Prostate Cancer Screening Behavior Research Articles

Prostate Cancer Screening Behaviors and Health Beliefs Regarding Prostate Cancer Screening of Individuals Over 50 Years of Age: A Descriptive, Cross-Sectional Study

Purpose: This descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted to assess the prostate cancer screening behaviors and health beliefs related to prostate cancer screening among individuals aged 50 and over. 
 Material and Methods: The study sample consisted of 72 men aged 50 and over receiving treatment at the orthopedics and traumatology clinic of a university hospital. Data were collected using a "Personal Information Form" and the "Prostate Cancer Screening Health Belief Model Scale." 
 Results: The mean age of the participants in the study was 61.59±8.51 years. It was found that 22.2% of the participants had undergone Prostate-Specific Antigen testing, 73.6% had no knowledge about prostate cancer, and 75% had no knowledge about early detection tests for prostate cancer. Furthermore, participants who had knowledge about prostate cancer and early detection, had a family history of prostate cancer, and considered undergoing prostate examination had a higher rate of undergoing Prostate-Specific Antigen testing. Those who had never undergone a prostate examination, had no knowledge about prostate cancer and early detection tests, and did not plan to undergo prostate examination within the next six months had higher scores on the barrier perception scale, while those who had undergone Prostate-Specific Antigen testing and planned to undergo prostate examination within the next six months had higher scores on the health motivation perception scale. 
 Conclusion: The study revealed a low rate of Prostate-Specific Antigen testing for early detection of prostate cancer, and participants' knowledge and health beliefs and perceptions related to prostate cancer and early detection tests were identified as key factors influencing prostate cancer screening behaviors.

Individual and Socioeconomic Affecting Factors for Prostate Cancer Screening Behavior.

There has been much controversy about the effectiveness of prostate cancer (PC) screening in the treatment of PC. Recently, with the increase in advanced and metastatic PCs, prostate-specific antigen (PSA) screening is again emphasized. However, no systematic study has examined the factors influencing PSA screening behavior. This study highlights the importance of socioeconomic factors, such as income, education, marital status, insurance status, and medical accessibility, in PC screening behavior. We conducted a search for articles related to PSA screening through Cochrane, Embase, and PubMed, and we chose 40 articles. And we divided factors associated with PSA screening into two groups, such as individual characteristic factors and socioeconomic factor. In addition to identifying individual factors that could affect both medical providers and patients, this review will also highlight the importance of socioeconomic factors including income, education, marital status, insurance status, and medical accessibility affecting PC screening behavior. Future guidelines should integrate these socioeconomic factors, particularly for patients with unfavorable socioeconomic status.

Analyzing Factors Enabling Prostate Cancer Screening Behaviors Among African American Males in the South Region Using the Andersen's Behavioral Model of Healthcare Services Utilization.

Prostate cancer is the second leading cause of cancer death among men in the United States, and African American men especially represent a high risk population for prostate cancer. Although the overall prostate cancer incidence rates have been declining since 1992, the average annual prostate cancer incidence rates among African American men were still higher than any other racial groups, and the mortality rates were 2.1 times higher than that of Caucasian men. This study examined what factors including cultural mistrust were related with the prostate cancer screening behaviors among African American males in the South East region. Out of 496 prostate educational seminar attendees, 304 volunteers completed the survey about the behaviors of prostate cancer, cultural mistrust for health providers and general health beliefs and health behaviors. Using Anderson's Behavioral Model of Health Services Use, hierarchical multivariate logistic regression analysis was conducted to identify which predisposing, enabling, and need factors could predict prostate cancer screening behaviors and whether there was any interaction effects among these predictors. Findings revealed that annual household income and annual health check-up were significantly related with the prostate cancer screening behaviors while the effect of health insurance was diminished among older African American males. Overall, results highlight the importance of financial resources as a determinant of prostate cancer screening behaviors among African American males implying the need of substantial support to overcome the obstacles from financial adversity.

Prostate Cancer Screening Behavior Based on the Health Belief Model in Men Aged Over 40 Years

Background: Prostate cancer is the second most commonly diagnosed cancer and the fifth leading cause of cancer death among men worldwide. The early detection of prostate cancer with prostate-specific antigen (PSA) increases the disease treatment in the early stages. Moreover, knowledge and screening for PSA for prostate cancer in men decreases the mortality rate. Objectives: The present study aimed to screen prostate cancer behaviors according to the Health Belief Model in Men Aged above 40 in Dezful. Methods: This cross-sectional study encompassed 120 male employees aged above 40 years working at the Dezful University of Medical Sciences in 2018. The participants were selected using a random cluster sampling method. Data collection tools were a researcher-made, three-section questionnaire with questions on demographic characteristics, awareness, Health Belief Model (HBM) constructs, and prostate cancer screening behaviors. Results: The participants’ mean age was 46.22 ± 4.56 years (ranging from 40 to 60 years). Total awareness of prostate cancer and screening behavior among men was acceptable (5.59 ± 4.13). The performance of PSA was 20.8%. There was no significant difference between the mean age and PSA (P = 0.39). In the logistic regression analysis, perceived sensitivity to prostate cancer yielded a psychological predictor of prostate cancer screening behaviors (OR = 0.92, P value = 0.01). Conclusions: The findings showed a relationship between perceived sensitivity and the frequency of PSA. Moreover, the participants’ poor knowledge and performance indicated an urgent need for formal training programs to promote their sensitivity to the significance of prostate cancer screening. Factors affecting prostate cancer screening behaviors should be included in these training programs.

MP58-16 DOES VETERAN STATUS MITIGATE RACIAL DISPARITIES IN PROSTATE CANCER SCREENING? ANALYSIS OF PROSTATE-SPECIFIC ANTIGEN SCREENING PATTERNS IN THE 2018 BEHAVIORAL RISK FACTOR SURVEILLANCE SYSTEM DATA

You have accessJournal of UrologyCME1 May 2022MP58-16 DOES VETERAN STATUS MITIGATE RACIAL DISPARITIES IN PROSTATE CANCER SCREENING? ANALYSIS OF PROSTATE-SPECIFIC ANTIGEN SCREENING PATTERNS IN THE 2018 BEHAVIORAL RISK FACTOR SURVEILLANCE SYSTEM DATA Khalid Alkhatib, Muhieddine Labban, Logan Briggs, David-Dan Nguyen, Peter Herzog, Alexander P. Cole, Austin Haag, and Quoc-Dien Trinh Khalid AlkhatibKhalid Alkhatib More articles by this author , Muhieddine LabbanMuhieddine Labban More articles by this author , Logan BriggsLogan Briggs More articles by this author , David-Dan NguyenDavid-Dan Nguyen More articles by this author , Peter HerzogPeter Herzog More articles by this author , Alexander P. ColeAlexander P. Cole More articles by this author , Austin HaagAustin Haag More articles by this author , and Quoc-Dien TrinhQuoc-Dien Trinh More articles by this author View All Author Informationhttps://doi.org/10.1097/JU.0000000000002641.16AboutPDF ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack CitationsPermissionsReprints ShareFacebookLinked InTwitterEmail Abstract INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVE: Limited data exist on prostate cancer screening behaviors in U.S. military veterans who receive universal access to care through the Veterans Health Administration or regular civilian care facilities. We sought to analyze the effect of veteran status on prostate-specific antigen (PSA) screening to examine the effect of veteran status on receipt of prostate-specific antigen (PSA) screening and more specifically whether access to the Veterans Health System mitigates racial disparities in PSA screening. METHODS: A cross-sectional analysis of non-Hispanic White (NHW) and non-Hispanic Black (NHB) men aged 55-69 who responded to the PSA screening survey was conducted using the 2018 Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System data. A bivariate analysis and a complex weighted multivariable logistic regression model were used to evaluate predictors of PSA screening, including the interaction between race and veteran status. an institutional review board waiver was obtained. RESULTS: Screening prevalence was higher among veterans (43.2%, 95% confidence interval (CI) 41.6% - 44.9%) versus non-veterans (39.6%, 95% CI 38.66% - 40.45%), p<0.001. Among non-veterans, the prevalence of PSA screening was significantly lower in NHB (34.1%, 95% CI 31.1% - 37.1%) versus NHW (40.3%, 95% CI 39.3% - 41.2), p<0.001. Among veterans, NHB men had a significant higher screening prevalence (48.4%, 95% CI 42.9% - 53.9%) versus NHW men (42.3%, 95% CI 40.5% - 44.1), p=0.037. We found that veteran status (OR 1.1, CI 1.01 – 1.20, p=0.030) and NHB race (OR 1.28, CI 1.11 – 1.47, p<0.001) were significantly associated with receipt of PSA screening (Table 1). A significant positive interaction was found between veteran status and race (pint=0.030). CONCLUSIONS: Veteran status and NHB race were found to be independent predictors of PSA screening. The interaction between veteran status and race suggests that access to health coverage available to veterans may mitigate racial differences in prostate cancer screening behaviors. Alternatively, differential preventive cancer screening behaviors among military health care providers may explain the differences. Further studies are needed to translate such findings into the civilian health care system. Source of Funding: None © 2022 by American Urological Association Education and Research, Inc.FiguresReferencesRelatedDetails Volume 207Issue Supplement 5May 2022Page: e998 Advertisement Copyright & Permissions© 2022 by American Urological Association Education and Research, Inc.MetricsAuthor Information Khalid Alkhatib More articles by this author Muhieddine Labban More articles by this author Logan Briggs More articles by this author David-Dan Nguyen More articles by this author Peter Herzog More articles by this author Alexander P. Cole More articles by this author Austin Haag More articles by this author Quoc-Dien Trinh More articles by this author Expand All Advertisement PDF DownloadLoading ...

Does Veteran Status Mitigate Racial Disparities in Prostate Cancer Screening? Analysis of Prostate Specific Antigen Screening Patterns in the 2018 Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System Data.

We examined the effect of veteran status on prostate specific antigen (PSA) screening and whether health coverage available to veterans mitigates racial disparities in PSA screening. We conducted a cross-sectional analysis of non-Hispanic White (NHW) and non-Hispanic Black (NHB) men aged between 55 and 69 years who responded to the PSA screening survey in the 2018 Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System data. Complex weighted logistic regression models were used to evaluate predictors of PSA screening. Screening prevalence was 43% in veterans (95% CI 42%-45%) versus 40% in nonveterans (95% CI 39%-40%, p <0.001). Among nonveterans, the prevalence of PSA screening was significantly lower in NHB (34%, 95% CI 31%-37%) versus NHW men (40%, 95% CI 39%-41%, p <0.001). Among veterans, NHB men had a significantly higher screening prevalence (48%, 95% CI 43%-54%) versus NHW men (42%, 95% CI 41%-44%, p=0.04). In adjusted analysis, veteran status (OR 1.11, 95% CI 1.01-1.21, p=0.02) and NHB race (OR 1.29, 95% CI 1.12-1.48, p <0.001) were significantly associated with receipt of PSA screening. Given that we found an interaction between veteran status and race (pint=0.03), a marginal analysis was performed. Compared to NHB nonveterans, NHB veterans had higher odds of undergoing PSA screening (OR 1.46, 95% CI 1.11-1.91, p=0.01). However, this association was not demonstrated when comparing NHW veterans versus nonveterans (OR 1.06, CI 0.97-1.16, p=0.22). Veteran status and NHB race were found to be independent predictors of PSA screening. The interaction between veteran status and race suggests that access to health coverage available to veterans may mitigate racial differences in prostate cancer screening behaviors. Further studies are needed to translate such findings into the civilian health care system.

Prostate cancer screening behaviors among Indo-Guyanese.

The objective of this study was to explore prostate cancer screening behaviors among Indo-Guyanese men. This qualitative study was conducted in the surrounding neighborhood of Queens, New York during 2018 and 2019. In-depth, one-on-one interviews were conducted using 20 Indo-Guyanese men between the ages of 45 and 75. The findings suggest that Indo-Guyanese men are being screened for prostate cancer at a very low rate. Only 30% (n = 6) of participants underwent prostate cancer screening. Four major themes were derived from the data, which could have contributed to the decreased level of screening. These included: (1) recommendations must come from their healthcare professional; (2) reluctance to engage in screening; (3) distrust of the medical system; and (4) screening only if symptoms are present or they know someone with prostate cancer. Behavioral patterns for prostate cancer screening among Indo-Guyanese men share some similarities with other Caribbean countries. Clinicians and Healthcare Professionals should be culturally competent for the patients they serve. Understanding the behavioral variations within this diverse culture could help provide the highest possible care, specifically tailored to each patient.

Prostate Cancer Screening Behaviors Based on the Health Belief Model in Men Aged 40-70 Years in Fasa City, Fars Province, Iran, in 2019

Prostate Cancer Screening Behaviors Based on the Health Belief Model in Men Aged 40-70 Years in Fasa City, Fars Province, Iran, in 2019

Men in rural Nigeria have a poor perception of prostate cancer risk; Hence they seldom seek screening.

The study aimed to investigate the behavioral and social factors that underlie the risk perception and screening behavior of prostate cancer (PCa) among rural men in Southwest Nigeria. The study adopted a descriptive cross-sectional design. To investigate the behavioral and social factors associated with men's screening behavior in rural communities, the study utilized an interviewer-administered questionnaire. A sample of 384 men who lived in six rural communities across Southwest Nigeria participated in the study. Constructs of the Health Belief Model provided theoretical framing. Key variables were the demographics, screening behavior, knowledge of PCa, and perception of PCa risk. Data analysis tools were descriptive (simple percentages) and multiple regression at p<0.05. About 49.7% were age 31-40, most of the men in the rural communities (64.1%) did not have more than secondary school education, and about 48.7% owned their businesses. Exactly 56% earned less than 18,000 per month; 65.6% were Christians, and the majority (90.6%) were married, with most (60.2%) not having more than four children (≤4 children). Knowledge of PCa has a significant but weak relationship with PCa screening behavior (p=0.02). Age (β=0.014), religion (β=0.052), and income (β=0.010)/(β=0.011) had predicted risk perception. Only income (β=0.038) significantly influenced screening behavior. There is a need to improve PCa awareness and knowledge to address risk perception fears and encourage increased screening behavior among men in rural areas.

Abstract PO-069: Prostate cancer screening behavior, exercise, and dietary pattern among Blacks: the CaPTC cohort study

Abstract Prostate cancer (PCa) is a public health concern among Black men, however physical activity and good dietary pattern could be a key component for preventing or slowing the progression and improving prognosis of the disease. In addition, the knowledge of PCa could induce behavioral change; conversely, knowledge may not necessarily lead to change in physical activity and dietary pattern. The purpose of this study was to assess the association of PCa screening behavior and knowledge with exercise, and dietary pattern among Blacks using the Prostate Cancer Transatlantic Consortium (CaPTC) Cohort study data. A retrospective cross-sectional study was carried out among 500 participants. Information on knowledge of PCa and participants screening behaviors was obtained in three countries (Nigeria, Cameroon, and USA). Participants’ dietary pattern was evaluated using food variety score and physical activity was evaluated for those involved in moderate intense exercise. Categorical variables were presented with frequency and percentages and analyzed using chi square while continuous variables were presented using mean (standard deviation). Analysis of variance and correlation were respectively used to determine variations and associations between variables. Data were analyzed using SPSS version 22. Results showed that 78.26% and 87.37% had never screened for PCa through prostate specific antigen (PSA) and digital rectal examination (DRE), respectively. There was significant association between country and PCa screening (p=0.001 and 0.001) for PSA and DRE, respectively. Moreover, 65.2%, 19.8%, and 15% had poor, fair, and good knowledge on PCa respectively, the study showed no association between country and PCa knowledge score (p=0.151). More than half (66.7%) of the men were not engaged in moderate intense exercise and there was significant association between exercise pattern and countries (p&amp;lt;0.001). In addition, about 45.5% of the participants had poor dietary pattern. There was significant difference in the food variety score between the countries (p=0.001) with USA having the highest mean score (29.76±12.52). There was no association found between PSA and DRE and participants’ engagement in physical activities (p value =0.975 and 0.886, respectively), similar trend was observed with dietary pattern as PSA and DRE p-values were respectively 0.881 and 0.838. Participants’ PCa knowledge was not associated with physical activities (p=0.337) but associated with dietary pattern (p=0.006). The study showed that knowledge and screening of PCa were not associated with physical activity while dietary pattern was associated with knowledge and country only. Citation Format: Orlando Rivera Colón, Opeyemi Bolajoko, Folakemi Odedina. Prostate cancer screening behavior, exercise, and dietary pattern among Blacks: the CaPTC cohort study [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR Virtual Conference: Thirteenth AACR Conference on the Science of Cancer Health Disparities in Racial/Ethnic Minorities and the Medically Underserved; 2020 Oct 2-4. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2020;29(12 Suppl):Abstract nr PO-069.

Abstract D034: Patient and provider concordance and trust in providers among West African Immigrants: Findings from the CaPTC Familial Cohort Study

Abstract Background Healthcare disparities among racial and ethnic groups have been well documented across all aspects of clinical healthcare, and disparities in attainment of preventive services are particularly prevalent. African immigrants may be particularly susceptible to factors that contribute to healthcare disparities but little is known about this population. The purpose of this study was to assess patient-provider concordance and trust of health care providers among West African immigrants in the US. In addition, we explored the relationship between these variables and the prostate cancer (CaP) screening behavior of participants. Methods Data collection was part of a global study of prostate cancer in West African men. A study questionnaire was used to collect data from West African male immigrants in the US between the ages of 35 and 70 years. Survey scales for this study included country of birth, years since immigration, patient–provider concordance, trust of healthcare provider, attitude and cues towards CaP screening (PSA and DRE), and CaP screening history. Results There were 38 African immigrants from Cameroon, Nigeria, Sierra Leone, and Ghana. Participants’ average age was 46.2 years and they had spent an average of 13.9 years in the US. Most of the participants (over 60%) stated that they had no preference in regards to their provider race, ethnicity or gender. Over 70% indicated that their physician was of different ethnicity and race while 50% indicated that their physician was of a different gender. Furthermore, most respondents noted that they trusted their physicians with health decisions. However, 61% and 68% of participants did not complete PSA or DRE testing, respectively. Most stated that they did not discuss the advantages or disadvantages of prostate cancer screening with their physicians, noting they mostly received cues to getting tested from reading information, radio, and/or TV. Conclusion Although health disparities can be explained by socioeconomic status such as lack of insurance and various other observable impediments to accessing health care, others barriers persist. It is important to explore other contributing factors such as patient-physician relationships. This study suggests that patient-provider concordance may not be a priority. Emphasis should be placed on encouraging physician-initiated discussion on CaP screening. Unfortunately, current physician guidelines do not stress CaP screening and fail to account for the documented increased risk and early onset of CaP in Black men. Citation Format: Nissa Askins, Ruth Agaba, Oluwaseyi Adeniji, Adaora Ezeani, Ernest Kaninjing, Folakemi Odedina, Catherine Badejo, Anthonia Sowunmi, Omolara Fatiregun, Ayo Salako, A. A Popoola, Mohammed Faruk, Emeka Iweala, Iya Bassey, Chidiebere Ogo, O. P. Oluwole, H. A. Nggada, Paul Jibrin, Ifeoma Okoye, Abidemi Omonisi, Iheanyi Okpala, A Adeniji, Toye Adeniji. Patient and provider concordance and trust in providers among West African Immigrants: Findings from the CaPTC Familial Cohort Study [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the Twelfth AACR Conference on the Science of Cancer Health Disparities in Racial/Ethnic Minorities and the Medically Underserved; 2019 Sep 20-23; San Francisco, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2020;29(6 Suppl_2):Abstract nr D034.

From Screen to Screening: Entertainment and News Television Media Effects on Cancer Screening Behaviors

The complementary effects of genre-specific media use and information-seeking behaviors on cancer prevention behaviors have been understudied in cancer communication literature. A secondary analysis of the Annenberg National Health Communication Survey (ANHCS) was conducted to investigate the effects of two types of televised media content (i.e., news and entertainment programs) on three types of cancer screening behaviors through active health information seeking behavior (HISB) from other mass media. The results show that routine entertainment and news television viewing significantly predicted HISB above and beyond demographic variables and perceived health status. HISB partially mediated the effects of entertainment and news television viewing on colon cancer and breast cancer screening behaviors (i.e., sigmoidoscopy and colonoscopy, mammogram) while fully mediating their effects on prostate cancer screening behavior (PSA). Future advocacy efforts should continue to use mass media like television to raise awareness of various types of cancer and preventative measures. Additionally, more collaborations should be conducted between public health professionals and content creators to design effective health content on promoting cancer prevention behaviors on mass media platforms.

Prostate Cancer Screening Behaviors and its Related Beliefs among 50-to 70-year-old Men in Hamadan: Appraisal Threat and Coping

Background and Objective: Prostate cancer is one of the most prevalent diseases in men, and prostate cancer screening behaviors play an important role in reducing the incidence of this disease. Thus, we performed this study to investigate beliefs related to prostate cancer screening behaviors among men visiting retirement communities in Hamadan, Iran. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional study of 403 men visiting retirement communities was performed in Hamadan, west of Iran, in 2016. The participants were selected using the multistage random sampling method. The data collection tool consisted of items on demographic characteristics and the protection motivation theory constructs. The collected data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and Pearson correlation coefficient in SPSS, version 16. Results: The mean age of the participants was 60.2±5.74 years. According to the findings, the frequency rates of performing prostate-specific antigen and digital rectal examinations were respectively 21.6% and 5.7%, showing an inappropriate condition. In addition, the level of perceived susceptibility to prostate cancer was at a low level (44.91%), but the levels of perceived response and reward efficacy were 77.88% and 75.9%, signifying a relatively desirable level. Conclusion: Based on our results, the levels of perceived susceptibility, perceived reward, fear, and perceived self-efficacy were undesirable. Thus, considering these findings in planning educational interventions seems to be necessary.

Gender Identity Disparities in Cancer Screening Behaviors

Transgender (trans) and gender-nonconforming adults have reported reduced access to health care because of discrimination and lack of knowledgeable care. This study aimed to contribute to the nascent cancer prevention literature among trans and gender-nonconforming individuals by ascertaining rates of breast, cervical, prostate, and colorectal cancer screening behaviors by gender identity. Publicly available de-identified data from the 2014-2016 Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System surveys were utilized to evaluate rates of cancer screenings by gender identity, while controlling for healthcare access, sociodemographics, and survey year. Analyses were conducted in 2017. Weighted chi-square tests identified significant differences in the proportion of cancer screening behaviors by gender identity among lifetime colorectal cancer screenings, Pap tests, prostate-specific antigen tests, discussing prostate-specific antigen test advantages/disadvantages with their healthcare provider, and up-to-date colorectal cancer screenings and Pap tests (p<0.036). Weighted logistic regressions found that although some differences based on gender identity were fully explained by covariates, trans women had reduced odds of having up-to-date colorectal cancer screenings compared to cisgender (cis) men (AOR=0.20) and cis women (AOR=0.24), whereas trans men were more likely to ever receive a sigmoidoscopy/colonoscopy as compared to cis men (AOR=2.76) and cis women (AOR=2.65). Trans women were more likely than cis men to have up-to-date prostate-specific antigen tests (AOR=3.19). Finally, trans men and gender-nonconforming individuals had reduced odds of lifetime Pap tests versus cis women (AOR=0.14 and 0.08, respectively), and gender-nonconforming individuals had lower odds of discussing prostate-specific antigen tests than cis men (AOR=0.09; all p<0.05). The findings indicate that gender identity disparities in cancer screenings persist beyond known sociodemographic and healthcare factors. It is critical that gender identity questions are included in cancer and other health-related surveillance systems to create knowledge to better inform healthcare practitioners and policymakers of appropriate screenings for trans and gender-nonconforming individuals.

Prevalence, Cognitive and Socio-Demographic Determinants of Prostate Cancer Screening

Screening may be effective for reducing deaths due to prostate cancer. The aim of this study was determine the prevalence and determinants influencing prostate cancer early detection behaviors based on the theory planned behavior (TPB). In this cross-sectional study, conducted in the west of Iran, a total of 250 men aged 50 to 70 years old were randomly selected to participate. Of these, 200 (80%) signed the consent form and voluntarily agreed to take part. A structured questionnaire based on TPB constructs was applied for collecting data by interview. Analyses were conducted with SPSS version 16 using bivariate correlations, and logistic and linear regression. Some 26.5% of the participants demonstrated prostate cancer early detection behavior. Age higher than 60 (OR: 5.969), academic education (OR: 2.904), number of family members more than four (OR: 3.144), and knowledge about prostate cancer (OR: 3.693) were the most influential predictive factors for early detection behavior. Furthermore, among the TPB constructs, attitude (OR=1.090) and subjective norms (OR=1.280) were the most influential predictors. Attitude, subjective norms, and perceived behavioral control accounted for 43% of the variation in the outcome measure of the intention to screen for prostate cancer (adjusted R squared= 0.43, F= 49.270 and P < 0.001). Designing and implementation programs to increase positive attitudes and encourage subjective norms towards prostate cancer screening behavior may be useful for promotion of early detection.

The Effect of Educational Program Based on PRECEDE Model in Promoting Prostate Cancer Screening in a Sample of Iranian Men.

Prostate cancer is one of the most prevalent diseases among men. This study aimed to assess the effect of educational program based on Predisposing, Reinforcing, and Enabling Constructs in Educational/Environmental Diagnosis and Evaluation (PRECEDE) model in promoting prostate cancer screening in a sample of Iranian men. This is a quasi-experimental study carried out on 300 men aged 40 to 70 (the subjects 150 experimental and 150 control groups) in Shiraz City, Fars Province, Iran, in 2016. The participants of the intervention group attended training based on the PRECEDE model. The study compared mean scores of knowledge, attitude, enabling factors, perceived social support, quality of life, general health, self-efficacy, and screening behaviors of the subjects before and 6months after intervention in experimental and control groups. The mean age of experimental group was 56.45±8.65, and the mean age of the control group was 55.64±8.71years (P=0.521). The study showed that there was a significant increase in the mean score of knowledge, attitudes, perceived self-efficacy, enabling factors, perceived social support, quality of life, public health and screening behaviors of the experimental group; however, no significant change was observed in the mean score of knowledge, attitudes, self-efficacy, quality of life, general health, perceived social support, enabling factors, and screening behaviors of the control group. Our findings showed that the health education programs designed based on PRECEDE could positively affect prostate cancer screening behaviors of individuals by improving their knowledge level and attitude, enabling factors, perceived social support, quality of life, general health, and self-efficacy.

Psychological Predictors of Prostate Cancer Screening Behaviors Among Men Over 50 Years of Age in Hamadan: Perceived Threat and Efficacy.

BackgroundProstate cancer is the fourth most common cancer worldwide and is the second most lethal cancer.ObjectivesThe aim of this study was to investigate psychological predictors of prostate cancer screening behaviors among men over 50 years of age in Hamadan.Materials and MethodsThis cross-sectional study was carried out on 200 men over 50 years of age in Hamadan, west of Iran. Participants were recruited with a cluster sampling method. The subjects completed a self-administered questionnaire including demographic characteristics, prostate cancer screening behaviors and psychological factors related to prostate cancer. Data was analyzed by SPSS-18 using chi-square, fisher exact test, and logestic regression.ResultsAccording to the results, 8.5 and 7.5 percent of participants reported history of digital rectal exam and prostate-specific antigen test, respectively. Also, the subjects reported 18.5%, 49.3% and 50.3% of receivable scores of knowledge, perceived threat, and perceived efficacy of prostate cancer screening behaviors, respectively. There was a significant association between prostate cancer screening behaviors and age groups (P < 0.05).ConclusionsThe results showed that providing analytical studies in this field helps to surface the hidden aspects of this context and the health care providers and administrators will hopefully consider them in planning for identification of psychological factors, such as barriers and facilitators factors.

Prostate Cancer Knowledge, Prevention, and Screening Behaviors in Jamaican Men.

Screening is the only effective method of reducing prostate cancer mortality. Several reports have documented poor prostate cancer awareness and screening practices in Jamaican men. The Jamaica Cancer Society provides the most organized and largest form of screening in Jamaica and hosts an annual mass screening clinic on Prostate Cancer Awareness Day in September. We sought to determine the knowledge and attitudes towards screening and risks and prevention of prostate cancer. The study represented a cross-sectional analysis of 55 men presenting for screening on Prostate Cancer Awareness Day, September 2014 in Kingston, Jamaica. Information on prostate cancer knowledge and attitudes towards screening was obtained using interviewer-administered questionnaires (The Integrative Model of Prostate Cancer Disparity (PIPCaD). Prostate specific antigen (PSA) and digital rectal examination (DRE) were obtained from all patients. Mean PSA of participating men was 1.5 ± 1.48ng/ml. Fifteen percent of men surveyed had a family history of prostate cancer. Prostate cancer knowledge was moderate, with at least 84% of men responding correctly to 5 of 10 questions referring to prostate cancer risk and prevention. Most men had a favorable attitude towards screening. Starch formed the major portion of the diet in 68% of men and 35% of men engaged in no physical activity. Jamaican men surveyed have moderate prostate cancer knowledge and a positive attitude towards screening and prostate cancer prevention activities. However, the application of activities for potential prevention of modifiable risk factors is poor.

Personality and Utilization of Prostate Cancer Testing

The present study represents the first instance in which participants’ personalities have been systematically measured in relation with prostate cancer (PCa) screening behavior. Cross-sectional data were collected between 2010 and 2011 in Estonia. Subjects were 371 men, 62 of whom were first-time patients of andrology clinic, and 309 were men of probability sample. Neuroticism had a significant inverse association with past, present, and future attendance. In contrary, conscientiousness had a significant positive association with PCa testing attendance in the past and present, and intention to attend PCa testing in the future. In conclusion, as PCa screening is no longer recommended by specialists, it becomes more important to offer personality-based counseling for age-eligible men.

Factors associated with prostate cancer screening behavior among men over 50 in Fasa, Iran, based on the PRECEDE model.

Background:Prostate cancer is one of the most common and lethal cancers in the world. The incidence of prostate cancer has been increasing in recent years. The purpose of this study was to investigate factors associated with prostate cancer screening behaviors among men over 50 in Fasa, Iran, based on the PRECEDE model.Methods:In this cross-sectional study, 400 men over 50 were studied in Fasa, Iran. Data were collected via a questionnaire on demographic characteristics, such as age, number of children, occupation, education, marital status, smoking, and prostate cancer screening behaviors. Data were analyzed using SPSS software, version 16. Independent samples t-test and the Pearson Product Moment correlation coefficient were used for the statistical analyses.Results:Men in the study had little knowledge (34.11±8.22) and attitude (28.23±7.23) about prostate cancer and screening behavior. Their mean scores about prostate cancer, screening behavior, quality of life, and general health were moderate. The subjects had low self-efficacy and perceived social support. Their mean scores of enabling factors and screening behaviors were at a low level. Pearson correlation scores showed a significant correlation between cancer prostate screening behavior and demographic variables, such as age (p=0.04, r=0.136), occupation (p=0.01, r=0.121), educational level (p=0.02, r=0.211), and marital status of the subjects (p=0.01, r=0.112), but there were not significant correlations with the number of children (p=0.12, r=0.092) and smoking (p=0.09, r=0.002). The T-test results showed significant relationships between age, occupation, and education of the subjects, and the PRECEDE model structures were significant for predisposing factors, enabling factors, and reinforcing factors (p<0.05).Conclusion:The prostate cancer screening behaviors in men over 50 in Fasa, Iran, were at a low level. Due to predisposing factors, such as the knowledge, attitudes, and beliefs of individuals, reinforcing factors can have an important role in the behaviors related to prostate screening, such as their families and health staffs as well as enabling factors, such as health financing, access to medicines and learning self-care. Educational interventions to improve these behaviors and the quality of life of these people seem essential.