pathway activation in prostate tissues with respect to the PMI gradient. Cadaver samples that were used in this study were collected during forensic autopsies and preserved at -20 °C in the morgue at the University of Pavia (Pavia, Italy). After RNA extraction, total RNA sequencing was performed on Illumina’s NovaSeq 6000 using paired-ended sequencing approach. StringTie was used to perform expression level for mRNAs and lncRNAs by calculating FPKM. Additionally, mRNAs and lncRNAs differential expression analyses were performed by DESeq2. rMATS was used to identify alternative splicing events and analyze differential alternative splicing events between samples having high and low PMI. Pathway analysis of the differentially expressed genes demonstrated the enrichment of FoxO signaling, aldosterone-regulated sodium reabsorption and adipocytokine signaling pathways in prostate tissue with high PMI. Gene Set Enrichment Analysis (GSEA) indicated the positive enrichment of genes belonging from protein export, proteasome, ferroptosis, and citric acid cycle in high PMI group. A comprehensive detection of alternative splicing events (ASEs) at the cellular level in postmortem prostate tissue was performed to reveal skipped exon events to be most prominent ASE in high PMI group followed by retained intron events. Our study implies that the transcription machinery remains active in prostate tissue even after five days postmortem. The results will add profound knowledge about postmortem changes at a molecular level and can add useful information for the determination of postmortem interval, which remains a challenge for forensic pathologists.Supplementary InformationThe online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1038/s41598-025-29561-7.

Intravascular large B-cell lymphoma is a rare type of lymphoma. Although this tumor can occur in several parts of the body, primary intravascular large B-cell lymphoma of the prostate is extremely rare. Currently, there are only four case reports of primary large B-cell lymphoma in the prostate, and there is no comprehensive analysis of case series. Here, we report a case of intravascular large B-cell lymphoma originating from the prostate. Due to the unique morphology and atypical location of tumors under a microscope, pathologists often overlook them. A 52-year-old Chinese male presented with frequent urination, urgency, and nocturia. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) showed prostate hyperplasia, while biopsy revealed the hyperplasia of prostate glands and stroma. A small area had dilated blood vessels, and there were many proliferating cells in the lumen. The cell nucleus was large, the nuclear cytoplasmic ratio was small, and the nuclear morphology was irregular. Multiple immunohistochemical staining were negative, but CD20 was positive. No other tumors were detected on the patient's whole body scan. We diagnosed it as intravascular large B-cell lymphoma of the prostate. In patients with benign prostate hyperplasia, proliferative blood vessels are found in the interstitium, and there is an accumulation of proliferative large cells in the lumen, which do not resemble endothelial cells, epithelial cells, tissue cells, or inflammatory cells. Pathologists should consider the possibility of intravascular large B-cell lymphoma and conduct immunohistochemical staining for large B-cell lymphoma. Primary intravascular large B-cell lymphoma of the prostate should be diagnosed after ruling out metastatic tumors.

This retrospective analysis investigated the detection accuracy of [18F]flotufolastat ([18F]rhPSMA-7.3) PET/MRI in patients with suspected prostate cancer (PCa), read using the PRIMARY score. Performance was compared with that of multiparametric MRI (mpMRI) assessed per Prostate Imaging Reporting and Data System (PI-RADS) criteria. Methods: [18F]flotufolastat PET and mpMRI scans of the prostate were read independently using PRIMARY and PI-RADS scores, respectively. Imaging data were analyzed per patient and by prostate gland sextant, and scores were compared with transrectal histopathologic biopsy results (clinically significant PCa: International Society of Urological Pathology grade ≥ 2). Diagnostic performance parameters (sensitivity, specificity, and positive and negative predictive values) were calculated; receiver-operating characteristic analyses with 95% CI were performed per patient and by sextant to compare the detection accuracy of [18F]flotufolastat PET, mpMRI, and combined PET/MRI. Results: Data from 72 patients (median prescan prostate-specific antigen level, 10.1 ng/mL) were reviewed. Twenty patients had histopathologically confirmed, clinically significant PCa, versus 27 by PRIMARY criteria (score, 3-5) and 43 by PI-RADS criteria (score, 3-5). Patient-level sensitivity, specificity, and positive and negative predictive values were, respectively, 85%, 81%, 63%, and 93% for [18F]flotufolastat PET versus 85%, 50%, 40%, and 90% for mpMRI and 95%, 42%, 39%, and 96% for PET/MRI combined. Sextant-level sensitivity, specificity, and positive and negative predictive values were, respectively, 63%, 93%, 53%, and 95% for [18F]flotufolastat PET versus 45%, 88%, 33%, and 92% for mpMRI and 69%, 83%, 35%, and 95% for PET/MRI combined. For both patient- and sextant-level receiver-operating characteristic analysis, comparisons of area under the curve for [18F]flotufolastat/PRIMARY score (0.88 [95% CI, 0.79-0.97]) versus mpMRI/PI-RADS score (0.75 [95% CI, 0.62-0.87) and combined PET/MRI (0.82 [95% CI, 0.72-0.92]) did not reach statistical significance (all P > 0.05). Conclusion: The PRIMARY score was easily adopted for [18F]flotufolastat PET, which outperformed mpMRI (read using PI-RADS) for the detection of histopathologically confirmed PCa. Although combined PET/MRI showed the highest sensitivity, specificity was lower than for PET or MRI alone.

Abstract: Urinary tract infection (UTI) is one of the most common bacterial infections worldwide, especially among women. It is defined by the presence of clinical signs and symptoms involving the genitourinary tract, together with a significant bacterial load in the urine, typically ≥10²–10³ colony-forming units per milliliter. UTIs may involve the bladder (cystitis), kidney parenchyma (pyelonephritis), or prostate gland (prostatitis). Recurrent UTIs are common, affecting up to one-third of women after a first episode, and are defined as two or more infections within six months or three or more within one year For decades, low-dose daily or post-coital antimicrobial prophylaxis has been the cornerstone of preventing recurrent UTIs. However, concerns about antimicrobial resistance and adverse effects have driven interest in non-antibiotic alternatives such as probiotics, vaccines, oligosaccharide inhibitors of bacterial adhesion, immunoreactive Escherichia coli extracts, local estrogen therapy, and cranberry products. Cranberry, long investigated as a prophylactic agent, inhibits adhesion of P- and type I-fimbriated uropathogenic E. coli to the uroepithelium. Evidence suggests that proanthocyanidins (PACs) are the principal active compounds. Clinical findings remain inconsistent due to heterogeneity in product standardization, dosing, and trial design. Meta-analyses show a modest (~35%) reduction in recurrence among young and middle-aged women, with uncertain benefit in other populations. High dropout rates, gastrointestinal intolerance, excess caloric intake from juices, and potential drug interactions limit long-term adherence.While cranberry remains a promising adjunct in UTI prophylaxis, current data do not support its routine clinical use. Further well-designed, standardized clinical trials are necessary. Keywords: urinary tract infection, recurrent UTI, cranberry, proanthocyanidins, non-antibiotic prophylaxis.

Understanding the characteristics of the tumor microenvironment (TME) associated with aggressive prostate cancer (PCa) is essential for accurate diagnosis and treatment. We interrogated spatially resolved multi-omics data to find molecular stratifiers of aggressive PCa. We report an aggressive prostate cancer (APC) gene expression signature predictive of increased risk of relapse and metastasis in a cohort of 1,588 patients. Further, we present a chemokine-enriched-gland (CEG) signature specific to non-cancerous prostatic glands from patients with aggressive cancer. The CEG signature is characterized by upregulated expression of pro-inflammatory chemokines, club-like cell enrichment, and immune cell infiltration of surrounding stroma. The activity of both signatures is correlated with reduced citrate and zinc levels and loss of normal prostate secretory gland functions. In summary we report that an increased inflammatory status linked to chemokine production, club-like cell enrichment, and metabolic changes in normal-appearing prostatic glands is associated with the subsequent development of aggressive PCa.

The prevalence of prostate diseases primarily benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) and prostate cancer (PC) has been progressively increasing with age being related to dramatic change in hormonal balance. Researchers and clinicians adhere to traditional understanding in developing BPH pathogenesis underlying no prominent achievements in the disease prevention and treatment. The ongoing search for gaining insights into the mechanisms behind development of these pathologies lies beyond assessing progesterone as one of the key hormones that plays an crucial role in the prostate gland functioning that has not been studied in this regard for many years. Until now, it is believed that progesterone is an exclusively "female hormone", despite that the first line therapy for BPH relies on using drugs lowering activity of enzyme 5α-reductase involved in testosterone-to-dihydrotestosterone transformation, wherein progesterone serves this function in male body under normal in vivo settings. In fact, such drugs are presented by chemical analogues of progesterone bearing minor changes in its molecule structure. In other words, to correct the pathophysiological aspects, it is necessary to proceed from the physiological basics. Presuming this, international research data available on the pathogenesis of BPH and PC as well as the effectiveness for various approaches to pathognomonic therapeutic approaches to prevent them have been analyzed.

BackgroundBenign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) involves the enlargement of epithelial and stromal cells of the prostate gland. Its prevalence is increasing owing in part to the rising rate of metabolic syndrome, which includes dyslipidemia, hypertension, hyperinsulinemia, and central obesity. Despite this trend, there is a paucity of data on BPH and metabolic syndrome in the Ethiopian population. This study aims to assess the prevalence and factors associated with metabolic syndrome among BPH patients in southwestern Ethiopia.Materials and methodsA hospital-based cross-sectional study was conducted with 158 BPH patients at Jimma University Medical Center (JUMC) from January 15 to April 15, 2024. Socio-demographic data were collected via a WHO stepwise questionnaire and trained nurses collected 5 ml fasting blood samples. The samples were consequently analyzed by trained laboratory technologists at JUMC.ResultsThe overall prevalence of metabolic syndrome among BPH patients was 38.6% (95% CI: 0.31,0.46). There were significant associations between factors such as age (AOR = 3.43, CI: 1.3, 9), residence (AOR = 3.35, CI:1.35,8.30), total cholesterol (AOR = 3.2, CI: 1.27,8.06), low LDL levels (AOR = 3.54, CI:1.08, 11.5 hyperuricemia (AOR = 3.21, CI:1.02,10.01), BMI (AOR = 3.47, CI:1.44,8.32), waist-to-hip ratio (WHR) (AOR = 5.07, CI:2.15,11.98), and metabolic syndrome.ConclusionThe prevalence of metabolic syndrome among patients with BPH is notably high. The authors recommend the need for early assessment of risk factors and timely intervention to prevent potential complications.